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Moalem Y, Katz R, Subramaniam AG, Malis Y, Yaffe Y, Borenstein-Auerbach N, Tadmor K, Raved R, Maoz BM, Yoo JS, Lustig Y, Luxenburg C, Perlson E, Einav S, Sklan EH. Numb-associated kinases regulate sandfly-borne Toscana virus entry. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2382237. [PMID: 39017647 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2382237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Sandfly-borne Toscana virus (TOSV) is an enveloped tri-segmented negative single-strand RNA Phlebovirus. It is an emerging virus predominantly endemic in southwestern Europe and Northern Africa. Although TOSV infection is typically asymptomatic or results in mild febrile disease, it is neurovirulent and ranks among the three most common causes of summer meningitis in certain regions. Despite this clinical significance, our understanding of the molecular aspects and host factors regulating phlebovirus infection is limited. This study characterized the early steps of TOSV infection. Our findings reveal that two members of the Numb-associated kinases family of Ser/Thr kinases, namely adaptor-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) and cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), play a role in regulating the early stages of TOSV entry. FDA-approved inhibitors targeting these kinases demonstrated significant inhibition of TOSV infection. This study suggests that AAK1 and GAK represent druggable targets for inhibiting TOSV infection and, potentially, related Phleboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Moalem
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rodolfo Katz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anand G Subramaniam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehonathan Malis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yakey Yaffe
- The Drimmer-Fischler Family Stem Cell Core Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nofit Borenstein-Auerbach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keshet Tadmor
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roey Raved
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ben M Maoz
- The Drimmer-Fischler Family Stem Cell Core Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ji Seung Yoo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ella H Sklan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Huang J, Adungo F, Konongoi SL, Inoue S, Zhan L, Sang R, Ashur S, Kwallah AO, Mwau M, Morita K, Yu F. Monoclonal Antibodies for Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleocapsid: Application in IgG/IgM ELISA for Sero-Diagnosis. Pathogens 2024; 13:582. [PMID: 39057809 PMCID: PMC11279541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) belonging to the Phenuiviridae family is responsible for a zoonotic disease called Rift Valley fever (RVF). Currently, RVFV has spread from Africa to Asia, and due to its ability to cause high mortality rates, it has significantly impacted human health and economic development in many societies. Highly specific and sensitive systems for sero-diagnosis of RVFV infection are needed for clinical use. METHOD BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant RVFV nucleocapsid (rRVFV-N) protein and the spleen cells fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells to create hybridoma cell lines. The secreted monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were purified and characterized. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems for the detection of IgG and IgM using the new MAbs were established and evaluated. Serum samples from 96 volunteers and 93 patients of suspected RVF from Kenya were tested compared with the ELISA systems based on inactivated viruses and the rabbit polyclonal antibody. RESULT Three monoclonal antibodies against rRVFV-N protein were established. The performance of the MAb-based sandwich IgG ELISA and the IgM capture ELISA perfectly matched the ELISA systems using the inactivated virus or the polyclonal antibody. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant RVFV-N protein-specific MAbs were developed and they offer useful tools for RVFV studies. The MAb-based ELISA systems for detecting IgG and IgM offer safe and useful options for diagnosing RVFV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Huang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, China;
| | - Ferdinard Adungo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya; (F.A.); (S.L.K.); (R.S.); (S.A.); (A.o.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Samson Limbaso Konongoi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya; (F.A.); (S.L.K.); (R.S.); (S.A.); (A.o.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (S.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Lin Zhan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China;
- Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Rosemary Sang
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya; (F.A.); (S.L.K.); (R.S.); (S.A.); (A.o.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Salame Ashur
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya; (F.A.); (S.L.K.); (R.S.); (S.A.); (A.o.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Allan ole Kwallah
