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Chen H, Yan G, Wen MH, Brooks KN, Zhang Y, Huang PS, Chen TY. Advancements and Practical Considerations for Biophysical Research: Navigating the Challenges and Future of Super-resolution Microscopy. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 2:331-344. [PMID: 38817319 PMCID: PMC11134610 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has significantly advanced our understanding of cellular and molecular dynamics, offering a detailed view previously beyond our reach. Implementing SRM in biophysical research, however, presents numerous challenges. This review addresses the crucial aspects of utilizing SRM effectively, from selecting appropriate fluorophores and preparing samples to analyzing complex data sets. We explore recent technological advancements and methodological improvements that enhance the capabilities of SRM. Emphasizing the integration of SRM with other analytical methods, we aim to overcome inherent limitations and expand the scope of biological insights achievable. By providing a comprehensive guide for choosing the most suitable SRM methods based on specific research objectives, we aim to empower researchers to explore complex biological processes with enhanced precision and clarity, thereby advancing the frontiers of biophysical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Guangjie Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Meng-Hsuan Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kameron N. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yuteng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Pei-San Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Tai-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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2
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Golm SK, Hübner W, Müller KM. Fluorescence Microscopy in Adeno-Associated Virus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051174. [PMID: 37243260 DOI: 10.3390/v15051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on adeno-associated virus (AAV) and its recombinant vectors as well as on fluorescence microscopy imaging is rapidly progressing driven by clinical applications and new technologies, respectively. The topics converge, since high and super-resolution microscopes facilitate the study of spatial and temporal aspects of cellular virus biology. Labeling methods also evolve and diversify. We review these interdisciplinary developments and provide information on the technologies used and the biological knowledge gained. The emphasis lies on the visualization of AAV proteins by chemical fluorophores, protein fusions and antibodies as well as on methods for the detection of adeno-associated viral DNA. We add a short overview of fluorescent microscope techniques and their advantages and challenges in detecting AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K Golm
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kristian M Müller
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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3
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Robb NC. Virus morphology: Insights from super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166347. [PMID: 35032594 PMCID: PMC8755447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As epitomised by the COVID-19 pandemic, diseases caused by viruses are one of the greatest health and economic burdens to human society. Viruses are ‘nanostructures’, and their small size (typically less than 200 nm in diameter) can make it challenging to obtain images of their morphology and structure. Recent advances in fluorescence microscopy have given rise to super-resolution techniques, which have enabled the structure of viruses to be visualised directly at a resolution in the order of 20 nm. This mini-review discusses how recent state-of-the-art super-resolution imaging technologies are providing new nanoscale insights into virus structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Robb
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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4
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[Comparison and progress review of various super-resolution fluorescence imaging techniques]. Se Pu 2021; 39:1055-1064. [PMID: 34505427 PMCID: PMC9404158 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.06015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
“Seeing is believing” is the central philosophy of life science research, which runs through the continuous understanding of individual molecules, molecular complexes, molecular dynamic behavior, and the entire molecular network. Living and dynamic molecules are functional in nature; therefore, fluorescence microscopy has emerged as an irreplaceable tool in life science research. However, when fluorescence imaging is performed at the molecular level, some artificial signals may lead to erroneous experimental results. This obstacle is due to the limitation of the optical diffraction limit, and the fluorescence microscope cannot distinguish the target in the diffraction-limited space. Super-resolution fluorescence imaging technology breaks through the diffraction limit, allows visualization of biomolecules at the nanometer scale to the single-molecule level, and allows us to study the structure and dynamic processes of living cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. It has become a powerful tool for life science research and is gradually being applied to material science, catalytic reaction processes, and photolithography as well. The principle of super-resolution imaging technologies is different; therefore, it has different technical performances, thus limiting their specific technical characteristics and application scope. Current mainstream super-resolution imaging technologies can be classified into three types: structured illumination microscopy (SIM), stimulated emission depletion (STED), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). These microscopes use different complex technologies, but the strategy is the same and simple, i.e. two adjacent luminous points in a diffraction-limited space can be spatially resolved by time resolution. SIM has been used for three-dimensional real-time imaging in multicellular organisms; however, compared with other technologies, its lower horizontal and vertical resolutions need to be further optimized. STED is limited by its small imaging field of view and high photobleaching; however, the best time resolution can be considered at a high spatial resolution, and it has been proven that three-color STED imaging can be performed. In SMLM super-resolution imaging, the time resolution is affected by the time required to locate all fluorophores, which is closely related to the switching and luminescence properties of the fluorophore. With the improvement in horizontal and vertical resolution of imaging, the image acquisition speed, photobleaching characteristics, and the possibility of multi-color and dynamic imaging have increasingly become the key determinants of super-resolution fluorescence imaging. Thus far, the main use of super-resolution imaging technology has been focused on biological applications for studying structural changes less than 200 nm in dimension. In addition to the combination of structural and morphological characterization with biomolecular detection and identification, super-resolution imaging technology is rapidly expanding into the fields of interaction mapping, multi-target detection, and real-time imaging. In the latter applications, super-resolution imaging technology is particularly advantageous because of more flexible sample staining, higher labeling efficiency, faster and simpler readings, and gentler sample preparation procedures. In this article, we compare the principles of these three technologies and introduce their application progress in biology. We expect the results described herein will help researchers clarify the technical advantages and applicable application directions of different super-resolution imaging technologies, thus facilitating researchers in making reasonable choices in future research.
