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Park J, Kim HR, Lee EB, Lee SK, Kim WI, Lyoo YS, Park CK, Ku BK, Jeoung HY, Lee KK, Park SC. First Detection and Genetic Characterization of Swine Orthopneumovirus from Domestic Pig Farms in the Republic of Korea. Viruses 2023; 15:2371. [PMID: 38140612 PMCID: PMC10747143 DOI: 10.3390/v15122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel swine orthopneumovirus (SOV) infections have been identified in pigs in the USA and some European countries but not in Asian countries, including South Korea, to date. The current study reports the first SOV infections in four domestic pig farms located in four provinces across South Korea. The detection rate of SOV in oral fluid samples using qRT-PCR was 4.4% (14/389), indicating the presence of the virus in pigs at commercial farms in Korea. Two complete genome sequences and one glycoprotein (G) gene sequence were obtained from SOV-positive samples. The complete genome analysis of KSOV-2201 and KSOV-2202 strains showed 98.2 and 95.4% homologies with a previously reported SOV, and the phylogenetic tree exhibited a high correlation with a previously reported SOV strain from the US and a canine pneumovirus (CPnV) strain from China. Based on the genetic analysis of the viral G gene, the murine pneumonia virus (MPV)-like orthopneumoviruses (MLOVs) were divided into two genogroups (G1 and G2). Seventeen CPnVs and two feline pneumoviruses were grouped into G1, while the Korean SOV strains identified in this study were grouped into G2 along with one SOV and two CPnVs. These results will contribute to expanding our understanding of the geographical distribution and genetic characteristics of the novel SOV in the global pig population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Animal Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (E.-B.L.)
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu 41519, Republic of Korea;
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu 41519, Republic of Korea;
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Animal Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (E.-B.L.)
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Sang-Kwon Lee
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young S. Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Bok Kyung Ku
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.K.K.); (H.-Y.J.)
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.K.K.); (H.-Y.J.)
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.K.K.); (H.-Y.J.)
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Animal Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (E.-B.L.)
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.P.)
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Kim HR, Park J, Lee KK, Jeoung HY, Lyoo YS, Park SC, Park CK. Genetic Characterization and Evolution of Porcine Deltacoronavirus Isolated in the Republic of Korea in 2022. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050686. [PMID: 37242356 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging coronavirus that causes diarrhea in nursing piglets. Since its first outbreak in the United States in 2014, this novel porcine coronavirus has been detected worldwide, including in Korea. However, no PDCoV case has been reported since the last report in 2016 in Korea. In June 2022, the Korean PDCoV strain KPDCoV-2201 was detected on a farm where sows and piglets had black tarry and watery diarrhea, respectively. We isolated the KPDCoV-2201 strain from the intestinal samples of piglets and sequenced the viral genome. Genetically, the full-length genome and spike gene of KPDCoV-2201 shared 96.9-99.2% and 95.8-98.8% nucleotide identity with other global PDCoV strains, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that KPDCoV-2201 belongs to G1b. Notably, the molecular evolutionary analysis indicated that KPDCoV-2201 evolved from a clade different from that of previously reported Korean PDCoV strains and is closely related to the emergent Peruvian and Taiwanese PDCoV strains. Furthermore, KPDCoV-2201 had one unique and two Taiwanese strain-like amino acid substitutions in the receptor-binding domain of the S1 region. Our findings suggest the possibility of transboundary transmission of the virus and expand our knowledge about the genetic diversity and evolution of PDCoV in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu 41519, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu 41519, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Park J, Kim HR, Kim JM, Lee KK, Kim WI, Lyoo YS, Kwon OD, Park CK, Park SC. First report of Porcine respirovirus 1 in South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:4041-4047. [PMID: 36174972 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is a recently emerging porcine respiratory virus that belongs to the genus Respirovirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. Since its first detection in Hong Kong, China in 2009, PRV1 has been subsequently identified in several American and European countries, suggesting that the emerging virus may have been globally distributed. However, in Asia, the virus has been reported only in China. Here, we report that PRV1 was first detected in pigs from 16 farms located in seven provinces across Korea, with a prevalence of 71.4% based on the tested oral fluid samples, suggesting that the virus is already widespread in Korean pig herds. For further genetic characterization of the Korean PRV1 strains, a complete genome and two F gene sequences were obtained from PRV1-positive samples collected from three different pig farms. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome and F gene sequences showed that all three Korean PRV1 strains were grouped into European lineage 1 and were closely related to strains from Hong Kong (China), Germany and Poland. We could not obtain evidence for the origin of Korean PRV1 because of the limited availability of PRV1 sequences. In conclusion, PRV1 was first identified in Korean pig herds and genetically characterized in the present study. These results contribute to a better understanding of the global geographical distribution and genetic characteristics of PRV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Kim DY, Kim HR, Park JH, Kwon NY, Kim JM, Kim JK, Park JH, Lee KK, Kim SH, Kim WI, Lyoo YS, Park CK. Detection of a novel porcine circovirus 4 in Korean pig herds using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114350. [PMID: 34748817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel porcine circovirus 4 has been recently identified in China and Korea. A sensitive and specific diagnostic method is urgently required to detect the virus in field samples. We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) the assay for the visual detection of PCV4 and evaluated its sensitivity, specificity, and applicability in clinical samples. This assay's results can be directly visualized by the naked eye using hydroxynaphthol blue after incubation for 40 min at 64 °C. The assay specifically amplified PCV4 DNA and no other viral nucleic acids. The sensitivity of the assay was <50 DNA copies/reaction, which was 10 times more sensitive than conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) and comparable to real-time PCR (qPCR). Clinical evaluation revealed that the PCV4 detection rate in individual pig samples and at the farm level was 39.3 % (57/145) and 45.7 % (32/70), respectively, which were higher than cPCR (46 samples, 24 farms) and qPCR (52 samples, 29 farms) results. Cumulatively, owing to the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, direct visual monitoring of the results, no possibility for cross-contamination, and being a low-cost equipment, the developed LAMP assay will be a valuable tool for the detection of the novel PCV4 in clinical samples, even in resource-limited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Young Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu, 41519, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyeom Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JK, Kim HR, Kim DY, Kim JM, Kwon NY, Park JH, Park JY, Kim SH, Lee KK, Lee C, Joo HD, Lyoo YS, Park CK. A simple colorimetric detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay using hydroxynaphthol blue metal indicator. J Virol Methods 2021; 298:114289. [PMID: 34536488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A simple reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with visual detection method (vRT-LAMP) assay was developed for rapid and specific detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in this study, which overcomes the shortcomings of previously described RT-LAMP assays that require additional detection steps or pose a risk of cross-contamination. The assay results can be directly detected by the naked eye using hydroxynaphthol blue after incubating for 40 min at 62 °C. The assay specifically amplified PEDV RNA and no other viral nucleic acids. The limit of detection of the assay was less than 50 RNA copies per reaction, which was 100 times more sensitive than conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and comparable to real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR). In the clinical evaluation, the PEDV detection rate of vRT-LAMP was higher than that of RRT-PCR, showing 99 % concordance, with a kappa value (95 % confidence interval) of 0.97 (0.93-1.01). Considering the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, simple and direct visual monitoring of the results, no possibility for cross-contamination, and being able to be used as low-cost equipment, the developed vRT-LAMP assay will be a valuable tool for detecting PEDV from clinical samples, even in resource-limited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyeom Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu, 41519, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoo-Don Joo