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya; (F.A.); (S.L.K.); (R.S.); (S.A.); (A.o.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya; (F.A.); (S.L.K.); (R.S.); (S.A.); (A.o.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (S.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Fuxun Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China;
- Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, China
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Bracci N, Baer A, Flor R, Petraccione K, Stocker T, Zhou W, Ammosova T, Dinglasan RR, Nekhai S, Kehn-Hall K. CK1 and PP1 regulate Rift Valley fever virus genome replication through L protein phosphorylation. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105895. [PMID: 38679165 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus in the Phenuiviridae family identified initially by the large 'abortion storms' observed among ruminants; RVFV can also infect humans. In humans, there is a wide variation of clinical symptoms ranging from subclinical to mild febrile illness to hepatitis, retinitis, delayed-onset encephalitis, or even hemorrhagic fever. The RVFV is a tri-segmented negative-sense RNA virus consisting of S, M, and L segments. The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), termed the L protein, which is responsible for both viral mRNA synthesis and genome replication. Phosphorylation of viral RdRps is known to regulate viral replication. This study shows that RVFV L protein is serine phosphorylated and identified Casein Kinase 1 alpha (CK1α) and protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) as L protein binding partners. Inhibition of CK1 and PP1 through small molecule inhibitor treatment, D4476 and 1E7-03, respectively, caused a change in the phosphorylated status of the L protein. Inhibition of PP1α resulted in increased L protein phosphorylation whereas inhibition of CK1α decreased L protein phosphorylation. It was also found that in RVFV infected cells, PP1α localized to the cytoplasmic compartment. Treatment of RVFV infected cells with CK1 inhibitors reduced virus production in both mammalian and mosquito cells. Lastly, inhibition of either CK1 or PP1 reduced viral genomic RNA levels. These data indicate that L protein is phosphorylated and that CK1 and PP1 play a crucial role in regulating the L protein phosphorylation cycle, which is critical to viral RNA production and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Alan Baer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Rafaela Flor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Kaylee Petraccione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy Stocker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Tatiana Ammosova
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Florida, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA.
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Zhang C, Jiang M, Liu J, Wu B, Liu C. Genome-wide view and characterization of natural antisense transcripts in Cannabis Sativa L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:47. [PMID: 38632206 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Natural Antisense Transcripts (NATs) are a kind of complex regulatory RNAs that play crucial roles in gene expression and regulation. However, the NATs in Cannabis Sativa L., a widely economic and medicinal plant rich in cannabinoids remain unknown. In this study, we comprehensively predicted C. sativa NATs genome-wide using strand-specific RNA sequencing (ssRNA-Seq) data, and validated the expression profiles by strand-specific quantitative reverse transcription PCR (ssRT-qPCR). Consequently, a total of 307 NATs were predicted in C. sativa, including 104 cis- and 203 trans- NATs. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated the potential involvement of the C. sativa NATs in DNA polymerase activity, RNA-DNA hybrid ribonuclease activity, and nucleic acid binding. Finally, 18 cis- and 376 trans- NAT-ST pairs were predicted to produce 621 cis- and 5,679 trans- small interfering RNA (nat-siRNAs), respectively. These nat-siRNAs were potentially involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids and cellulose. All these results will shed light on the regulation of NATs and nat-siRNAs in C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jingting Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, China.
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Yvon M, German TL, Ullman DE, Dasgupta R, Parker MH, Ben-Mahmoud S, Verdin E, Gognalons P, Ancelin A, Laï Kee Him J, Girard J, Vernerey MS, Fernandez E, Filloux D, Roumagnac P, Bron P, Michalakis Y, Blanc S. The genome of a bunyavirus cannot be defined at the level of the viral particle but only at the scale of the viral population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309412120. [PMID: 37983500 PMCID: PMC10691328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309412120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are enveloped negative or ambisense single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome divided into several segments. The canonical view depicts each viral particle packaging one copy of each genomic segment in one polarity named the viral strand. Several opposing observations revealed nonequal ratios of the segments, uneven number of segments per virion, and even packaging of viral