1
|
Choi JH, Jeong K, Kim SM, Ko MK, You SH, Lyoo YS, Kim B, Ku JM, Park JH. Synergistic effect of ribavirin and vaccine for protection during early infection stage of foot-and-mouth disease. J Vet Sci 2019; 19:788-797. [PMID: 30304889 PMCID: PMC6265586 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.6.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries, vaccines are used for the prevention of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, because there is no protection against FMD immediately after vaccination, research and development on antiviral agents is being conducted to induce protection until immunological competence is produced. This study tested whether well-known chemicals used as RNA virus treatment agents had inhibitory effects on FMD viruses (FMDVs) and demonstrated that ribavirin showed antiviral effects against FMDV in vitro/in vivo. In addition, it was observed that combining the administration of the antiviral agents orally and complementary therapy with vaccines synergistically enhanced antiviral activity and preserved the survival rate and body weight in the experimental animals. Antiviral agents mixed with an adjuvant were inoculated intramuscularly along with the vaccines, thereby inhibiting virus replication after injection and verifying that it was possible to induce early protection against viral infection prior to immunity being achieved through the vaccine. Finally, pigs treated with antiviral agents and vaccines showed no clinical signs and had low virus excretion. Based on these results, it is expected that this combined approach could be a therapeutic and preventive treatment for early protection against FMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyung Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Kwiwan Jeong
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jin-Mo Ku
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ko MK, Jo HE, Choi JH, You SH, Shin SH, Jo H, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Kim B, Park JH. Chimeric vaccine strain of type O foot-and-mouth disease elicits a strong immune response in pigs against ME-SA and SEA topotypes. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:124-129. [PMID: 30642587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute infectious disease occurring in cloven-hoofed animals. There are many variations of the virus, making it difficult to protect against the various strains with one virus vaccine. The immunogenicity has generally been evaluated in pigs using neutralizing antibodies to determine the protection level against foot-and-mouth disease virus type O. Therefore, the vaccine from the chimeric vaccine strain of ME-SA (VP4, VP2, and VP3) and SEA (VP1) topotypes developed in this study is expected to be able to protect with high neutralizing antibody titers against most of the eight FMD viruses of the four different topotypes (ME-SA, SEA, Cathay, and EURO-SA) of type O in pigs. This is a new technique for powerful vaccine development, with multiple preventive roles against various epidemic FMD strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Jo
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyung Choi
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyundong Jo
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Reproduction of RNA viruses is typically error-prone due to the infidelity of their replicative machinery and the usual lack of proofreading mechanisms. The error rates may be close to those that kill the virus. Consequently, populations of RNA viruses are represented by heterogeneous sets of genomes with various levels of fitness. This is especially consequential when viruses encounter various bottlenecks and new infections are initiated by a single or few deviating genomes. Nevertheless, RNA viruses are able to maintain their identity by conservation of major functional elements. This conservatism stems from genetic robustness or mutational tolerance, which is largely due to the functional degeneracy of many protein and RNA elements as well as to negative selection. Another relevant mechanism is the capacity to restore fitness after genetic damages, also based on replicative infidelity. Conversely, error-prone replication is a major tool that ensures viral evolvability. The potential for changes in debilitated genomes is much higher in small populations, because in the absence of stronger competitors low-fit genomes have a choice of various trajectories to wander along fitness landscapes. Thus, low-fit populations are inherently unstable, and it may be said that to run ahead it is useful to stumble. In this report, focusing on picornaviruses and also considering data from other RNA viruses, we review the biological relevance and mechanisms of various alterations of viral RNA genomes as well as pathways and mechanisms of rehabilitation after loss of fitness. The relationships among mutational robustness, resilience, and evolvability of viral RNA genomes are discussed.
Collapse
|