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5
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Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy enables the study of vaccinia architecture at subviral resolution with molecular specificity. Here, we outline how to use structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to detect fluorescently tagged or immunolabeled viral proteins on purified virions. Tens to hundreds of individual virions can be imaged in a single field of view providing data for single-particle averaging or quantitative analysis of viral protein spatial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gray
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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6
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Marzook NB, Newsome TP. Construction and Isolation of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing Fluorescent Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2023:73-92. [PMID: 31240671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9593-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus recombinants that express fluorescent proteins have a variety of applications such as the identification of infected cells, efficient screening for genetically modified strains, and molecular characterization of virus replication and spread. The detection of fluorescent proteins and viral-fluorescent fusion proteins by fluorescence microscopy is noninvasive and can be used to describe protein localization in live cells and track the intracellular movement of virus particles. This chapter describes a number of approaches for the construction of plasmids and subsequent generation and isolation of fluorescent recombinant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bishara Marzook
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy P Newsome
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Laine RF, Goodfellow G, Young LJ, Travers J, Carroll D, Dibben O, Bright H, Kaminski CF. Structured illumination microscopy combined with machine learning enables the high throughput analysis and classification of virus structure. eLife 2018; 7:40183. [PMID: 30543181 PMCID: PMC6331195 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical super-resolution microscopy techniques enable high molecular specificity with high spatial resolution and constitute a set of powerful tools in the investigation of the structure of supramolecular assemblies such as viruses. Here, we report on a new methodology which combines Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) with machine learning algorithms to image and classify the structure of large populations of biopharmaceutical viruses with high resolution. The method offers information on virus morphology that can ultimately be linked with functional performance. We demonstrate the approach on viruses produced for oncolytic viriotherapy (Newcastle Disease Virus) and vaccine development (Influenza). This unique tool enables the rapid assessment of the quality of viral production with high throughput obviating the need for traditional batch testing methods which are complex and time consuming. We show that our method also works on non-purified samples from pooled harvest fluids directly from the production line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain F Laine
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gemma Goodfellow
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Laurence J Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular
Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße
25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department
of Internal Medicine and NSF Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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9
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Correlative super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy using conventional fluorescent proteins in vacuo. J Struct Biol 2017; 199:120-131. [PMID: 28576556 PMCID: PMC5531056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution light microscopy, correlative light and electron microscopy, and volume electron microscopy are revolutionising the way in which biological samples are examined and understood. Here, we combine these approaches to deliver super-accurate correlation of fluorescent proteins to cellular structures. We show that YFP and GFP have enhanced blinking properties when embedded in acrylic resin and imaged under partial vacuum, enabling in vacuo single molecule localisation microscopy. In conventional section-based correlative microscopy experiments, the specimen must be moved between imaging systems and/or further manipulated for optimal viewing. These steps can introduce undesirable alterations in the specimen, and complicate correlation between imaging modalities. We avoided these issues by using a scanning electron microscope with integrated optical microscope to acquire both localisation and electron microscopy images, which could then be precisely correlated. Collecting data from ultrathin sections also improved the axial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of the raw localisation microscopy data. Expanding data collection across an array of sections will allow 3-dimensional correlation over unprecedented volumes. The performance of this technique is demonstrated on vaccinia virus (with YFP) and diacylglycerol in cellular membranes (with GFP).