complementary strands. Unfortunately, these observations result from studies often addressing other questions, on distinct viral species, and not using accurate quantitative methods. Hence, what RNA segments and strands are packaged as the genome of any bunyavirus remains largely ambiguous. We addressed this issue by first investigating the virion size distribution and RNA content in populations of the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) using microscopy and tomography. These revealed heterogeneity in viral particle volume and amount of RNA content, with a surprising lack of correlation between the two. Then, the ratios of all genomic segments and strands were established using RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR. Within virions, both plus and minus strands (but no mRNA) are packaged for each of the three L, M, and S segments, in reproducible nonequimolar proportions determined by those in total cell extracts. These results show that virions differ in their genomic content but together build up a highly reproducible genetic composition of the viral population. This resembles the genome formula described for multipartite viruses, with which some species of the order Bunyavirales may share some aspects of the way of life, particularly emerging properties at a supravirion scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Yvon
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Thomas L. German
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Diane E. Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, California95616, Davis
| | - Ranjit Dasgupta
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Maxwell H. Parker
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, California95616, Davis
| | - Eric Verdin
- Pathologie végétale, INRAE, Avignon84143, France
| | | | - Aurélie Ancelin
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Justine Girard
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Fernandez
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Denis Filloux
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Patrick Bron
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
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LaPointe A, Gale M, Kell AM. Orthohantavirus Replication in the Context of Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 15:1130. [PMID: 37243216 PMCID: PMC10220641 DOI: 10.3390/v15051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses are rodent-borne, negative-sense RNA viruses that are capable of causing severe vascular disease in humans. Over the course of viral evolution, these viruses have tailored their replication cycles in such a way as to avoid and/or antagonize host innate immune responses. In the rodent reservoir, this results in life long asymptomatic infections. However, in hosts other than its co-evolved reservoir, the mechanisms for subduing the innate immune response may be less efficient or absent, potentially leading to disease and/or viral clearance. In the case of human orthohantavirus infection, the interaction of the innate immune response with viral replication is thought to give rise to severe vascular disease. The orthohantavirus field has made significant advancements in understanding how these viruses replicate and interact with host innate immune responses since their identification by Dr. Ho Wang Lee and colleagues in 1976. Therefore, the purpose of this review, as part of this special issue dedicated to Dr. Lee, was to summarize the current knowledge of orthohantavirus replication, how viral replication activates innate immunity, and how the host antiviral response, in turn, impacts viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn LaPointe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alison M. Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Lee EG, Kim KH. Effect of temperature and IRF-9 gene-knockout on dynamics of vRNA, cRNA, and mRNA of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108617. [PMID: 36796598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The replication of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in appropriate host cells depends on environmental factors and the host cell's immunity. The dynamics of each VHSV RNA strand (vRNA, cRNA, and mRNA) in different conditions can provide a clue on the viral replication strategies, which can be a base for the development of efficient control measures. As VHSV is known to be sensitive to temperature and type I interferon (IFN) responses, in this study, we analyzed the effect of temperature difference (15 °C and 20 °C) and IRF-9 gene knockout on the dynamics of the three VHSV RNA strands in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells using a strand-specific RT-qPCR. The tagged primers designed in this study successfully worked to quantify the three strands of VHSV. In the results of the temperature effect, the higher speed in viral mRNA transcription and the significantly higher (more than 10 times at 12-36 h) copy number of cRNA at 20 °C compared to those at 15 °C suggested the positive effect of high temperature on VHSV replication. In the results of the IRF-9 gene knockout effect, although IRF-9 gene knockout did not bring a dramatic effect on VHSV replication compared to the temperature effect, the increase of mRNA in IRF-9 KO