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu, 41519, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HR, Lim DR, Chae HG, Park JY, Kim SH, Lee KK, Lee C, Lyoo YS, Park CK. Advanced target-specific probe-based real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid and specific detection of porcine circovirus 3. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2336-2344. [PMID: 32526102 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging viral pathogen that has been identified in pigs with various clinical signs. For rapid and specific detection of PCV3, an advanced real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rLAMP) assay that uses both assimilating probes and swarm primers were developed and evaluated in this study. The assay specifically amplified PCV3 DNA, but it did not amplify other porcine viral nucleic acids. The limit of detection of rLAMP with swarm primers was 50 PCV3 DNA copies/reaction, which was comparable to that of the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 10 times more sensitive than rLAMP without swarm primers. In an evaluation of clinical samples, the rLAMP assay was able to detect PCV3 DNA within 17.34 ± 4.45 min, which is more rapid than what has been previously reported for the standard qPCR assay (31.78 ± 4.60 min). Detection with rLAMP was largely in agreement with that of the qPCR with a kappa value (95% confidence interval) of 0.98 (0.95-1.00). Taken together, these results suggest that the rLAMP assay presented will be a valuable tool for rapid, specific and reliable diagnosis of PCV3 in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Rae Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Gyeong Chae
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Jang G, Kim JA, Yoo H, Yang K, Yang HS, Park C, Jeong K, Park CK, Lyoo YS, Lee C. Genomic characterization of classical swine fever virus LOM variants with 3'-UTR INDELs from pigs on Jeju Island, South Korea. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1691-1696. [PMID: 32394293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) reemerged in naïve pig herds on Jeju Island, South Korea, due to the accidental introduction of the LOM vaccine strain in 2014. Since this reemergence, the previously CSFV-free region has experienced numerous outbreaks, causing the virus to become endemic in provincial herds. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequences and investigated the molecular characteristics of LOM-derived field CSFV strains with unique insertion-deletion (INDEL) mutations in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) that were responsible for ongoing sporadic outbreaks on Jeju Island in 2019. The Jeju LOM-derived variants that emerged in 2019 had their own INDEL signatures in the 3'-UTR, resulting in changes to the predicted secondary stem-loop structures. The genomes of these strains were 12,297-12,302 nucleotides in length, one nucleotide (nt) shorter or one, two, or four nt longer than the reference LOM strain. The 3'-UTR INDEL variants shared 98.8-99.0% and 98.3-98.6% identity with the LOM strain at the polyprotein and full-genome level, respectively. The total number of genetic variations between the LOM vaccine strain and the 3'-UTR INDEL isolates ranged from 161 to 202 and 37 to 45 at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. These mutations were broadly dispersed throughout the genome and particularly clustered in NS2 and the 3'-UTR, possibly triggering a reversion to low virulence and allowing the virus to adapt to improve its persistence in the field. This study provides important information about the genetic evolution of LOM-derived CSFV circulating in the free region, and suggests that it arose from continuous non-lethal mutations to ensure viral fitness in host animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guehwan Jang
- Animal Virology Laboratory, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ah Kim
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, 63122, South Korea
| | - Hyekyung Yoo
- Farm and Pharm Veterinary Hospital, Jeju, 63029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsu Yang
- Farm and Pharm Veterinary Hospital, Jeju, 63029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Seok Yang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, 63344, South Korea
| | - Changnam Park
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, 63344, South Korea
| | - Kyongju Jeong
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, 63344, South Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Lim DR, Kim HR, Chae HG, Ku BK, Nah JJ, Ryoo S, Wee SH, Lee C, Lyoo YS, Park CK. Probe-based real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RRT-LAMP) assay for rapid and specific detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2936-2945. [PMID: 32524762 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and specific detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a key factor for promoting prompt control of FMD outbreaks. In this study, a real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RRT-LAMP) assay with high sensitivity, rapidity and reliability was developed using a targeted gene-specific assimilating probe for real-time detection of seven FMDV serotypes. Positive assay signals were generated within 15 min for the lowest concentration of a standard RNA sample at 62°C; this was substantially faster than that achieved by the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health)-recommended real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. The new assay specifically amplified the 3D gene of all seven FMDV serotypes and did not amplify other viral nucleic acids. The detection limit of the assay was 102 copies/µl which is comparable to that achieved by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, using clinical samples, the results of the RRT-LAMP assay were largely in agreement with those from the qRT-PCR assay with a kappa value (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.94 (0.86-1.02). The established RRT-LAMP assay that features assimilating probes is an advanced molecular diagnostic tool that is easily applicable to a wide range of circumstances and has high potential for use as an on-site diagnostic assay for rapid, specific, and reliable detection of FMDVs in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Rae Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Gyeong Chae
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Nah
