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Alfano F, Lanave G, Lucibelli MG, Miletti G, D’Alessio N, Gallo A, Auriemma C, Amoroso MG, Lucente MS, De Carlo E, Martella V, Decaro N, Fusco G. Canine Distemper Virus in Autochtonous and Imported Dogs, Southern Italy (2014–2021). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202852. [PMID: 36290237 PMCID: PMC9597831 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the period 2014–2021, the circulation of CDV in dogs of Southern Italy was investigated. In this time span a reduction in the circulation of CDV was observed, with a higher frequency of detection of the pathogen in imported dogs (18.4%) compared to stray (7.4%) and household (3.9%) animals. These results underline the effectiveness of the prophylaxis strategy on autochthonous dogs as well as the importance of continuous surveillance of CDV, especially in imported dogs. Abstract This study aims to investigate the presence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in 949 autochthonous or illegally imported dogs from Southern Italy, over a period of eight years (2014–2021). CDV RNA was detected in 6.8% (65/949) of the animals tested, with no detection of CDV in dogs sampled in 2020–2021. The frequency of CDV detection was higher in imported dogs (19/103, 18.3%) with respect to stray (27/365, 7.4%) and household dogs (19/481, 3.9%). On sequence and phylogenetic analyses of selected strains, the analyzed viruses belonged to the Arctic clade, which has already been reported in Italy and in Europe. The results of our study may suggest a reduction of CDV circulation in Southern Italy, while at the same time highlighting the need for strict controls on dog importation, in order to prevent the introduction of viruses from endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Alfano
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817865441
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70121 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Lucibelli
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Gianluca Miletti
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Nicola D’Alessio
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Amalia Gallo
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Clementina Auriemma
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70121 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70121 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70121 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Dipartimento Coordinamento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
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Almuna R, López‐Pérez AM, Sarmiento RE, Suzán G. Drivers of canine distemper virus exposure in dogs at a wildlife interface in Janos, Mexico. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e7. [PMID: 33981441 PMCID: PMC8109910 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human population expansion has increased the contact between domestic animals and wildlife, thereby increasing the transmission of infectious diseases including canine distemper virus (CDV). Here, we investigated the risk factors associated with CDV exposure in domestic and wild carnivores from the Janos Biosphere Reserve (JBR), Mexico. METHODS A cross-sectional household questionnaire study was performed in four rural towns to investigate the risk factors associated with the presence of CDV in domestic and wild carnivores from the JBR, Mexico. In addition, we tested serum samples from 70 dogs and three wild carnivores, including one bobcat (Lynx rufus), one striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and one gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) for CDV antibodies using immunochromatographic and viral neutralization assays. RESULTS Overall, 62% of domestic dogs were seropositive for CDV, and the presence of antibodies was significantly higher in free-roaming owned dogs than dogs with restricted movement. Among the wild carnivores, only the bobcat was seropositive. The rate of vaccination against CDV in dogs was low (7%), and there was a high rate of direct interactions between domestic dogs and wild carnivores. CONCLUSION Our serological assays show that CDV is circulating in both domestic dogs and wild carnivores, suggesting cross-species transmission. Our finding of low vaccination rates, high number of unrestrained owned dogs and direct interactions between wildlife and domestic animals reported in the region may be perpetuating the high prevalence of the virus and increasing the risk of CDV transmission between wild and domestic carnivores. Therefore, long-term longitudinal studies are recommended in order to monitor infectious diseases at the domestic-wildlife interface in this highly biodiverse region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Almuna
- ECOS (Ecosystem–Complexity–Society) Laboratory, Center for Local Development (CEDEL), Villarrica CampusPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileVillarricaChile
- Centro Regional de Investigación para la Sostenibilidad de la Agricultura y los Territorios Rurales_CeresPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoValparaísoChile
| | - Andrés M. López‐Pérez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaCaliforniaUSA
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaMexico CityMéxico
| | - Rosa E. Sarmiento
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaMexico CityMéxico
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaMexico CityMéxico