cells was faster than normal EPC cells, which was reflected in the copy numbers of cRNA and vRNA. The IRF-9 gene knockout effect was not dramatic even in the replication of rVHSV-ΔNV-eGFP that harbors eGFP gene ORF instead of NV gene ORF. These results suggest that VHSV may be highly susceptible to pre-activated type I IFN responses but not highly susceptible to post-infection-mediated type I IFN responses or lowered type I IFN before infection. In both experiments of temperature effect and IRF-9 gene knockout effect, the copy number of cRNA never exceeded the copy number of vRNA at all assay times, suggesting that the binding efficiency of the RNP complex to the 3' end of cRNA might be lower than that to the 3' end of vRNA. Further research is needed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism that limits the amount of cRNA at an appropriate level during VHSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gyeong Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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Tercero B, Terasaki K, Narayanan K, Makino S. Mechanistic insight into the efficient packaging of antigenomic S RNA into Rift Valley fever virus particles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1132757. [PMID: 36875526 PMCID: PMC9978001 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1132757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a bunyavirus, has a single-stranded, negative-sense tri-segmented RNA genome, consisting of L, M and S RNAs. An infectious virion carries two envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, along with ribonucleoprotein complexes composed of encapsidated viral RNA segments. The antigenomic S RNA, which serves as the template of the mRNA encoding a nonstructural protein, NSs, an interferon antagonist, is also efficiently packaged into RVFV particles. An interaction between Gn and viral ribonucleoprotein complexes, including the direct binding of Gn to viral RNAs, drives viral RNA packaging into RVFV particles. To understand the mechanism of efficient antigenomic S RNA packaging in RVFV, we identified the regions in viral RNAs that directly interact with Gn by performing UV-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation of RVFV-infected cell lysates with anti-Gn antibody followed by high-throughput sequencing analysis (CLIP-seq analysis). Our data suggested the presence of multiple Gn-binding sites in RVFV RNAs, including a prominent Gn-binding site within the 3' noncoding region of the antigenomic S RNA. We found that the efficient packaging of antigenomic S RNA was abrogated in a RVFV mutant lacking a part of this prominent Gn-binding site within the 3' noncoding region. Also, the mutant RVFV, but not the parental RVFV, triggered the early induction of interferon-β mRNA expression after infection. These data suggest that the direct binding of Gn to the RNA element within the 3' noncoding region of the antigenomic S RNA promoted the efficient packaging of antigenomic S RNA into virions. Furthermore, the efficient packaging of antigenomic S RNA into RVFV particles, driven by the RNA element, facilitated the synthesis of viral mRNA encoding NSs immediately after infection, resulting in the suppression of interferon-β mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Tercero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kaori Terasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Krishna Narayanan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- UTMB Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- The Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Development and Validation of Rapid Colorimetric Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Adv Virol 2023; 2023:1863980. [PMID: 36755743 PMCID: PMC9902148 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1863980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a high-priority zoonotic pathogen with the ability to cause massive loss during its outbreak within a very short period of time. Lack of a highly sensitive, instant reading diagnostic method for RVFV, which is more suitable for on-site testing, is a big gap that needs to be addressed. The aim of this study was to develop a novel one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method for the rapid detection of RVFV. To achieve this, the selected RVFV M segment nucleotide sequences were aligned using Multiple Sequence Comparison by Log-Expectation (MUSCLE) software in MEGA11 version 11.0.11 program to identify conserved regions. A 211 pb sequence was identified and six different primers to amplify it were designed using NEB LAMP Primer design tool version 1.1.0. The specificity of the designed primers was tested using primer BLAST, and a primer set, specific to RVFV and able to form a loop, was selected. In this study, we developed a single-tube test based on calorimetric RT-LAMP that enabled the visual detection of RVFV within 30 minutes at 65°C. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed kit were compared with RVFV qRT-PCR, using total RNA samples extracted from 118 blood samples. The colorimetric RT-LAMP assay had a sensitivity of 98.36% and a specificity of 96.49%. The developed RT-LAMP was found to be tenfold more sensitive compared to the RVFV qRT-PCR assay commonly used in the confirmatory diagnosis of RVFV.