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoon Ryoo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Kwon T, Yoo SJ, Park JW, Kang SC, Park CK, Lyoo YS. Genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of natural recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 harboring genes of a Korean field strain and VR-2332-like strain. Virology 2019; 530:89-98. [PMID: 30798067 PMCID: PMC7172094 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), an economically-important disease caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), has become endemic to most pig-producing countries. Point mutation and recombination are responsible for genetic heterogeneity, resulting in circulation of genetically-diverse strains. However, no natural recombinant PRRSV has yet been identified in Korea. Here, we successfully isolated natural recombinant PRRSV-2 (KU-N1202) using cell culture, investigated its genomic characteristics, and further evaluated its pathogenicity. KU-N1202 is a recombinant strain between Korean MN184-like and VR-2332-like strains. Specifically, ORF5 to partial ORF7 of the VR-2332-like strain was inserted into the backbone of a CP07-626-2-like strain. KU-N1202 induced mild-to-moderate clinical signs and mild histopathological changes with low viral loads in challenged pigs. Contact pigs showed minimal clinical signs and lower viral loads than those in the challenge group. This study demonstrates the genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of natural recombinant PRRSV-2, illustrating the potential importance of recombination in the field. A natural recombinant PRRSV-2 virus (KU-N1202) was isolated using cell culture. The virus harbored the genes from field strain and VR-2332-like strain. KU-N1202 induced mild-to-moderate clinical signs with low viral loads in challenged pig. Contact pigs showed minimal clinical signs with relatively low viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung J Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Woo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Choi JH, Jeong K, Kim SM, Ko MK, You SH, Lyoo YS, Kim B, Ku JM, Park JH. Synergistic effect of ribavirin and vaccine for protection during early infection stage of foot-and-mouth disease. J Vet Sci 2019; 19:788-797. [PMID: 30304889 PMCID: PMC6265586 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.6.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries, vaccines are used for the prevention of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, because there is no protection against FMD immediately after vaccination, research and development on antiviral agents is being conducted to induce protection until immunological competence is produced. This study tested whether well-known chemicals used as RNA virus treatment agents had inhibitory effects on FMD viruses (FMDVs) and demonstrated that ribavirin showed antiviral effects against FMDV in vitro/in vivo. In addition, it was observed that combining the administration of the antiviral agents orally and complementary therapy with vaccines synergistically enhanced antiviral activity and preserved the survival rate and body weight in the experimental animals. Antiviral agents mixed with an adjuvant were inoculated intramuscularly along with the vaccines, thereby inhibiting virus replication after injection and verifying that it was possible to induce early protection against viral infection prior to immunity being achieved through the vaccine. Finally, pigs treated with antiviral agents and vaccines showed no clinical signs and had low virus excretion. Based on these results, it is expected that this combined approach could be a therapeutic and preventive treatment for early protection against FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyung Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Kwiwan Jeong
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jin-Mo Ku
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
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11
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Kim SH, Park JY, Jung JY, Kim HY, Park YR, Lee KK, Lyoo YS, Yeo SG, Park CK. Detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 3 from aborted fetuses and pigs with respiratory disease in Korea. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:721-724. [PMID: 30041289 PMCID: PMC6167340 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first detected in pigs showing porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, and multisystemic inflammation in the USA. Herein, we report on PCV3 as a potential etiological agent of clinical signs, reproductive failure and respiratory distress on Korean pig farms, based on in situ hybridization, pathological, and molecular findings. Confirmation of the presence of PCV3 may increase co-infection with other causative agents of disease in Korean pig herds, indicating the need for further systemic investigation of pathogenicity and of multiple infections with PCV2 genotypes and bacteria, and the development of an effective PCV3 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Ji-Youl Jung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sang-Geon Yeo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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12
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Je SH, Kwon T, Yoo SJ, Lee DU, Seo SW, Byun JJ, Shin JY, Lyoo YS. Genetic identification and serological evaluation of commercial inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in pigs. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2018; 7:139-144. [PMID: 30112353 PMCID: PMC6082676 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2018.7.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered a frequently used tool to prevent and control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, the effectiveness of conventional FMD virus (FMDV) vaccines in pigs has been controversial because the massive prophylactic vaccination could not elicit proper immune response nor prevent the broad spread of FMD outbreak, mainly in pig farms, in South Korea during outbreaks of 2014. In addition, there has been little information on the efficacy of inactivated, high potency, multivalent, oil-based FMDV vaccine in pigs, because an evaluation of FMDV vaccines had been mainly carried out using cattle. In this study, we evaluated the genetic identification of commercial inactivated FMDV vaccine and monitored the immune responses in pigs under the field condition. Results implied that it contained three different serotypes with a high level of antigen payload. However, serological results showed low mean percentage of inhibition, and positive rate reached its peak at 6-week post-vaccination, indicating current FMDV vaccine need to improve for a prophylactic vaccination policy in pigs. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop FMDV vaccine that can provide rapid and long-lasting protective immunity in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang H Je
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung J Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jeong J Byun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Y Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Je SH, Kwon T, Yoo SJ, Lee DU, Lee S, Richt JA, Lyoo YS. Classical Swine Fever Outbreak after Modified Live LOM Strain Vaccination in Naive Pigs, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:798-800. [PMID: 29553332 PMCID: PMC5875281 DOI: 10.3201/eid2404.171319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report classical swine fever outbreaks occurring in naive pig herds on Jeju Island, South Korea, after the introduction of the LOM vaccine strain. Two isolates from sick pigs had >99% identity with the vaccine stain. LOM strain does not appear safe; its use in the vaccine should be reconsidered.
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Park YR, Kim HR, Kim SH, Lee KK, Lyoo YS, Yeo SG, Park CK. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid and visual detection of novel porcine circovirus 3. J Virol Methods 2018; 253:26-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Yoo SJ, Kwon T, Kang K, Kim H, Kang SC, Richt JA, Lyoo YS. Genetic evolution of classical swine fever virus under immune environments conditioned by genotype 1-based modified live virus vaccine. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:735-745. [PMID: 29319233 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Modified live vaccines (MLVs) based on genotype 1 strains, particularly C-strain, have been used to prevent and control classical swine fever virus (CSFV) worldwide. Nevertheless, a shift in the predominant CSFV strains circulating in the field from genotype 1 or 3 to genotype 2 is seen. Genotype 2 is genetically distant from the vaccine strains and was recently reported during outbreaks after vaccine failure; this has raised concerns that vaccination has influenced viral evolution. In Korea in 2016, there was an unexpected CSF outbreak in a MLV-vaccinated commercial pig herd. The causative CSFV strain was genetically distinct from previously isolated Korean strains but similar to recent Chinese strains exhibiting enhanced capacity to escape neutralization; this suggests the need for global cooperative research on the evolution of CSFV. We analysed global E2 sequences, using bioinformatics tools, revealing the evolutionary pathways of CSFV. Classical swine fever virus genotypes 1 and 2 experienced different degrees and patterns of evolutionary growth. Whereas genotype 1 stayed relatively conserved over time, the genetic diversity of genotype 2 has progressively expanded, with few fluctuations. It was determined that genotype 2 evolved under lower immune pressures and at a higher evolutionary rate than genotype 1. Further, several selected codons, under diversifying selection in genotype 1 but under purifying selection in genotype 2, correspond to antigenic determinants, which could lead to evasion of vaccine-induced immunity. Our findings provide evidence that evolutionary changes in CSFV are the result of the disproportionate usage of the CSF MLVs in endemic areas; this underscores the need to develop mitigation strategies to minimize the substantial risk associated with the emergence of vaccine-escaping mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K Kang