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Florian PE, Rouillé Y, Ruta S, Nichita N, Roseanu A. Recent advances in human viruses imaging studies. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:591-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ecaterina Florian
- Department of ; Ligand-Receptor Interactions; Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL); Inserm U1019; CNRS UMR8204; Institut Pasteur de Lille; Université Lille Nord de France; Lille France
| | - Simona Ruta
- Department of Emergent Diseases; Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology; Bucharest 030304 Romania
| | - Norica Nichita
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins; Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Anca Roseanu
- Department of ; Ligand-Receptor Interactions; Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
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11
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Superresolution imaging of viral protein trafficking. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:449-60. [PMID: 25724304 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is closely apposed to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), which facilitates communication between these organelles. These contacts, known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), facilitate calcium signaling, lipid transfer, as well as antiviral and stress responses. How cellular proteins traffic to the MAM, are distributed therein, and interact with ER and mitochondrial proteins are subject of great interest. The human cytomegalovirus UL37 exon 1 protein or viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) is crucial for viral growth. Upon synthesis at the ER, vMIA traffics to the MAM and OMM, where it reprograms the organization and function of these compartments. vMIA significantly changes the abundance of cellular proteins at the MAM and OMM, including proteins that regulate calcium homeostasis and cell death. Through the use of superresolution imaging, we have shown that vMIA is distributed at the OMM in nanometer scale clusters. This is similar to the clusters reported for the mitochondrial calcium channel, VDAC, as well as electron transport chain, translocase of the OMM complex, and mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system components. Thus, aside from addressing how vMIA targets the MAM and regulates survival of infected cells, biochemical studies and superresolution imaging of vMIA offer insights into the formation, organization, and functioning of MAM. Here, we discuss these insights into trafficking, function, and organization of vMIA at the MAM and OMM and discuss how the use of superresolution imaging is contributing to the study of the formation and trafficking of viruses.
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12
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Monaghan P, Green D, Pallister J, Klein R, White J, Williams C, McMillan P, Tilley L, Lampe M, Hawes P, Wang LF. Detailed morphological characterisation of Hendra virus infection of different cell types using super-resolution and conventional imaging. Virol J 2014; 11:200. [PMID: 25428656 PMCID: PMC4254186 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hendra virus (HeV) is a pleomorphic virus belonging to the Paramyxovirus family. Our long-term aim is to understand the process of assembly of HeV virions. As a first step, we sought to determine the most appropriate cell culture system with which to study this process, and then to use this model to define the morphology of the virus and identify the site of assembly by imaging key virus encoded proteins in infected cells. METHODS A range of primary cells and immortalised cell lines were infected with HeV, fixed at various time points post-infection, labelled for HeV proteins and imaged by confocal, super-resolution and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Significant differences were noted in viral protein distribution depending on the infected cell type. At 8 hpi HeV G protein was detected in the endoplasmic reticulum and M protein was seen predominantly in the nucleus in all cells tested. At 18 hpi, HeV-infected Vero cells showed M and G proteins throughout the cell and in transmission electron microscope (TEM) sections, in pleomorphic virus-like structures. In HeV infected MDBK, A549 and HeLa cells, HeV M protein was seen predominantly in the nucleus with G protein at the membrane. In HeV-infected primary bovine and porcine aortic endothelial cells and two bat-derived cell lines, HeV M protein was not seen at such high levels in the nucleus at any time point tested (8,12, 18, 24, 48 hpi) but was observed predominantly at the cell surface in a punctate pattern co-localised with G protein. These HeV M and G positive structures were confirmed as round HeV virions by TEM and super-resolution (SR) microscopy. SR imaging demonstrated for the first time sub-virion imaging of paramyxovirus proteins and the respective localisation of HeV G, M and N proteins within virions. CONCLUSION These findings provide novel insights into the structure of HeV and show that for HeV imaging studies the choice of tissue culture cells may affect the experimental results. The results also indicate that HeV should be considered a predominantly round virus with a mean diameter of approximately 280 nm by TEM and 310 nm by SR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Monaghan
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Diane Green
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Jackie Pallister
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Reuben Klein
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - John White
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Catherine Williams
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Paul McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Melbourne, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Melbourne, Australia.
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Current Address: Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Melbourne, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, Melbourne, Australia.
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Current Address: Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Marko Lampe
- Leica Microsystems, CMS GmbH, Ernst-Leitz Strasse 17-37, Wetzlar, Germany.
- Current Address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Current Address: Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Department Translational Pulmonology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Pippa Hawes
- Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU240NF, UK.
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Marzook NB, Procter DJ, Lynn H, Yamamoto Y, Horsington J, Newsome TP. Methodology for the efficient generation of fluorescently tagged vaccinia virus proteins. J Vis Exp 2014:e51151. [PMID: 24473272 PMCID: PMC4089431 DOI: 10.3791/51151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tagging of viral proteins with fluorescent proteins has proven an indispensable approach to furthering our understanding of virus-host interactions. Vaccinia virus (VACV), the live vaccine used in the eradication of smallpox, is particularly amenable to fluorescent live-cell microscopy owing to its large virion size and the ease with which it can be engineered at the genome level. We report here an optimized protocol for generating recombinant viruses. The minimal requirements for targeted homologous recombination during vaccinia replication were determined, which allows the simplification of construct generation. This enabled the alliance of transient dominant selection (TDS) with a fluorescent reporter and metabolic selection to provide a rapid and modular approach to fluorescently label viral proteins. By streamlining the generation of fluorescent recombinant viruses, we are able to facilitate downstream applications such as advanced imaging analysis of many aspects of the virus-host interplay that occurs during virus replication.