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Barnard TR, Wang AB, Sagan SM. A highly sensitive strand-specific multiplex RT-qPCR assay for quantitation of Zika virus replication. J Virol Methods 2022; 307:114556. [PMID: 35654259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is widely used to quantify viral RNA genomes for diagnostics and research, yet conventional RT-qPCR protocols are unable to accurately distinguish between the different viral RNA species that exist during infection. Here we show that false-priming and self-priming occur during reverse transcription with several published Zika virus (ZIKV) primer sets. We developed a RT-qPCR assay using tagged primers and thermostable reverse transcriptase, which greatly reduced the occurrence of nonspecific cDNA products. Furthermore, we optimized the assay for use in multiplex qPCR which allows for simultaneous quantitative detection of positive-strand and negative-strand ZIKV RNA along with an internal control from both human and mosquito cells. Importantly, this assay is sensitive enough to study early stages of virus infection in vitro. Strikingly, using this assay, we detected ZIKV negative-strand RNA as early as 3 h post-infection in mammalian cell culture, at a time point prior to the onset of positive-strand RNA synthesis. Overall, the strand-specific RT-qPCR assay developed herein is a valuable tool to quantify ZIKV RNA and to study viral replication dynamics during infection. The application of these findings has the potential to increase accuracy of RNA detection methods for a variety of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha R Barnard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alex B Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Urrutia CD, Romay G, Shaw BD, Verchot J. Advancing the Rose Rosette Virus Minireplicon and Encapsidation System by Incorporating GFP, Mutations, and the CMV 2b Silencing Suppressor. Viruses 2022; 14:836. [PMID: 35458566 PMCID: PMC9031449 DOI: 10.3390/v14040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant infecting emaraviruses have segmented negative strand RNA genomes and little is known about their infection cycles due to the lack of molecular tools for reverse genetic studies. Therefore, we innovated a rose rosette virus (RRV) minireplicon containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene to study the molecular requirements for virus replication and encapsidation. Sequence comparisons among RRV isolates and structural modeling of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nucleocapsid (N) revealed three natural mutations of the type species isolate that we reverted to the common species sequences: (a) twenty-one amino acid truncations near the endonuclease domain (named delA), (b) five amino acid substitutions near the putative viral RNA binding loop (subT), and (c) four amino acid substitutions in N (NISE). The delA and subT in the RdRp influenced the levels of GFP, gRNA, and agRNA at 3 but not 5 days post inoculation (dpi), suggesting these sequences are essential for initiating RNA synthesis and replication. The NISE mutation led to sustained GFP, gRNA, and agRNA at 3 and 5 dpi indicating that the N supports continuous replication and GFP expression. Next, we showed that the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV strain FNY) 2b singularly enhanced GFP expression and RRV replication. Including agRNA2 with the RRV replicon produced observable virions. In this study we developed a robust reverse genetic system for investigations into RRV replication and virion assembly that could be a model for other emaravirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (C.D.U.); (G.R.); (B.D.S.)
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12
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Terasaki K, Kalveram B, Johnson KN, Juelich T, Smith JK, Zhang L, Freiberg AN, Makino S. Rift Valley fever virus 78kDa envelope protein attenuates virus replication in macrophage-derived cell lines and viral virulence in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009785. [PMID: 34516560 PMCID: PMC8460012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus with a wide host range including ruminants and humans. RVFV outbreaks have had devastating effects on public health and the livestock industry in African countries. However, there is no approved RVFV vaccine for human use in non-endemic countries and no FDA-approved antiviral drug for RVFV treatment. The RVFV 78kDa protein (P78), which is a membrane glycoprotein, plays a role in virus dissemination in the mosquito host, but its biological role in mammalian hosts remains unknown. We generated an attenuated RVFV MP-12 strain-derived P78-High virus and a virulent ZH501 strain-derived ZH501-P78-High virus, both of which expressed a higher level of P78 and carried higher levels of P78 in the virion compared to their parental viruses. We also generated another MP-12-derived mutant virus (P78-KO virus) that does not express P78. MP-12 and P78-KO virus replicated to similar levels in fibroblast cell lines and Huh7 cells, while P78-High virus replicated better than MP-12 in Vero E6 cells, fibroblast cell lines, and Huh7 cells. Notably, P78-High virus and P78-KO virus replicated less efficiently and more efficiently, respectively, than MP-12 in macrophage cell lines. ZH501-P78-High virus also replicated poorly in macrophage cell lines. Our data further suggest that inefficient binding of P78-High virus to the cells led to inefficient virus internalization, low virus infectivity and reduced virus replication in a macrophage cell line. P78-High virus and P78-KO virus showed lower and higher virulence than MP-12, respectively, in young mice. ZH501-P78-High virus also exhibited lower virulence than ZH501 in mice. These data suggest that high levels of P78 expression attenuate RVFV virulence by preventing efficient virus replication in macrophages. Genetic alteration leading to increased P78 expression may serve as a novel strategy for the attenuation of RVFV virulence and generation of safe RVFV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Terasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (SM)