- Sooje Animal Hospital, Dongducheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - H Kim
- Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - S C Kang
- Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - J A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Y S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Yoo SJ, Kwon T, Lyoo YS. Challenges of influenza A viruses in humans and animals and current animal vaccines as an effective control measure. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2018; 7:1-15. [PMID: 29399575 PMCID: PMC5795040 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2018.7.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are genetically diverse and variable pathogens that share various hosts including human, swine, and domestic poultry. Interspecies and intercontinental viral spreads make the ecology of IAV more complex. Beside endemic IAV infections, human has been exposed to pandemic and zoonotic threats from avian and swine influenza viruses. Animal health also has been threatened by high pathogenic avian influenza viruses (in domestic poultry) and reverse zoonosis (in swine). Considering its dynamic interplay between species, prevention and control against IAV should be conducted effectively in both humans and animal sectors. Vaccination is one of the most efficient tools against IAV. Numerous vaccines against animal IAVs have been developed by a variety of vaccine technologies and some of them are currently commercially available. We summarize several challenges in control of IAVs faced by human and animals and discuss IAV vaccines for animal use with those application in susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung J. Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young S. Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Kim HR, Park YR, Lim DR, Park MJ, Park JY, Kim SH, Lee KK, Lyoo YS, Park CK. Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for the differential detection of porcine circovirus 2 and 3. J Virol Methods 2017; 250:11-16. [PMID: 28941615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqPCR) assay was developed for the rapid and differential detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and PCV3. Each of the capsid genes of PCV2 and PCV3 were amplified using specific primers and probe sets, while no other porcine pathogen genes were detected. Limit of detection of the assay was below 50 copies of the target genes of PCV2 and PCV3, and was comparable to that of previously described methods The assay showed high repeatability and reproducibility, with coefficients of intra-assay and inter-assay variation of less than 4.0%. Clinical evaluation using tissue samples from a domestic pig farm showed that PCV2 and PCV3 co-circulated at the farm. Moreover, singular infection rates of PCV2 or PCV3 were 21.7% (10/46) or 6.5% (3/46), respectively, while the co-infection rate of PCV3 with PCV2 was 28.3% (13/46). PCV3 DNA was detected by the mqPCR in respiratory diseased piglet tissue samples and aborted fetal tissue samples, suggesting that PCV3 infection is associated with porcine respiratory disease and reproductive failure in the pig farm. This mqPCR method is a rapid and reliable differential diagnostic tool for the monitoring and surveillance of PCV2 and PCV3 in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Rae Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kwon T, Yoo SJ, Park CK, Lyoo YS. Prevalence of novel porcine circovirus 3 in Korean pig populations. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:178-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lee DU, Je SH, Yoo SJ, Kwon T, Shin JY, Byun JJ, Park JH, Jeong KW, Ku JM, Lyoo YS. Hematological adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in pigs following intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:561-568. [PMID: 28205288 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV) is a synthetic guanosine analog that is used as a drug against various viral diseases in humans. The in vitro antiviral effects of ribavirin against porcine viruses were demonstrated in several studies. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin following its intramuscular (IM) injection in pigs. Ribavirin was formulated as a double-oil emulsion (RBV-DOE) and gel (RBV-Gel), which were injected into the pigs as single-dose IM injections. After injection of RBV, all of the pigs were monitored. The collected serum and whole blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and complete blood count analysis, respectively. All of the ribavirin-treated pigs showed significant decreases in body weight compared to the control groups. Severe clinical signs including dyspnea, anorexia, weakness, and depression were present in ribavirin-treated pigs until 5 days postinjection (dpi). The ribavirin-treated groups showed significant decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration until 8 dpi. The mean half-life of the RBV-DOE and RBV-Gel was 27.949 ± 2.783 h and 37.374 ± 3.502 h, respectively. The mean peak serum concentration (Cmax ) and area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUCinf ) of RBV-DOE were 8340.000 ± 2562.577 ng/mL and 16 0095.430 ± 61 253.400 h·ng/mL, respectively. The Cmax and AUCinf of RBV-Gel were 15 300.000 ± 3764.306 ng/mL and 207526.260 ± 63656.390 h·ng/mL, respectively. The results of this study provided the index of side effect and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in pigs, which should be considered before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-U Lee
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S H Je
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S J Yoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T Kwon
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Y Shin
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J J Byun
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J-H Park
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - K-W Jeong
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - J-M Ku
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Y S Lyoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee DU, Yoo SJ, Kwon T, Je SH, Shin JY, Byun JJ, Kim MH, Lyoo YS. Genetic diversity of ORF 4–6 of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in naturally infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2017; 199:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Lyons NA, Lyoo YS, King DP, Paton DJ. Challenges of Generating and Maintaining Protective Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:102. [PMID: 27965966 PMCID: PMC5127833 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination can play a central role in the control of outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) by reducing both the impact of clinical disease and the extent of virus transmission between susceptible animals. Recent incursions of exotic FMD virus lineages into several East Asian countries have highlighted the difficulties of generating and maintaining an adequate immune response in vaccinated pigs. Factors that impact vaccine performance include (i) the potency, antigenic payload, and formulation of a vaccine; (ii) the antigenic match between the vaccine and the heterologous circulating field strain; and (iii) the regime (timing, frequency, and herd-level coverage) used to administer the vaccine. This review collates data from studies that have evaluated the performance of foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines at the individual and population level in pigs and identifies research priorities that could provide new insights to improve vaccination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Young S. Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee DU, Kwon T, Je SH, Yoo SJ, Seo SW, Sunwoo SY, Lyoo YS. Wild boars harboring porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) may play an important role as a PEDV reservoir. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:90-94. [PMID: 27527769 PMCID: PMC7117357 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
