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Carter EP, Ang CG, Chaiken IM. Peptide Triazole Inhibitors of HIV-1: Hijackers of Env Metastability. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2023; 24:59-77. [PMID: 35692162 PMCID: PMC11660822 DOI: 10.2174/1389203723666220610120927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With 1.5 million new infections and 690,000 AIDS-related deaths globally each year, HIV- 1 remains a pathogen of significant public health concern. Although a wide array of effective antiretroviral drugs have been discovered, these largely target intracellular stages of the viral infectious cycle, and inhibitors that act at or before the point of viral entry still require further advancement. A unique class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors, called peptide triazoles (PTs), has been developed, which irreversibly inactivates Env trimers by exploiting the protein structure's innate metastable nature. PTs, and a related group of inhibitors called peptide triazole thiols (PTTs), are peptide compounds that dually engage the CD4 receptor and coreceptor binding sites of Env's gp120 subunit. This triggers dramatic conformational rearrangements of Env, including the shedding of gp120 (PTs and PTTs) and lytic transformation of the gp41 subunit to a post-fusion-like arrangement (PTTs). Due to the nature of their dual receptor site engagement, PT/PTT-induced conformational changes may elucidate mechanisms behind the native fusion program of Env trimers following receptor and coreceptor engagement, including the role of thiols in fusion. In addition to inactivating Env, PTT-induced structural transformation enhances the exposure of important and conserved neutralizable regions of gp41, such as the membrane proximal external region (MPER). PTT-transformed Env could present an intriguing potential vaccine immunogen prototype. In this review, we discuss the origins of the PT class of peptide inhibitors, our current understanding of PT/PTT-induced structural perturbations and viral inhibition, and prospects for using these antagonists for investigating Env structural mechanisms and for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles G. Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irwin M. Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kim E, Lim EK, Park G, Park C, Lim JW, Lee H, Na W, Yeom M, Kim J, Song D, Haam S. Advanced Nanomaterials for Preparedness Against (Re-)Emerging Viral Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005927. [PMID: 33586180 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) accounts for the current global pandemic, the emergence of other unknown pathogens, named "Disease X," remains a serious concern in the future. Emerging or re-emerging pathogens continue to pose significant challenges to global public health. In response, the scientific community has been urged to create advanced platform technologies to meet the ever-increasing needs presented by these devastating diseases with pandemic potential. This review aims to bring new insights to allow for the application of advanced nanomaterials in future diagnostics, vaccines, and antiviral therapies, thereby addressing the challenges associated with the current preparedness strategies in clinical settings against viruses. The application of nanomaterials has advanced medicine and provided cutting-edge solutions for unmet needs. Herein, an overview of the currently available nanotechnologies is presented, highlighting the significant features that enable them to control infectious diseases, and identifying the challenges that remain to be addressed for the commercial production of nano-based products is presented. Finally, to conclude, the development of a nanomaterial-based system using a "One Health" approach is suggested. This strategy would require a transdisciplinary collaboration and communication between all stakeholders throughout the entire process spanning across research and development, as well as the preclinical, clinical, and manufacturing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunseon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Xu J, Merlier F, Avalle B, Vieillard V, Debré P, Haupt K, Tse Sum Bui B. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles as Potential Synthetic Antibodies for Immunoprotection against HIV. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9824-9831. [PMID: 30758939 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the preparation and characterization of synthetic antibodies based on molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP-NPs) for the recognition and binding of the highly conserved and specific peptide motif SWSNKS (3S), an epitope of the envelope glycoprotein 41 (gp41) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This motif is implicated in the decline of CD4+ T cells and leads to the deterioration of the immune system during HIV infection. Therefore, the development of MIP-NPs that can target and block the 3S peptide to prevent subsequent cascade interactions directed toward the killing of CD4+ T cells is of prime importance. Because most antibodies recognize their protein antigen via a conformational or structured epitope (as opposed to a linear epitope commonly used for molecular imprinting), we employed protein molecular modeling to design our template epitope so that it mimics the three-dimensional structure fold of 3S in gp41. The resulting template peptide corresponds to a cyclic structure composed of CGSWSNKSC, with the 3S motif well orientated for imprinting. MIP-NPs with a size of 65 nm were obtained by solid-phase synthesis and were water-soluble. They were prepared by a judicious combination of multiple functional monomers affording hydrogen bonding, ionic, π-π, and hydrophobic interactions, conferring high affinity and selectivity toward both the cyclic peptide and the whole gp41 protein. These results suggest that our MIPs could potentially be used for blocking the function of the 3S motif on the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing , Shanghai University , 200444 Shanghai , P. R. China
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory , Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319 , 60203 Compiègne Cedex , France
| | - Franck Merlier
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory , Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319 , 60203 Compiègne Cedex , France
| | - Bérangère Avalle
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory , Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319 , 60203 Compiègne Cedex , France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 6, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris) , Boulevard de l'hôpital , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Patrice Debré
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 6, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris) , Boulevard de l'hôpital , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory , Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319 , 60203 Compiègne Cedex , France
| | - Bernadette Tse Sum Bui
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory , Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319 , 60203 Compiègne Cedex , France
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Covalently circularized nanodiscs; challenges and applications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:129-134. [PMID: 29677570 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Covalently circularized nanodiscs (cNDs) represent a significant advance in the durability and applicability of nanodisc technology. The new cNDs demonstrate higher size homogeneity and improved stability compared with that of non-circularized forms. Moreover, cNDs can be prepared at various defined sizes up to 80-nm diameter. The large cNDs can house much larger membrane proteins and their complexes than was previously possible with the conventional nanodiscs. In order to experience the full advantages of covalent circularization, high quality circularized scaffold protein and nanodisc samples are needed. Here, we give a concise overview and discuss the technical challenges that needed to be overcome in order to obtain high quality preparations. Furthermore, we review some potential new applications for the cNDs.