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kendra N. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Institute of Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (SM)
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13
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Krappinger JC, Bonstingl L, Pansy K, Sallinger K, Wreglesworth NI, Grinninger L, Deutsch A, El-Heliebi A, Kroneis T, Mcfarlane RJ, Sensen CW, Feichtinger J. Non-coding Natural Antisense Transcripts: Analysis and Application. J Biotechnol 2021; 340:75-101. [PMID: 34371054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding natural antisense transcripts (ncNATs) are regulatory RNA sequences that are transcribed in the opposite direction to protein-coding or non-coding transcripts. These transcripts are implicated in a broad variety of biological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis and oncogenic progression. With this complex field still in its infancy, annotations, expression profiling and functional characterisations of ncNATs are far less comprehensive than those for protein-coding genes, pointing out substantial gaps in the analysis and characterisation of these regulatory transcripts. In this review, we discuss ncNATs from an analysis perspective, in particular regarding the use of high-throughput sequencing strategies, such as RNA-sequencing, and summarize the unique challenges of investigating the antisense transcriptome. Finally, we elaborate on their potential as biomarkers and future targets for treatment, focusing on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Krappinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for innovative Pichia pastoris host and vector systems, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lilli Bonstingl
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Stiftingtalstraße 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katrin Pansy
- Division of Haematology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katja Sallinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Stiftingtalstraße 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nick I Wreglesworth
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Grinninger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Biotech University of Applied Sciences, Konrad Lorenz-Straße 10, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Haematology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Stiftingtalstraße 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Stiftingtalstraße 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ramsay J Mcfarlane
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph W Sensen
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Computational Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/V, 8010 Graz, Austria; HCEMM Kft., Római blvd. 21, 6723 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Julia Feichtinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for innovative Pichia pastoris host and vector systems, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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14
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Characterization of the Molecular Interactions That Govern the Packaging of Viral RNA Segments into Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Particles. J Virol 2021; 95:e0042921. [PMID: 33952635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00429-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) has a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome, consisting of L, M, and S segments. The virion carries two envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, along with ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs), composed of encapsidated genomes carrying N protein and the viral polymerase, L protein. A quantitative analysis of the profile of viral RNA segments packaged into RVFV particles showed that all three genomic RNA segments had similar packaging abilities, whereas among antigenomic RNA segments, the antigenomic S RNA, which serves as the template for the transcription of mRNA expressing the RVFV virulence factor, NSs, displayed a significantly higher packaging ability. To delineate the factor(s) governing the packaging of RVFV RNA segments, we characterized the interactions between Gn and viral RNPs in RVFV-infected cells. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated the interaction of Gn with N protein, L protein, and viral RNAs in RVFV-infected cells. Furthermore, UV-cross-linking and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed, for the first time in bunyaviruses, the presence of a direct interaction between Gn and all the viral RNA segments in RVFV-infected cells. Notably, analysis of the ability of Gn to bind to RVFV RNA segments indicated a positive correlation with their respective packaging abilities and highlighted a binding preference of Gn for antigenomic S RNA, among the antigenomic RNA segments, suggesting the presence of a selection mechanism for antigenomic S RNA incorporation into infectious RVFV particles. Collectively, the results of our study illuminate the importance of a direct interaction between Gn and viral RNA segments in determining their efficiency of incorporation into RVFV particles. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever phlebovirus, a bunyavirus, is a mosquito-borne, segmented RNA virus that can cause severe disease in humans and ruminants. An essential step in RVFV life cycle is the packaging of viral RNA segments to produce infectious virus particles for dissemination to new hosts. However, there are key gaps in knowledge regarding the mechanisms that regulate viral RNA packaging efficiency in bunyaviruses. Our studies investigating the mechanism of RNA packaging in RVFV revealed the presence of a direct interaction between the viral envelope glycoprotein, Gn, and the viral RNA segments in infected cells, for the first time in bunyaviruses. Furthermore, our data strongly indicate a critical role for the direct interaction between Gn and viral RNAs in determining the efficiency of incorporation of viral RNA segments into RVFV particles. Clarifying the fundamental mechanisms of RNA packaging in RVFV would be valuable for the development of antivirals and live-attenuated vaccines.
