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Sha H, Zhang H, Chen Y, Huang L, Zhao M, Wang N. Research Progress on the NSP9 Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:872205. [PMID: 35898550 PMCID: PMC9309524 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.872205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRS is also called “blue ear disease” because of the characteristic blue ear in infected sows and piglets. Its main clinical features are reproductive disorders of sows, breathing difficulties in piglets, and fattening in pigs, which cause considerable losses to the swine industry. NSP9, a non-structural protein of PRRSV, plays a vital role in PRRSV replication and virulence because of its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) structure. The NSP9 sequence is highly conserved and contains T cell epitopes, which are beneficial for the development of future vaccines. NSP9 acts as the protein interaction hub between virus and host during PRRSV infection, especially in RNA replication and transcription. Herein, we comprehensively review the application of NSP9 in terms of genetic evolution analysis, interaction with host proteins that affect virus replication, interaction with other viral proteins, pathogenicity, regulation of cellular immune response, antiviral drugs, vaccines, and detection methods. This review can therefore provide innovative ideas and strategies for PRRSV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Sha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Liangzong Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Liangzong Huang
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Mengmeng Zhao
| | - Nina Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Nina Wang
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Xiong J, Cui X, Zhao K, Wang Q, Huang X, Li D, Yu F, Yang Y, Liu D, Tian Z, Cai X, An T. A Novel Motif in the 3′-UTR of PRRSV-2 Is Critical for Viral Multiplication and Contributes to Enhanced Replication Ability of Highly Pathogenic or L1 PRRSV. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020166. [PMID: 35215760 PMCID: PMC8875199 DOI: 10.3390/v14020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) with enhanced replication capability emerged in China and has become dominant epidemic strain since 2006. Up to now, the replication-regulated genes of PRRSV have not been fully clarified. Here, by swapping the genes or elements between HP-PRRSV and classical PRRSV based on infectious clones, NSP1, NSP2, NSP7, NSP9 and 3′-UTR are found to contribute to the high replication efficiency of HP-PRRSV. Further study revealed that mutations at positions 117th or 119th in the 3′-UTR are significantly related to replication efficiency, and the nucleotide at position 120th is critical for viral rescue. The motif composed by 117–120th nucleotides was quite conservative within each lineage of PRRSV; mutations in the motif of HP-PRRSV and currently epidemic lineage 1 (L1) PRRSV showed higher synthesis ability of viral negative genomic RNA, suggesting that those mutations were beneficial for viral replication. RNA structure analysis revealed that this motif maybe involved into a pseudoknot in the 3′-UTR. The results discovered a novel motif, 117–120th nucleotide in the 3′-UTR, that is critical for replication of PRRSV-2, and mutations in the motif contribute to the enhanced replicative ability of HP-PRRSV or L1 PRRSV. Our findings will help to understand the molecular basis of PRRSV replication and find the potential factors resulting in an epidemic strain of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Xingyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Kuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Xinyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Dongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Fang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Yongbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China;
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-5105-1765; Fax: +86-451-5199-7166
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Gagnon CA, Lalonde C, Provost C. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus whole-genome sequencing efficacy with field clinical samples using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 33:216-226. [PMID: 32856560 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720952411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomic surveillance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is based on sequencing of the ORF5 gene of the virus, which covers only 4% of the entire viral genome. It is expected that PRRSV whole-genome sequencing (WGS) will improve PRRSV genomic data and allow better understanding of clinical discrepancies observed in the field when using ORF5 sequencing. Our main objective was to implement an efficient method for WGS of PRRSV from clinical samples. The viral genome was purified using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method and sequenced using Illumina technology. We tested 149 PRRSV-positive samples: 80 sera, 33 lungs, 33 pools of tissues, 2 oral fluids, and 1 processing fluid (i.e., castration liquid). Overall, WGS of 67.1% of PRRSV-positive cases was successful. The viral load, in particular for tissues, had a major impact on the PRRSV WGS success rate. Serum was the most efficient type of sample to conduct PRRSV WGS poly(A)-tail assays, with a success rate of 76.3%, and this result can be explained by improved sequencing reads dispersion matching throughout the entire viral genome. WGS was unsuccessful for all pools of tissue and lung samples with Cq values > 26.5, whereas it could still be successful with sera at Cq ≤ 34.1. Evaluation of results of highly qualified personnel confirmed that laboratory skills could affect PRRSV WGS efficiency. Oral fluid samples seem very promising and merit further investigation because, with only 2 samples of low viral load (Cq = 28.8, 32.8), PRRSV WGS was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Gagnon
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of the Service de diagnostic, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Lalonde
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantale Provost
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of the Service de diagnostic, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Qin P, Du EZ, Luo WT, Yang YL, Zhang YQ, Wang B, Huang YW. Characteristics of the Life Cycle of Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) In Vitro: Replication Kinetics, Cellular Ultrastructure and Virion Morphology, and Evidence of Inducing Autophagy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050455. [PMID: 31109068 PMCID: PMC6563515 DOI: 10.3390/v11050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in affected piglets. The aim of this study was to establish the basic, in vitro characteristics of the life cycle such as replication kinetics, cellular ultrastructure, virion morphology, and induction of autophagy of PDCoV. Time-course analysis of viral subgenomic and genomic RNA loads and infectious titers indicated that one replication cycle of PDCoV takes 5 to 6 h. Electron microscopy showed that PDCoV infection induced the membrane rearrangements with double-membrane vesicles and large virion-containing vacuoles. The convoluted membranes structures described in alpha- and beta-coronavirus were not observed. PDCoV infection also increased the number of autophagosome-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of cells, and the autophagy response was detected by LC3 I/II and p62 Western blot analysis. For the first time, this study presents the picture of the PDCoV infection cycle, which is crucial to help elucidate the molecular mechanism of deltacoronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - En-Zhong Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao, Qingdao 266114, China.
| | - Wen-Ting Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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