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Crooks ET, Osawa K, Tong T, Grimley SL, Dai YD, Whalen RG, Kulp DW, Menis S, Schief WR, Binley JM. Effects of partially dismantling the CD4 binding site glycan fence of HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein trimers on neutralizing antibody induction. Virology 2017; 505:193-209. [PMID: 28279830 PMCID: PMC5895097 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previously, VLPs bearing JR-FL strain HIV-1 Envelope trimers elicited potent neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in 2/8 rabbits (PLoS Pathog 11(5): e1004932) by taking advantage of a naturally absent glycan at position 197 that borders the CD4 binding site (CD4bs). In new immunizations, we attempted to improve nAb responses by removing the N362 glycan that also lines the CD4bs. All 4 rabbits developed nAbs. One targeted the N197 glycan hole like our previous sera. Two sera depended on the N463 glycan, again suggesting CD4bs overlap. Heterologous boosts appeared to reduce nAb clashes with the N362 glycan. The fourth serum targeted a N362 glycan-sensitive epitope. VLP manufacture challenges prevented us from immunizing larger rabbit numbers to empower a robust statistical analysis. Nevertheless, trends suggest that targeted glycan removal may improve nAb induction by exposing new epitopes and that it may be possible to modify nAb specificity using rational heterologous boosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema T Crooks
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Keiko Osawa
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tommy Tong
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Samantha L Grimley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yang D Dai
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert G Whalen
- Altravax, Inc., 725 San Aleso Avenue, Suite 2, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
| | - James M Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Abstract
Membrane proteins play a most important part in metabolism, signaling, cell motility, transport, development, and many other biochemical and biophysical processes which constitute fundamentals of life on the molecular level. Detailed understanding of these processes is necessary for the progress of life sciences and biomedical applications. Nanodiscs provide a new and powerful tool for a broad spectrum of biochemical and biophysical studies of membrane proteins and are commonly acknowledged as an optimal membrane mimetic system that provides control over size, composition, and specific functional modifications on the nanometer scale. In this review we attempted to combine a comprehensive list of various applications of nanodisc technology with systematic analysis of the most attractive features of this system and advantages provided by nanodiscs for structural and mechanistic studies of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Witt KC, Castillo-Menendez L, Ding H, Espy N, Zhang S, Kappes JC, Sodroski J. Antigenic characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein precursor incorporated into nanodiscs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170672. [PMID: 28151945 PMCID: PMC5289478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) into host cells is mediated by the viral envelope glycoproteins (Envs), which are derived by the proteolytic cleavage of a trimeric gp160 Env precursor. The mature Env trimer is a major target for entry inhibitors and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. Env interstrain variability, conformational flexibility and heavy glycosylation contribute to evasion of the host immune response, and create challenges for structural characterization and vaccine development. Here we investigate variables associated with reconstitution of the HIV-1 Env precursor into nanodiscs, nanoscale lipid bilayer discs enclosed by membrane scaffolding proteins. We identified detergents, as well as lipids similar in composition to the viral lipidome, that allowed efficient formation of Env-nanodiscs (Env-NDs). Env-NDs were created with the full-length Env precursor and with an Env precursor with the majority of the cytoplasmic tail intact. The self-association of Env-NDs was decreased by glutaraldehyde crosslinking. The Env-NDs exhibited an antigenic profile expected for the HIV-1 Env precursor. Env-NDs were recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Of note, neutralizing antibody epitopes in the gp41 membrane-proximal external region and in the gp120:gp41 interface were well exposed on Env-NDs compared with Env expressed on cell surfaces. Most Env epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies were masked on the Env-NDs. This antigenic profile was stable for several days, exhibiting a considerably longer half-life than that of Env solubilized in detergents. Negative selection with weak neutralizing antibodies could be used to improve the antigenic profile of the Env-NDs. Finally, we show that lipid adjuvants can be incorporated into Env-NDs. These results indicate that Env-NDs represent a potentially useful platform for investigating the structural, functional and antigenic properties of the HIV-1 Env trimer in a membrane context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen C. Witt
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Luis Castillo-Menendez
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Haitao Ding
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Nicole Espy
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John C. Kappes
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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