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15
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Han Q, Zhang S, Liu D, Yan F, Wang H, Huang P, Bi J, Jin H, Feng N, Cao Z, Gao Y, Chi H, Yang S, Zhao Y, Xia X. Development of a Visible Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590732. [PMID: 33281787 PMCID: PMC7691480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe infectious disease, which can through mosquito bites, direct contact and aerosol transmission infect sheep, goats, people, camels, cattle, buffaloes, and so on. In this paper, a conserved region of the S RNA segment of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) ZH501 strain was used as target sequence. The RVFV RT-LAMP-VF assay was successfully established combined reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification with a vertical flow visualization strip. The detection limit is up to 1.94 × 100 copies/μl of synthesized RVFV-RNA. RNA extracted from cell culture of an inactivated RVFV-BJ01 strain was also used as templates, and the detection limit is 1.83 × 103 copies/μl. In addition, there was no cross-reactivity with other viruses that can cause similar fever symptoms. The RVFV-LAMP-VF assay exhibited very high levels of diagnostic sensitivity, which had 100-fold more sensitive than RVFV real-time RT-PCR assay. Accordingly, the RVFV RT-LAMP-VF assay developed in this study is suitable for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of RVFV without specialized equipment and can rapidly complete detection within 60 min, and the results are visible by vertical flow visualization strip within 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxue Han
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Dongping Liu
- The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of Innovation, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinhao Bi
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zengguo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hang Chi
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Strand-specific detection of overlapping transcripts via purification involving denaturation of biotinylated cDNA. Biotechniques 2020; 69:141-147. [PMID: 32372698 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) is the most widely employed technique for gene expression analysis owing to its high sensitivity, easy reproducibility and fast output. It has been conceived that priming RT reactions with gene-specific primers generates cDNA only from the specific RNA. However, several reports have revealed that cDNA is synthesized even without addition of exogenous primers in RT reactions. Owing to such self-priming activity, the signals from specific strands cannot be accurately detected and can confound the expression analysis, especially in context of overlapping bidirectional transcripts. Here, we demonstrate that purification of biotin-tagged cDNA in conjunction with alkaline denaturation can obviate the problem of background priming and enable accurate strand-specific detection of overlapping transcripts.
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17
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The Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus NSs Protein Interacts with CDK1 To Induce G 2 Cell Cycle Arrest and Positively Regulate Viral Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01575-19. [PMID: 31852787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01575-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a newly identified phlebovirus associated with severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. While many viruses subvert the host cell cycle to promote viral growth, it is unknown whether this is a strategy employed by SFTSV. In this study, we investigated how SFTSV manipulates the cell cycle and the effect of the host cell cycle on SFTSV replication. Our results suggest that cells arrest at the G2/M transition following infection with SFTSV. The accumulation of cells at the G2/M transition did not affect virus adsorption and entry but did facilitate viral replication. In addition, we found that SFTSV NSs, a nonstructural protein that forms viroplasm-like structures in the cytoplasm of infected cells and promotes virulence by modulating the interferon response, induces a large number of cells to arrest at the G2/M transition by interacting with CDK1. The interaction between NSs and CDK1, which is inclusion body dependent, inhibits formation and nuclear import of the cyclin B1-CDK1 complex, thereby leading to cell cycle arrest. Expression of a CDK1 loss-of-function mutant reversed the inhibitive effect of NSs on the cell cycle, suggesting that this protein is a potential antiviral target. Our study provides new insight into the role of a specific viral protein in SFTSV replication, indicating that NSs induces G2/M arrest of SFTSV-infected cells, which promotes viral replication.IMPORTANCE Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne pathogen that causes severe hemorrhagic fever. Although SFTSV poses a serious threat to public health and was recently isolated, its pathogenesis remains unclear. In particular, the relationship between SFTSV infection and the host cell cycle has not been described. Here, we show for the first time that both asynchronized and synchronized SFTSV-susceptible cells arrest at the G2/M checkpoint following SFTSV infection and that the accumulation of cells at this checkpoint facilitates viral replication. We also identify a key mechanism underlying SFTSV-induced G2/M arrest, in which SFTSV NSs interacts with CDK1 to inhibit formation and nuclear import of the cyclin B1-CDK1 complex, thus preventing it from regulating cell cycle progression. Our study highlights the key role that NSs plays in SFTSV-induced G2/M arrest.
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