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De Luca E, Sautto GA, Crisi PE, Lorusso A. Feline Morbillivirus Infection in Domestic Cats: What Have We Learned So Far? Viruses 2021; 13:v13040683. [PMID: 33921104 PMCID: PMC8071394 DOI: 10.3390/v13040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was identified for the first time in stray cats in 2012 in Hong Kong and, since its discovery, it was reported in domestic cats worldwide. Although a potential association between FeMV infection and tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) has been suggested, this has not been proven, and the subject remains controversial. TIN is the most frequent histopathological finding in the context of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is one of the major clinical pathologies in feline medicine. FeMV research has mainly focused on defining the epidemiology, the role of FeMV in the development of CKD, and its in vitro tropism, but the pathogenicity of FeMV is still not clear, partly due to its distinctive biological characteristics, as well as to a lack of a cell culture system for its rapid isolation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of FeMV infection, including genetic diversity of FeMV strains, epidemiology, pathogenicity, and clinicopathological findings observed in naturally infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana De Luca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | | | - Paolo Emidio Crisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0861332440
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A Canine Distemper Virus Retrospective Study Conducted from 2011 to 2019 in Central Italy (Latium and Tuscany Regions). Viruses 2021; 13:v13020272. [PMID: 33578722 PMCID: PMC7916514 DOI: 10.3390/v13020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly lethal contagious viral pathogen mainly found in domestic and wild canids and mustelids. Although, in Italy, circulating strains of Europe 1, Europe wildlife and Arctic type are reported, data relating to Latium and Tuscany regions are limited. In view of this, through passive surveillance, we investigated the presence of CDV and which strains were circulating in these Regions. From March 2017 to October 2019, a group of 122 subjects were tested for CDV using a PCR protocol described in the literature, with 12 detected positive; analyses were carried out on a set of target samples (brain and lung, conjunctival, nasal and rectal swabs, urine or swab from bladder and intracardiac clot) that was defined for the detection of CDV in both live and dead animals. The rectal swab, easily collected also from live animals, represented the most suitable sample for CDV diagnosis, with 9 positive of the 11 (81.82%) tested. In addition, brain and lung of 15 subjects out of 181 susceptible animals collected between 2011 and 2018, during post mortem investigations in routine diagnostic activity, were CDV positive. Molecular analyses of all positive samples, using a 287 bp fragment located within the conserved N terminus of the morbillivirus nucleoprotein gene, detected the circulation of strain CDV599/2016 (KX545421.1) belonging to the “Europe wildlife” lineage, and of strain CDV12254/2015 (KX024709.1), belonging to the Arctic-lineage, thus confirming the co-circulation of the two lineages, as already noted in previous studies.
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Diagnosis and characterization of canine distemper virus through sequencing by MinION nanopore technology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1714. [PMID: 30737428 PMCID: PMC6368598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt identification of the causative pathogen of an infectious disease is essential for the choice of treatment or preventive measures. In this perspective, nucleic acids purified from the brain tissue of a dog succumbed after severe neurological signs were processed with the MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Oxford UK) sequencing technology. Canine distemper virus (CDV) sequence reads were detected. Subsequently, a specific molecular test and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the presence of CDV RNA and antigen, respectively, in tissues. This study supports the use of the NGS in veterinary clinical practice with potential advantages in terms of rapidity and broad-range of molecular diagnosis.
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Efficient isolation on Vero.DogSLAMtag cells and full genome characterization of Dolphin Morbillivirus (DMV) by next generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:860. [PMID: 29339753 PMCID: PMC5770449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dolphin Morbillivirus (DMV) genome from the first Mediterranean epidemic (1990-’92) is the only cetacean Morbillivirus that has been completely sequenced. Here, we report the first application of next generation sequencing (NGS) to morbillivirus infection of aquatic mammals. A viral isolate, representative of the 2006-’08 Mediterranean epidemic (DMV_IZSPLV_2008), efficiently grew on Vero.DogSLAMtag cells and was submitted to whole genome characterization by NGS. The final genome length was 15,673 nucleotides, covering 99.82% of the DMV reference genome. Comparison of DMV_IZSPLV_2008 and 1990-’92 DMV strain sequences revealed 157 nucleotide mutations and 47 amino acid changes. The sequence similarity was 98.7% at the full genome level. Whole-genome phylogeny suggested that the DMV strain circulating during the 2006-’08 epidemics emerged from the 1990-’92 DMV strain. Viral isolation is considered the “gold standard” for morbillivirus diagnostics but efficient propagation of infectious virus is difficult to achieve. The successful cell replication of this strain allowed performing NGS directly from the viral RNA, without prior PCR amplification. We therefore provide to the scientific community a second DMV genome, representative of another major outbreak. Interestingly, genome comparison revealed that the neglected L gene encompasses 74% of the genetic diversity and might serve as “hypervariable” target for strain characterization.