First detection of PEDV in wild boar population. PEDV positive samples were spread throughout the mainland of South Korea. Our results provide novel insight into the epidemiology of PEDV infection.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a burdensome pathogen in the swine industry. Wild boar population poses a high risk for reservoir of viral pathogen. Two hundred eighty seven samples from wild boar (Sus scrofa) collected in South Korea during 2010/11 were analyzed using RT-PCR, revealing a PEDV infection rate of 9.75% (28/287). PEDV positive samples were distributed throughout the mainland of South Korea, clustering at the northern border adjacent to the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and in mountainous regions. PEDV in wild boar was genetically similar to Chinese PEDV strains in phylogenetic investigations. Our results indicated that PEDV is circulating in the wild boar and provided a novel knowledge into epidemiology of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Uk Lee
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang H Je
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung J Yoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- CTCBIO Inc., 4, Saengmyeonggwahakgwan-gil, Hongcheon-eup, Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Young S Lyoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Park HM, Doster AR, Tashbaeva RE, Lee YM, Lyoo YS, Lee SJ, Kim HJ, Sur JH. Clinical, Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings in a Case of Megakaryoblastic Leukemia in a Dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:287-91. [PMID: 16789720 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical, hematological, and histopathologic features of megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7) were investigated in a 10-year-old female Shih-Tzu dog. Megakaryoblastic leukemia was diagnosed using anti-human platelet glycoprotein (GP IIIa) and anti-human von Willebrand factor (vWF) antibodies. The expression of CD antigen on megakaryoblasts was also assessed using a CD79a monoclonal antibody. Immunological markers allowed visualization of neoplastic megakaryocytes. Antibodies against platelet GP IIIa were demonstrated to be the most useful for the diagnosis of megakaryoblastic leukemia of paraffin-embedded canine tissues. Hematological and histological data coupled with immunohistochemical reactivity for platelet GP IIIa, vWF, and CD79a antigen in blast cells confirmed a diagnosis of M7 megakaryoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Myung Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, KwangJin-Ku 143-701, Korea
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Lyoo YS, Kleiboeker SB, Jang KY, Shin NK, Kang JM, Kim CH, Lee SJ, Sur JH. A Simple and Rapid Chromatographic Strip Test for Detection of Antibody to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:469-73. [PMID: 16312241 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to be a major economic problem for swine industries worldwide despite several disease-reduction strategies such as age-segregated early weaning and all-in-all-out pig movement. Routine diagnosis of PRRSV is carried out by the combined use of an antibody-detecting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation. These assays require specialized laboratory equipment in addition to multistep sample handling and sample preparation. The objective of this study was to evaluate a simple pen-side assay (BioSign™ PRRSV) for rapid detection of PRRSV antibody based on a lateral flow chromatographic strip immunoassay system. This assay uses Escherichia coli–expressed viral nucleocapsid protein antigen for detecting antibodies against PRRSV in swine sera. In this report, the authors describe the evaluation of this assay using sera from both clinical samples and experimentally infected piglets. The results were compared with those of a standard, commercially available antibody ELISA (HerdChek®PRRS ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay using the same serum samples. The BioSign™ PRRSV assay was capable of detecting antibodies in sera known to contain antibodies to PRRSV, resulting in 93.2% sensitivity for samples from experimentally infected pigs and 98.7% sensitivity for clinical serum samples. For sera that did not contain antibodies to PRRSV, the specificity was found to be 98.5% and 99.2% for clinical and experimental serum samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lyoo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Seo SW, Yoo SJ, Sunwoo S, Hyun BH, Lyoo YS. Cross-Reactivity of Porcine Immunoglobulin A Antibodies with Fecal Immunoglobulins of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Other Animal Species. Immune Netw 2016; 16:195-9. [PMID: 27340389 PMCID: PMC4917404 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.3.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal samples obtained from wild boar habitats are useful for the surveillance of diseases in wild boar populations; however, it is difficult to determine the species of origin of feces collected in natural habitats. In this study, a fecal IgA ELISA was evaluated as a method for identifying the porcine species from fecal samples. Both domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) and wild boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) showed significantly higher levels of fecal IgA than other animal species. Additionally, age dependent changes in the level of Ig A in wild boars and domestic pigs were identified; Titers of Ig A were highest in suckling period and lowest in weanling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Seo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung J Yoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Sunwoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Bang Hun Hyun
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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26
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Ko SS, Seo SW, Sunwoo SY, Yoo SJ, Kim MH, Lyoo YS. Efficacy of commercial genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine against field isolate of genotype 2 PRRSV. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:43-9. [PMID: 27032502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although several recent studies have found that type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live virus (MLV) vaccine showed appreciable levels of cross-protection against type 2 PRRSV infection, the possibility of cross-protection between two genotype of PRRSV is still controversial. To determine potential protective efficacy against hetero-genotype field strain of PRRSV and to improve understandings of the mechanisms underlying performance improvement after infection in vaccinated animals, piglets were vaccinated with type 1 PRRSV MLV vaccine and challenged with type 2 field strain of PRRSV. As a result, vaccinated animals gained on average 8.45 kg in comparison to 4.77 kg measured in non-vaccinated animals during a 3-week period after viral challenge, which shows using a certain PRRSV vaccine could be clinically effective against heterologous genotypic virus challenge. In vaccinated animals, viremia was reduced and cleared rapidly, whilst viral load was much higher and reduced more slowly, indicating rebound viremia in non-vaccinated animals. The titers of neutralizing antibody against the type 2 PRRSV did not exceed the protective level in any animal from both vaccinated and control groups. Instead, antibody avidity of vaccinated animals was much higher than in the control group clearly. Furthermore, a strong negative correlation between antibody avidity and viremia was noted in 80% of vaccinated animals. Through those results from tests evaluating degree of antibody maturation and its relevance with clearing viremia, it could be suggested that non-neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination prior to challenge might play a key role in protection against PRRSV infection, especially in early time course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-sik Ko
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea
| | - Sang-won Seo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea
| | - Sun-young Sunwoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea
| | - Sung J Yoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea
| | - Myung-hyee Kim
- Hipra Korea, Inc., Jeongjail-ro 177, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea.