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14
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Huang LL, Xie HY. Progress on the labeling and single-particle tracking technologies of viruses. Analyst 2014; 139:3336-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review recent advances in virus labeling and the emerging fluorescence imaging technologies used in the imaging and tracking of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Huang
- School of Life Science
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- School of Life Science
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081, China
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15
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Horsington J, Lynn H, Turnbull L, Cheng D, Braet F, Diefenbach RJ, Whitchurch CB, Karupiah G, Newsome TP. A36-dependent actin filament nucleation promotes release of vaccinia virus. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003239. [PMID: 23555252 PMCID: PMC3605287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of vaccinia virus can be mediated by enveloped virions that remain attached to the outer surface of the cell or those released into the medium. During egress, the outer membrane of the double-enveloped virus fuses with the plasma membrane leaving extracellular virus attached to the cell surface via viral envelope proteins. Here we report that F-actin nucleation by the viral protein A36 promotes the disengagement of virus attachment and release of enveloped virus. Cells infected with the A36(YdF) virus, which has mutations at two critical tyrosine residues abrogating localised actin nucleation, displayed a 10-fold reduction in virus release. We examined A36(YdF) infected cells by transmission electron microscopy and observed that during release, virus appeared trapped in small invaginations at the plasma membrane. To further characterise the mechanism by which actin nucleation drives the dissociation of enveloped virus from the cell surface, we examined recombinant viruses by super-resolution microscopy. Fluorescently-tagged A36 was visualised at sub-viral resolution to image cell-virus attachment in mutant and parental backgrounds. We confirmed that A36(YdF) extracellular virus remained closely associated to the plasma membrane in small membrane pits. Virus-induced actin nucleation reduced the extent of association, thereby promoting the untethering of virus from the cell surface. Virus release can be enhanced via a point mutation in the luminal region of B5 (P189S), another virus envelope protein. We found that the B5(P189S) mutation led to reduced contact between extracellular virus and the host membrane during release, even in the absence of virus-induced actin nucleation. Our results posit that during release virus is tightly tethered to the host cell through interactions mediated by viral envelope proteins. Untethering of virus into the surrounding extracellular space requires these interactions be relieved, either through the force of actin nucleation or by mutations in luminal proteins that weaken these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Horsington
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helena Lynn
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Delfine Cheng
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology), The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Filip Braet
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology), The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Russell J. Diefenbach
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia B. Whitchurch
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guna Karupiah
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Newsome
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: .
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16
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Linnik O, Liesche J, Tilsner J, Oparka KJ. Unraveling the structure of viral replication complexes at super-resolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:6. [PMID: 23386855 PMCID: PMC3560349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During infection, many RNA viruses produce characteristic inclusion bodies that contain both viral and host components. These structures were first described over a century ago and originally termed "X-bodies," as their function was not immediately appreciated. Whilst some inclusion bodies may represent cytopathic by-products of viral protein over-accumulation, X-bodies have emerged as virus "factories," quasi-organelles that coordinate diverse viral infection processes such as replication, protein expression, evasion of host defenses, virion assembly, and intercellular transport. Accordingly, they are now generally referred to as viral replication complexes (VRCs). We previously used confocal fluorescence microscopy to unravel the complex structure of X-bodies produced by Potato virus X (PVX). Here we used 3D-structured illumination (3D-SIM) super-resolution microscopy to map the PVX X-body at a finer scale. We identify a previously unrecognized membrane structure induced by the PVX "triple gene block" (TGB) proteins, providing new insights into the complex interplay between virus and host within the X-body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Linnik
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Johannes Liesche
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsFife, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Karl J. Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- *Correspondence: Karl J. Oparka, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK. e-mail:
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17
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Atomic force and super-resolution microscopy support a role for LapA as a cell-surface biofilm adhesin of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Res Microbiol 2012; 163:685-91. [PMID: 23064158 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescence Pf0-1 requires the large repeat protein LapA for stable surface attachment. This study presents direct evidence that LapA is a cell-surface-localized adhesin. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a significant 2-fold reduction in adhesion force for mutants lacking the LapA protein on the cell surface compared to the wild-type strain. Deletion of lapG, a gene encoding a periplasmic cysteine protease that functions to release LapA from the cell surface, resulted in a 2-fold increase in the force of adhesion. Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) revealed the presence of the LapA protein on the cell surface, consistent with its role as an adhesin. The protein is only visualized in the cytoplasm for a mutant of the ABC transporter responsible for translocating LapA to the cell surface. Together, these data highlight the power of combining the use of AFM and 3D-SIM with genetic studies to demonstrate that LapA, a member of a large group of RTX-like repeat proteins, is a cell-surface adhesin.
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