Simple and specific method for detection of antibodies against hepatitis E virus in mammalian species

Anti-HEV seroprevalence and rate of viremia in a German cohort of dogs, cats, and horses

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 infections in Germany are mainly transmitted zoonotically through the consumption of swine meat. Furthermore, there is evidence that pets might come into contact with HEV, but the relevance of companion animals as possible sources of HEV transmission in Germany still needs to be defined. A monitoring study was therefore carried out on dogs, cats, and horses from Germany. In total 365 serum samples from pets (124 dogs, 119 cats, and 122 horses) were tested for HEV by PCR and for anti-HEV antibodies by a commercial ELISA. The HEV seroprevalence determined by the sero-assay varied significantly between dogs (10%), cats (6%), and horses (2%). Liver injury-related enzymes, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) showed no differences between HEV-positive or negative animals. None of the pet serum samples tested positive for PCR. This serological study suggests that dogs and cats are significantly exposed to HEV in Germany, while horses are of minor relevance.

Guidelines on the hygienic management of wild meat in Japan

The density and distribution of wild ungulates, especially sika deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa), have increased across the Japanese archipelago in the last two decades. The tradition of consuming wild game meat has been inherited in limited areas in Japan, but recently, the use of wild animals for food has increased. Game meat has become popular at local restaurants and retail meat shops. However, fundamental knowledge of game meat hygiene and health risks has not been fully established among hunters, meat processors, restaurant operators, and consumers. Moreover, game meat-borne illnesses have been reported occasionally. Unlike domesticated livestock, wild animals are not inspected for diseases when being butchered for food, and the meat obtained is at a high risk of being unhygienic. The Guidelines on the hygienic management of wild meat were established in 2014 to ensure the safety of wild meat in Japan. This study describes the situation regarding wild animals and game meat in Japan.

Nationwide survey of hepatitis E virus infection among wildlife in Japan

In Japan, hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes hepatitis in humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, including game meat. In the present study, nationwide surveillance of HEV infection among a total of 5,557 wild animals, including 15 species, was conducted in Japan. The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in wild boar was 12.4%, with higher positive rates in big boars (over 50 kg, 18.4%) than in small individuals (less than 30 kg, 5.3%). Furthermore, HEV RNA was more frequently detected in piglets than in older boars. Interestingly, the detection of HEV among wildlife by ELISA and RT-PCR suggested that HEV infection in Sika deer was a very rare event, and that there was no HEV infection among wild animals except for wild boar, Sika deer and Japanese monkeys. In conclusion, wild boar, especially piglets, are at high risk of HEV infection, while other wild animals showed less risk or no risk of HEV transmission.

Influenza A virus infection in domestic ferrets

Ferrets are animals that are known to be susceptible to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. To evaluate the risk of IAV transmission from diseased ferrets to humans, we performed a serosurvey to detect specific antibodies against the H1, H3, H5, and H7 subtypes of IAV. We found a high positive rate of the H1 (24.1%) and H3 (5.2%) subtypes in pet ferrets by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hemagglutinin proteins. The results were confirmed by the virus-neutralization test for representative antibody-positive serum samples. We also detected hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes in two ferrets showing acute respiratory illness and whose owner was diagnosed with IAV infection; a human H1N1pdm virus was isolated from one of these ferrets. Our findings suggest that attention should be paid for IAV infection from humans to ferrets, and vice versa.

Characterization of rabbit hepatitis E virus isolated from a feral rabbit

Rabbit hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been detected among rabbits and recently isolated from immunocompromised patients, suggesting zoonotic transmission. In this study, HEV infection among feral rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was assessed by detection of anti-HEV antibodies and HEV RNA. The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in sera was of 33 % (20/60) and HEV RNA was detected from only one of fecal swabs (1.7 %, 1/58). Furthermore, one naïve rabbit was intravenously inoculated with the suspension of the HEV-positive fecal specimen, exhibiting persistent HEV shedding in feces, intermittent viremia, seroconversion to anti-HEV IgM and IgG, and high alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values, indicating persistent HEV infection. The isolate JP-59 had a length of 7,282 bp excluding a poly (A) tail and possessed the characteristic 93 bp-insertion in ORF1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that JP-59 formed a cluster with other rabbit HEV isolates from rabbits and human origin. The JP-59 shared the nucleotide sequence identities less than 87 % with other rabbit HEVs, suggesting that a novel rabbit HEV strain was circulating in Japan.