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Lyoo YS. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine does not fit in classical vaccinology. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:159-65. [PMID: 26273574 PMCID: PMC4524900 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All vaccines are developed to elicit an effective immune response in vaccinated animals such as innate, humoral and cell mediated response to protect animal health. Quality and intensity of the immune responses are differing by characteristics of the vaccine formulation and nature of the infectious agent. Modified live virus vaccines showed advantages over killed vaccines in terms of rapid immune response, duration of the immunity and better cell mediated protection mechanism. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is relatively newly emerging (1986 in United States, 1990 in Europe) viral pathogen in pigs and tremendous effort has been made to protect pigs from this economically devastating disease such as developing killed, modified live, recombinant protein based and DNA vaccines. However, only cell culture attenuated virus vaccine is practiced with arguably limited efficacy. The PRRSV vaccine did not clear virus from infected pigs nor prevent re-infection of the virus. The vaccine showed very limited innate immune response, low anamnestic immune response and negligible cell mediated immune response. Despite of the current developed scientific technology, there still remain many questions to solve a most important pig disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Lyoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Abstract
Background Porcine bocavirus is classified within the genus Bocaparvovirus, family Parvoviridae. Unlike other parvoviruses, the members of genus Bocaparvovirus (bocaparvoviruses) encode an additional open reading frame (NP1). Many strains of PBoVs have been identified in domestic pigs and recognized as a potential emerging pathogen causing respiratory and gastrointestinal disease. Findings A new strain of porcine bocavirus (PBoV) that harbored the shortest NP1 gene among all currently characterized PBoVs (provisionally named as ‘PBoV-KU14’) was detected in domestic pigs. Almost the complete genome sequence was obtained, approximately 4,630 nucleotides in lengths with putative NS1, NP1, and VP1/2 genes of 1,908, 600, 1,851 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic and comparative analysis was performed using protein and nucleotide sequences. It was revealed that PBoV-KU14 belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus and species Ungulate bocaparvovirus 4. However, phylogenetic incongruence was observed among species classifications based on the NS1, NP1 and VP1/2 proteins, which indicates a probability of crossover recombination. Conserved protein domains unique for genus Bocaparvovirus in NP1, VP1 protein were also detected. Conclusion NP1 gene truncation supposed to be caused by cross over recombination was detected in a new strain of PBoV (PBoV-KU14). Considering high rates of substitution and recombination in parvovirus, periodic surveillance study to monitor genomic variation and find new strainsof PBoVs seems to be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung J Yoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neung-dong Street, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
| | - Sun Young Sunwoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neung-dong Street, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea ; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Seong Sik Ko
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neung-dong Street, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
| | - Sang H Je
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neung-dong Street, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
| | - Dong Uk Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neung-dong Street, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neung-dong Street, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
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Kim JW, Lee JH, Lyoo YS, Jung DI, Park HM. The effects of topical mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine experimental cutaneous wounds. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:242-e53. [PMID: 23432413 PMCID: PMC3618380 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Adult stem cells have been widely investigated in bioengineering approaches for tissue repair therapy. We evaluated the clinical value and safety of the application of cultured bone marrow-derived allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating skin wounds in a canine model. Hypothesis Topical allogenic MSC transplantation can accelerate the closure of experimental full-thickness cutaneous wounds and attenuate local inflammation. Animals Adult healthy beagle dogs (n = 10; 3–6 years old; 7.2–13.1 kg) were studied. Methods Full-thickness skin wounds were created on the dorsum of healthy beagles, and allogenic MSCs were injected intradermally. The rate of wound closure and the degree of collagen production were analysed histologically using haematoxylin and eosin staining and trichrome staining. The degree of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis was evaluated by immunocytochemistry using proliferating cell nuclear antigen-, vimentin- and α-smooth muscle actin-specific antibodies. Local mRNA expression levels of interleukin-2, interferon-γ, basic fibroblast growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were evaluated by RT-PCR. Results Compared with the vehicle-treated wounds, MSC-treated wounds showed more rapid wound closure and increased collagen synthesis, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. Moreover, MSC-treated wounds showed decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-2 and interferon-γ) and wound healing-related factors (basic fibroblast growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2). Conclusion and clinical importance Topical transplantation of MSCs results in paracrine effects on cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as modulation of local mRNA expression of several factors related to cutaneous wound healing. Résumé Resumen Zusammenfassung 摘要 要約
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Seo SW, Sunwoo SY, Hyun BH, Lyoo YS. Detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus in fecal samples from wild boar. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:218-21. [PMID: 22841406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious viral disease that affects pigs. Wild boars can play an important epidemiological role in CSF outbreaks. In the past decades, studies conducted in many countries have reported that the CSF virus (CSFV) may persist in wild boar populations. The existence of CSFV in the free-ranging wild boar populations was indirectly confirmed by determining the prevalence of antibodies against CSFV in the serum of hunted wild boars. However, analyzing sero-prevalence in hunted wild boars to study the risk of CSF outbreaks is difficult due to insufficient number of samples, limitation of hunting area and biased age distribution of hunted wild boars. To improve this survey method, we collected feces of wild boars from their habitat and tested them using CSFV antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and CSF virus neutralization (VN) test. In this study, ELISA was found to be highly sensitive for detecting antibodies against CSFV in fecal samples. Most of doubtful or positive results obtained in CSFV ELISA were confirmed by VN tests. Despite the high coincidence rate of antibody-positive samples between CSFV ELISA and VN test, the possibility of false positive reaction should be considered. In the regional distribution, a fact that antibody-positive fecal and serum samples were found in geographically close area was shown. Hence, presence of antibodies in fecal samples may provide vital information regarding the risk of CSF outbreaks in wild boar groups in geographical proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, #1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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31
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Kwon TY, Lee SS, Kim CY, Shin JY, Sunwoo SY, Lyoo YS. Genetic characterization of H7N2 influenza virus isolated from pigs. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:393-7. [PMID: 21741185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Because pigs have respiratory epitheliums which express both α2-3 and α2-6 linked sialic acid as receptors to influenza A viruses, they are regarded as mixing vessel for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through genetic reassortment. A H7N2 influenza virus (A/swine/KU/16/2001) was isolated from pig lungs collected from the slaughterhouse. All eight genes of the influenza virus were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis indicated that A/swine/KU/16/2001 originated in Hong Kong and genetic reassortment had occurred between the avian H7N2 and H5N3 influenza viruses. The first isolation of H7 influenza virus in pigs provides the opportunity for genetic reassortment of influenza viruses with pandemic potential and emphasizes the importance of surveillance for atypical swine influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yong Kwon
- Immunopathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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Lee C, Park CK, Lyoo YS, Lee DS. Genetic differentiation of the nucleocapsid protein of Korean isolates of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus by RT-PCR based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Vet J 2007; 178:138-40. [PMID: 17728163 PMCID: PMC7110872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis based on the nucleocapsid (N) gene was developed to differentiate between field isolates of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and a vaccine strain, J-vac. Thirteen field isolates of PEDV from Korea were distinguishable from the vaccine strain and the prototype PEDV strain CV777 by RFLP using Tru9I. RFLP patterns in 11 of 13 field PEDV isolates were different from the vaccine strain using AspLEI, HgaI and MspR9I. Sequence analysis of the PEDV N gene revealed that Korean field PEDV isolates had 93.6% and 89.6% identity with the vaccine virus at nucleotide and amino acid sequence levels, respectively, suggesting progressive point mutations of the PEDV genome in the field. RFLP analysis of the PEDV N gene is a promising tool for distinguishing field strains from the vaccine-derived virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 53 9507365; fax: +82 53 9555522.