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Loots AK, Mitchell E, Dalton DL, Kotzé A, Venter EH. Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: a wildlife perspective. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:311-321. [PMID: 27902345 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) has emerged as a significant disease of wildlife, which is highly contagious and readily transmitted between susceptible hosts. Initially described as an infectious disease of domestic dogs, it is now recognized as a global multi-host pathogen, infecting and causing mass mortalities in a wide range of carnivore species. The last decade has seen the effect of numerous CDV outbreaks in various wildlife populations. Prevention of CDV requires a clear understanding of the potential hosts in danger of infection as well as the dynamic pathways CDV uses to gain entry to its host cells and its ability to initiate viral shedding and disease transmission. We review recent research conducted on CDV infections in wildlife, including the latest findings on the causes of host specificity and cellular receptors involved in distemper pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika K Loots
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Emily Mitchell
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Desiré L Dalton
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Kotzé
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Di Sabatino D, Di Francesco G, Zaccaria G, Malatesta D, Brugnola L, Marcacci M, Portanti O, De Massis F, Savini G, Teodori L, Ruggieri E, Mangone I, Badagliacca P, Lorusso A. Lethal distemper in badgers (Meles meles) following epidemic in dogs and wolves. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:130-137. [PMID: 27876612 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) represents an important conservation threat to many wild carnivores. A large distemper epidemic sustained by an Arctic-lineage strain occurred in Italy in 2013, mainly in the Abruzzi region, causing overt disease in domestic and shepherd dogs, Apennine wolves (Canis lupus) and other wild carnivores. Two badgers were collected by the end of September 2015 in a rural area of the Abruzzi region and were demonstrated to be CDV-positive by real time RT-PCR and IHC in several tissues. The genome of CDV isolates from badgers showed Y549H substitution in the mature H protein. By employing all publicly available Arctic-lineage H protein encoding gene sequences, six amino acid changes in recent Italian strains with respect to Italian strains of dogs from 2000 to 2008, were observed. A CDV strain belonging to the European-wildlife lineage was also identified in a fox found dead in the same region in 2016, proving co-circulation of an additional CDV lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Francesco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Guendalina Zaccaria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Luca Brugnola
- Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Ufficio Territoriale per la Biodiversità, Viale Riviera 29, 65121, Pescara, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Enzo Ruggieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Pietro Badagliacca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
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Marcacci M, De Luca E, Zaccaria G, Di Tommaso M, Mangone I, Aste G, Savini G, Boari A, Lorusso A. Genome characterization of feline morbillivirus from Italy. J Virol Methods 2016; 234:160-3. [PMID: 27155238 PMCID: PMC7172958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The whole genome sequence of feline morbillivirus (FeMV) Piuma/2015 has been obtained by the combination of SISPA and NGS starting from the infected urine sample of a cat suffering of chronic kidney disease. The highest sequence identity was detected with early FeMVs from Hong Kong. Sequence heterogeneity exists within European FeMVs as for the existence of FeMVs in Germany and Turkey divergent from Piuma/2015.
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) has been recently identified by RT-PCR in the urine sample of a nephropathic cat in Italy. In this report, we describe the whole genome sequence of strain Piuma/2015 obtained by combination of sequence independent single primer amplification method (SISPA) and next generation sequencing (NGS) starting from RNA purified from the infected urine sample. The existence in Germany and Turkey of FeMVs from cats divergent from Piuma/2015, suggests the presence of FeMV heterogeneity in Europe as it has been described previously in Japan and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Eliana De Luca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Guendalina Zaccaria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Iolanda Mangone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Aste
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.