Bovine milk transcriptome analysis reveals microRNAs and RNU2 involved in mastitis

Mastitis is a common inflammatory infectious disease in dairy cows. To understand the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile changes during bovine mastitis, we undertook a genome-wide miRNA study of normal milk and milk that tested positive on the California mastitis test for bovine mastitis (CMT+). Twenty-five miRNAs were differentially expressed (23 miRNAs upregulated and two downregulated) during bovine mastitis relative to their expression in normal milk. Upregulated mature miR-1246 probably derived from a U2 small nuclear RNA rather than an miR-1246 precursor. The significantly upregulated miRNA precursors and RNU2 were significantly enriched on bovine chromosome 19, which is homologous to human chromosome 17. A gene ontology analysis of the putative mRNA targets of the significantly upregulated miRNAs showed that these miRNAs were involved in binding target mRNA transcripts and regulating target gene expression, and a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the upregulated miRNAs were predominantly related to cancer and immune system pathways. Three novel miRNAs were associated with bovine mastitis and were relatively highly expressed in milk. We confirmed that one of the novel mastitis-related miRNAs was significantly upregulated using a digital PCR system. The differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in human cancers, infections, and immune-related diseases. The genome-wide analysis of miRNA profiles in this study provides insight into bovine mastitis and inflammatory diseases. DATABASES: The miRNAseq generated for this study can be found in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under BioProject Number PRJNA421075 and SRA Study Number SRP126134 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA421075).

Risk assessment for hepatitis E virus infection from domestic pigs introduced into an experimental animal facility in a medical school

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is known to cause zoonotic infections from pigs, wild boars and deer. Domestic pigs have been used as an experimental animal model in medical research and training; however, the risks of HEV infection from pigs during animal experiments are largely unknown. Here, we retrospectively investigated the seroprevalence and detection rates of viral RNA in 73 domestic pigs (average 34.5 kg) introduced into an animal experimental facility in a medical school during 2012–2016. We detected anti-HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies in 24 of 73 plasma samples (32.9%), though none of the samples were positive for viral RNA. Plasma samples of 18 pigs were sequentially monitored and were classified into four patterns: sustained positive (5 pigs), sustained negative (5 pigs), conversion to positive (6 pigs) and conversion to negative (2 pigs). HEV genomes were detected in 2 of 4 liver samples from pigs that were transported from the same farm during 2016–2017. Two viral sequences of the overlapping open reading frame (ORF) 2/3 region (97 bp) were identical and phylogenetically fell into genotype 3. A 459-bp length of the ORF2 region of an amplified fragment from a pig transported in 2017 was clustered with the wbJYG1 isolate (subgenotype 3b) with 91.5% (420/459 bp) nucleotide identity. Based on our results, we suggest that domestic pigs introduced into animal facilities carry a potential risk of HEV infection to researchers, trainees and facility staff. Continuous surveillance and precautions are important to prevent HEV infection in animal facilities.

Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the musk gland and systemic T-cell lymphoma in a masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)

A 21-year-old male masked palm civet died after 2 months of continuous abdominal distention and poor appetite. Grossly, both musk glands were markedly swelled. Microscopically, round, polygonal and spindle neoplastic cells proliferated diffusely in the right musk gland and a metastatic focus was observed in the lung. The neoplastic cells had abundant cytoplasm with faintly eosinophilic inclusions that ultrastructurally corresponded to whorl aggregates of intermediate filaments. Immunohistochemically, these cells were positive for vimentin, cytokeratins and glial fibrillary acidic protein and negative for desmin. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as malignant rhabdoid tumor. Papillary adenoma was seen in the opposite musk gland. T-cell lymphoma of the lymph nodes, small intestine and liver was considered as the cause of death.

Detection of anti-viral antibodies from meat juice of wild boars

Wild boars are a reservoir for many zoonotic pathogens and a good sentinel for surveillance of zoonotic viral infections, but collection of serum samples from wild boars in the field is sometimes difficult and requires special equipment and techniques. In this study, ELISA using meat juices extracted from the heart and diaphragm of wild boars, instead of serum samples, was performed to detect antibodies against zoonotic pathogens, Japanese encephalitis virus and hepatitis E virus. The results of ELISA using meat juice samples were significantly correlated with those using serum samples and meat juice contained one-fifth the antibodies of serum samples. As meat juice is easily collected from wild animals in the field without special equipment and techniques, ELISA using meat juice is a simple and superior method for serological survey of zoonosis among wild animals.

Influenza A virus infection in Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax)

Serum samples were collected from 385 wild boars between 2010 and 2013 to examine the seroprevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in Japan. Antibodies against IAV were identified using a commercial kit in 13 wild boars (3.4%). To identify the serotypes, positive sera were examined by virus-neutralization test using representative serotypes and strains. Three wild boars in Yamaguchi and four in Tochigi showed the highest antibody titers against the pandemic H1N1 2009 virus and classical swine H1N1 virus strains, respectively. These data indicate that wild boars may have close contact with humans and domestic pigs and therefore that there is potential for IAVs to reassort in wild boars as they have been shown to do in pigs.