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang 430-824, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S. Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Sik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Kim Y, Kim J, Kang K, Lyoo YS. Characterization of the recombinant proteins of porcine circovirus type2 field isolate expressed in the baculovirus system. J Vet Sci 2002; 3:19-23. [PMID: 14614268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) type2 was isolated using primary porcine kidney cells from lymph node of piglets with typical PMWS. The presence of the virus was identified by PCR using primers specific to PCV type2. The ORFs 1 and 2 were amplified by PCR using primers corresponding to the target genes of the PCV type 2. Cloned genes were inserted into the baculovirus expression vector and PCV recombinant proteins were expressed using baculovirus expression system. Recombinant protein expression was determined by indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and immunoblotting using polyclonal antiserum to PCV. ORF1 gene expressed two proteins with approximately 17 kDa and 31 kDa proteins in the baculovirus system. Recombinant protein of the ORF2 was similar to that of the native virus except minor bands with different molecular weight were detected. Recombinant protein expressed in the baculovirus system showed at least two glycosylation sites based on the tunicamycin treatment. Recombinant protein of the ORF2 assembled virus-like particle in recombinant virus infected insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Immnunopathology Lab College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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34
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Kim JH, Lyoo YS. Genetic characterization of porcine circovirus-2 field isolates from PMWS pigs. J Vet Sci 2002; 3:31-9. [PMID: 14614270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PMWS is a new emerging disease in swine herds worldwide. Field isolates of PCV-2, a putative major causative agent of PMWS, were isolated and genetically characterized. Viral genome of two field isolates (PC201DJ and PC201SS) from pigs showing typical PMWS was sequenced. The nucleotide sequence homology with other PCV-2 isolates was ranging from 95% to 99% in complete viral genomic sequence. The highly conserved nonanucleotide motif of replication origin was identical to that of other PCV-2 isolates. To determine the genetic heterogeneity of PCV-2 isolates, the phylogenetic tree based on the complete genome of PCV-2 isolates were constructed. Two PCV-2 field isolates were closely related to Canadian isolates of PCV-2. PCV-2 isolated from field may have an origin of North America and is possibly originated from importation of breeding stocks. The result indicates that although the genome of PCV-2 is relatively stable in general, minor genetic variations exist among PCV-2 isolates from the different geographic locations. These differences of viral genome might have an important implication for genetic characteristics of PCV-2 infection. Three major immunorelevant epitopes of capsid protein showed variations in amino acid sequences. Also, the variance of amino acid sequence in antigenic epitope existed between two Korean PCV-2 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Kim
- Immunopathology laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Kim
- Immunopathology laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- Immunopathology laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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36
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Kim Y, Kim J, Kang K, Lyoo YS. Characterization of the Recombinant Proteins of Porcine Circovirus Type2 Field Isolate Expressed in the Baculovirus System. J Vet Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2002.3.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Immnunopathology Lab.College of Veterinary Medi cine Konkuk University Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Immnunopathology Lab.College of Veterinary Medi cine Konkuk University Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Kyoungsoo Kang
- Immnunopathology Lab.College of Veterinary Medi cine Konkuk University Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- Immnunopathology Lab.College of Veterinary Medi cine Konkuk University Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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37
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Meng XJ, Dea S, Engle RE, Friendship R, Lyoo YS, Sirinarumitr T, Urairong K, Wang D, Wong D, Yoo D, Zhang Y, Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in pigs from countries where hepatitis E is common or is rare in the human population. J Med Virol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199911)59:3<297::aid-jmv6>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Meng XJ, Dea S, Engle RE, Friendship R, Lyoo YS, Sirinarumitr T, Urairong K, Wang D, Wong D, Yoo D, Zhang Y, Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in pigs from countries where hepatitis E is common or is rare in the human population. J Med Virol 1999; 59:297-302. [PMID: 10502259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a very important public health concern in many developing countries where epidemics of hepatitis E are common. Sporadic cases of clinical hepatitis E not only occur in these countries but also occur uncommonly in patients with no known epidemiological exposure to HEV in industrialized countries. The source of infection in industrialized countries is unknown but it has been suggested that animals might serve as a reservoir for HEV in both settings. We recently identified and characterized an HEV strain (swine HEV) that infects large numbers of pigs in the United States. To assess the potential of pigs to serve as a global reservoir of HEV, we measured the prevalence of HEV antibodies in pigs in two countries where hepatitis E is endemic and two countries where it is not. Swine herds in all four countries contained many pigs that were seropositive for IgG anti-HEV, although the percentage of seropositive pigs varied greatly from herd to herd. A very limited number of pig handlers in the two endemic countries were also tested and most of them were found to be seropositive for HEV. The results from this study suggest that hepatitis E is enzootic in pigs regardless of whether HEV is endemic in the respective human population. J. Med. Virol. 59:297-302, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Meng
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Mummidi S, Brooks MA, Paul PS, Lyoo YS, Zaberezhny AD. The VP4 and VP7 of bovine rotavirus VMRI are antigenically and genetically closely related to P-type 5, G-type 6 strains. Vet Microbiol 1996; 51:241-55. [PMID: 8870187 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the isolation of a bovine rotavirus, designated VMRI, with a super-short electropherotype. We have characterized this strain further as it has shown antigenic differences with the prototype G6 strain NCDV-Lincoln. In this communication, we report the antigenic and molecular characterization and the nucleotide sequence of the VP4 and VP7 genes of this strain. Virus neutralization tests indicated 2- to 13-fold differences in the titers between NCDV-Lincoln, B641 and VMRI strains. Northern blot hybridization results indicated a degree of heterogeneity in the VP4 gene of these strains which can be detected under conditions of high stringency. The VP4 and VP7 genes of the VMRI strain were cloned and sequenced and compared with the published sequences of other bovine rotavirus strains. The VP4 gene of VMRI had a high degree of homology with that of UK and B641 strains but differed significantly from that of both NCDV-Lincoln and B223 strains. Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene of VMRI and other strains indicated a high degree of conservation and the amino acid identity between the different strains was 96%. Sequence information regarding these strains and field isolates will assist in the generation of effective vaccination strategies for control of neonatal calf diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mummidi