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da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Streck AF, Nunes Weber M, Maboni Siqueira F, Muniz Guedes RL, Wageck Canal C. Influence of vaccine strains on the evolution of canine distemper virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:262-269. [PMID: 27101783 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major dog pathogen belonging to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. CDV causes disease and high mortality in dogs and wild carnivores. Although homologous recombination has been demonstrated in many members of Paramyxoviridae, these events have rarely been reported for CDV. To detect potential recombination events, the complete CDV genomes available in GenBank up to June 2015 were screened using distinct algorithms to detect genetic conversions and incongruent phylogenies. Eight putative recombinant viruses derived from different CDV genotypes and different hosts were detected. The breakpoints of the recombinant strains were primarily located on fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins. These results suggest that homologous recombination is a frequent phenomenon in morbillivirus populations under natural replication, and CDV vaccine strains might play an important role in shaping the evolution of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata da Fontoura Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lucas Muniz Guedes
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Zaccaria G, Malatesta D, Scipioni G, Di Felice E, Campolo M, Casaccia C, Savini G, Di Sabatino D, Lorusso A. Circovirus in domestic and wild carnivores: An important opportunistic agent? Virology 2016; 490:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheng Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Zhao J, Shao X, Ma Z, Zhao H, Lin P, Wu H. Isolation and sequence analysis of a canine distemper virus from a raccoon dog in Jilin Province, China. Virus Genes 2015; 51:298-301. [PMID: 26265248 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major pathogen not only in raccoon dogs but also in a variety of carnivorous animals, including domesticated animals, particularly if they have not been vaccinated. In this study, a wild-type strain of CDV was isolated from lung tissue from a raccoon dog kept at a fur farm in Jilin Province, China. Cytopathic effects typical of CDV infection were observed after three blind passages in Vero cells, yielding a virus titer of 10(4.6) TCID50/mL. Virus identification was carried out by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and genome sequencing. The results showed that the isolated virus, termed the SY strain, corresponded to the Asia-1 genotype of CDV and has a genome of 15,690 nucleotides. This represents the first complete nucleotide sequence of a CDV strain circulating in raccoon dogs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China.
| | - Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Xiqun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Zengjun Ma
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Changli, 066600, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Peng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, China
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13
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Willi B, Spiri AM, Meli ML, Grimm F, Beatrice L, Riond B, Bley T, Jordi R, Dennler M, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from Hungary to Switzerland. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:154. [PMID: 26179635 PMCID: PMC4504088 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major pathogen of dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. In Switzerland, distemper in domestic dogs is rarely reported. In recent years, the import of dogs from Eastern Europe to Switzerland has steadily increased. In the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from Hungary to Switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. The data on vaccination and medical history were recorded (14 dogs), and the samples were collected to investigate CDV and vector-borne infections (13 dogs) and canine parvovirus infection (12 dogs). The dogs were monitored for six months. Results One dog was euthanised directly after import. Thirteen dogs showed clinical signs after arrival, i.e., diarrhoea (57 %), coughing (43 %) and nasal and/or ocular discharge (21 %); radiographic findings that were compatible with bronchopneumonia were present in four dogs. CDV infection was diagnosed in 11 dogs (85 %); 10 dogs (91 %) tested PCR-positive in conjunctival swabs. Vector-borne infections (Babesia spp., Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis) were found in 4 dogs (31 %). Three dogs were hospitalized, and six dogs received ambulatory therapy for up to two months until recovery. None of the dogs developed neurological disease. CDV shedding was detected for a period of up to four months. Because dogs were put under strict quarantine until CDV shedding ceased, CDV did not spread to any other dogs. The CDV isolates showed 99 % sequence identity in the HA gene among each other and belonged to the Arctic-like lineage of CDV. Conclusions The present study highlights the imminent risks of spreading contagious viral and vector-borne infections through the non-selective import of sick dogs and dogs with incomplete vaccination from Eastern Europe. CDV shedding was detected for several months after the cessation of clinical signs, which emphasised the roles of asymptomatic carriers in CDV epidemiology. A long-term follow-up using sensitive PCR and strict quarantine measures is of upmost importance in preventing the spread of infection. Dog owners and animal welfare organisations should be educated regarding the importance of complete vaccinations and the impact of dog imports on the spread of viral and vector-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Willi
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea M Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Felix Grimm
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Beatrice
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tim Bley
- Kleintierpraxis Dres. med. vet. Rohner & Bley, Niederglatt, Switzerland.
| | - Rolf Jordi
- Kleintierpraxis Dr. med. vet. Rolf Jordi, Gümligen, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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A new member of the Pteropine Orthoreovirus species isolated from fruit bats imported to Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 30:55-58. [PMID: 25497353 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel member of the Pteropine Orthoreovirus species has been isolated and sequenced for the whole genome from flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) imported to Italy from Indonesia. The new isolate named Indonesia/2010 is genetically similar to Melaka virus which has been the first virus of this species to be shown to be responsible for human respiratory disease. Our findings highlight the importance of flying foxes as vectors of potentially zoonotic viruses and the biological hazard that lies in the import of animals from geographical areas that are ecologically diverse from Europe.
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