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Will LA, Paul PS, Proescholdt TA, Aktar SN, Flaming KP, Janke BH, Sacks J, Lyoo YS, Hill HT, Hoffman LJ. Evaluation of rotavirus infection and diarrhea in Iowa commercial pigs based on an epidemiologic study of a population represented by diagnostic laboratory cases. J Vet Diagn Invest 1994; 6:416-22. [PMID: 7858020 DOI: 10.1177/104063879400600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A, B, and C rotaviruses were identified in 9% (96/1,048) of pig fecal specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory during 1987 and 1988. Six of the rotaviruses were group B, 5 were group C, and the remaining 89% were group A. Of the rotavirus cases with more than 1 serotype, 5 were multiple group A serotypes, 1 involved a group A and B serotype, and 1 included 2 group C serotypes. A retrospective epidemiologic evaluation of pig diarrhea in herds of origin was done using data obtained from the accession records of the rotavirus and 88 matched nonrotavirus pig diarrhea control cases. Herds from which rotavirus cases were derived experienced lower morbidity, mortality, and case fatality rates than matched control herds. The incidence of diarrhea decreased rapidly among all pigs from birth to 3 weeks of age. The peak incidence for piglet diarrhea occurred in February, and a moderate rise occurred in August-September. Definitive evidence for transmissible gastroenteritis virus was found in 12% of nonrotavirus cases but none of the rotavirus cases in which it was sought. Other pathogenic microorganisms were identified less frequently and inconsistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Will
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Abstract
Nucleic acid probes were developed to differentiate VP4 (P) types among porcine rotaviruses. These probes were then used to determine the relative prevalence of P types 6 (Gottfried-like) and 7 (OSU-like) in cultivated rotaviruses and field specimens. The variable regions between bases 205-551 of the VP4 gene of rotavirus strains OSU and Gottfried were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and radiolabeled with 32P by random primer extension. Radiolabeled probes were tested in a dot blot hybridization assay. The subgenomic probes prepared from VP4 gene detected as little as 5 ng oF rotavirus RNA and were specific for differentiating the two porcine rotavirus P types. The probes were used to determine the P type of several reference rotavirus strains and recently cultivated porcine rotavirus strains. Eight of the 10 cultivated, previously untyped, rotaviruses isolates tested were of P type 7 (OSU-like). Two rotavirus strains neither reacted with OSU nor with the Gottfried probe, therefore, their P type could not be determined. Seventeen out of the 26 rotavirus (65.4%) field samples tested had a P type 6 (Gottfried-like) whereas 5 out of 26 (19.2%) had a P type 7 (OSU-like). Four of the 26 samples (15.4%) reacted neither with the OSU nor with the Gottfried probe and possibly represent previously unrecognized P types in swine. Data in this study suggests that (1) rotaviruses with P type 7 are most common among the cultivated rotaviruses, (2) rotaviruses with P type 6 are the most abundant type of rotavirus in natural infections and (3) rotaviruses with additional P types are also associated with diarrheic swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Zaberezhny
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Abstract
Rotaviruses cause gastroenteritis in neonates of many animal species including cattle, swine, horses, dogs, cats, chickens and turkeys. Rotavirions are nonenveloped, are about 75 nm in diameter, have a double capsid, and contain 11 double-stranded RNA segments as their genome. Several antigenically distinct groups of rotaviruses have been identified and have been alphabetically designated as A through G. Group A rotaviruses were the first group of rotaviruses isolated and are the most commonly detected rotaviruses in diarrheic animals. Group A rotaviruses have two surface proteins, VP4 and VP7, both of which are important in serotype determination and in inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. Multiple serotypes of group A rotavirus based on glycoprotein VP7 (designated as G types) and based on VP4 (P types) have been identified. The immune response to rotaviruses is essentially serotype specific, however, cross-reactive or heterotypic epitopes have also been identified. Currently acceptable methods for immunogen quantitation include the induction of neutralizing antibody in host or laboratory animals. The in vivo efficacy of vaccines against rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis remains the standard method against which in vitro methods must be compared. Several animal models have been developed which could potentially be used in evaluating the efficacy of candidate vaccines. Monoclonal antibodies to rotavirus immunogens are also currently available and serve as valuable reagents for in vitro quantitation of rotaviral immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Paul
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Paul PS, Lyoo YS, Woode GN, Zheng SL, Greenberg HB, Matsui S, Schwartz KJ, Hill HT. Isolation of a bovine rotavirus with a "super-short" RNA electrophoretic pattern from a calf with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:2139-43. [PMID: 2846639 PMCID: PMC266832 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.26.10.2139-2143.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A rotavirus with a "super-short" RNA electropherotype was isolated from a calf with diarrhea and was designated VMRI strain. Segments 10 and 11 of this rotavirus migrated more slowly than did those of bovine rotavirus strains NCDV, B641, and B223. The electrophoretic pattern of the VMRI strain was similar to that reported for rotaviruses with super-short RNA electropherotypes from humans and rabbits. Northern (RNA) blot hybridization indicated that gene 11 of the VMRI strain was altered and migrated between gene segments 9 and 10. The subgroup of the VMRI strain was shown to be subgroup I. The VMRI strain of bovine rotavirus was neutralized by antisera containing polyclonal antibodies to rotavirus serotype 6 (bovine rotavirus serotype I) strains NCDV and B641 and by ascitic fluid containing monoclonal antibodies directed to VP7 of serotype 6 rotavirus. The VMRI strain was not neutralized by either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to strain B223 (bovine rotavirus serotype II). Collective data on the neutralization of the VMRI strain with monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies suggest that this virus is a member of the NCDV group (serotype 6) of rotaviruses (bovine rotavirus serotype I).
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Paul
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Gen-Pak FAX column has been used to separate and purify microgram amounts of single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules. HPLC of mixtures of DNA restriction fragments showed that fragments within the size range 0.125-23.1 kilobase were easily resolved. Supercoiled (form I) plasmid DNA molecules were readily separated from single-stranded circular DNA of the same length and from various DNA conformational isomers including nicked (form II) and linear (form III) species. Topological isomers generated from supercoiled plasmid DNA molecules by DNA topoisomerase I exhibited different retention times than supercoiled molecules. Supercoiled (form I) DNA molecules were resolved from fully relaxed (form IV) molecules. Synthetic oligonucleotides of 74 and 128 nucleotides in length were separated from failure sequences, as well as from other contaminating synthesis products. Single-stranded circular M13mp18 DNA molecules sufficiently pure for use in automated DNA sequencing systems were prepared by HPLC on a Gen-Pak FAX column. HPLC was also used to fractionate linear double-stranded porcine rotavirus genomic RNA fragments into size classes between 0.3 and 3 kilobase. Finally, HPLC of unfractionated Escherichia coli tRNA molecules resolved multiple species. In all cases, HPLC on Gen-Pak FAX was carried out in phosphate or Tris buffers at neutral pH in the presence of sodium chloride. Columns were not damaged by repeated exposure to impure samples, provided they were cleaned frequently with sodium hydroxide and acetic acid. Although procedures for resolution of the various size ranges for each class of DNA and RNA molecules require further optimization, our preliminary data on the separations obtained, the moderate salt concentrations employed, and the durability of the matrix suggest that this column merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Stowers
- Nucleic Acid Facility, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3223
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Abstract
Two group A rotaviruses (ISU-64 and ISU-65) with subgroup I antigen were isolated from pigs with diarrhea and were shown by two-way neutralization tests to be two new serotypes of porcine rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Paul
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames
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