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Chu H, Qin Y, Qiu T, Zhou S, Na Z, Sun Y, Xu Y, Zhong Y. Phenotype and function of smooth muscle cells derived from the human normal great saphenous vein in response to hypoxia. Phlebology 2024; 39:96-107. [PMID: 37921696 DOI: 10.1177/02683555231211990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contribution of hypoxia to the pathophysiology of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has not yet been fully elucidated. This study evaluated the effect of hypoxia on the phenotype and function of SMCs derived from the human normal great saphenous veins (NGSVs). METHODS Fifteen NGSV tissue samples were collected. SMCs were isolated and cultured. Proliferation, migration, adhesion, senescence, and the structure of cytoskeletal filaments in SMCs were observed. mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 was detected by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting in the cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and the control groups. RESULTS A decrease in the number of cytoskeletal filaments was observed. mRNA and protein expression of Bas and caspase-3 was significantly decreased, while the quantity of proliferation, migration, adhesion, senescence, and mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in SMCs in the CoCl2 group were significantly increased compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Under hypoxic conditions, the phenotype and function of SMCs derived from the human NGSVs were dysregulated, suggesting that VSMCs switch from the contractile phenotype to the secretory or synthetic phenotype, and more dedifferentiate, resulting in extracellular matrix deposition and apoptotic decrease through the intrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanyan Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhen Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shunchang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozhou Branch of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhang Na
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Yongbo Xu
- Center of General Surgery, The 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Hamdin CD, Wu ML, Chen CM, Ho YC, Jiang WC, Gung PY, Ho HH, Chuang HC, Tan TH, Yet SF. Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 6 Deficiency Attenuates Arterial-Injury-Induced Intimal Hyperplasia in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17136. [PMID: 38138967 PMCID: PMC10742470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of the arterial wall dedifferentiate into a proliferative and migratory phenotype, leading to intimal hyperplasia. The ERK1/2 pathway participates in cellular proliferation and migration, while dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6, also named MKP3) can dephosphorylate activated ERK1/2. We showed that DUSP6 was expressed in low baseline levels in normal arteries; however, arterial injury significantly increased DUSP6 levels in the vessel wall. Compared with wild-type mice, Dusp6-deficient mice had smaller neointima. In vitro, IL-1β induced DUSP6 expression and increased VSMC proliferation and migration. Lack of DUSP6 reduced IL-1β-induced VSMC proliferation and migration. DUSP6 deficiency did not affect IL-1β-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. Instead, ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 prevented DUSP6 induction by IL-1β, indicating that ERK1/2 functions upstream of DUSP6 to regulate DUSP6 expression in VSMCs rather than downstream as a DUSP6 substrate. IL-1β decreased the levels of cell cycle inhibitor p27 and cell-cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin in VSMCs, whereas lack of DUSP6 maintained their high levels, revealing novel functions of DUSP6 in regulating these two molecules. Taken together, our results indicate that lack of DUSP6 attenuated neointima formation following arterial injury by reducing VSMC proliferation and migration, which were likely mediated via maintaining p27 and N-cadherin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candra D. Hamdin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
- National Health Research Institutes and Department of Life Sciences, National Central University Joint Ph.D. Program in Biomedicine, Zhongli District, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ling Wu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Chen-Mei Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Wei-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Yu Gung
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Hua-Hui Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Huai-Chia Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.T.)
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.T.)
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
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Burke-Kleinman J, Rubianto J, Hou G, Santerre JP, Bendeck MP. Matrix-Binding, N-Cadherin-Targeting Chimeric Peptide Inhibits Intimal Thickening but Not Endothelial Repair in Balloon-Injured Carotid Arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1639-1652. [PMID: 37409527 PMCID: PMC10443629 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of occluded vessels can involve angioplasty, stenting, and bypass grafting, which can be limited by restenosis and thrombosis. Drug-eluting stents attenuate restenosis, but the current drugs used are cytotoxic, causing smooth muscle cell (SMC) and endothelial cell (EC) death that may lead to late thrombosis. N-cadherin is a junctional protein expressed by SMCs, which promotes directional SMC migration contributing to restenosis. We propose that engaging N-cadherin with mimetic peptides can act as a cell type-selective therapeutic strategy to inhibit polarization and directional migration of SMCs without negatively impacting ECs. METHODS We designed a novel N-cadherin-targeting chimeric peptide with a histidine-alanine-valine cadherin-binding motif, combined with a fibronectin-binding motif from Staphylococcus aureus. This peptide was tested in SMC and EC culture assays of migration, viability, and apoptosis. Rat carotid arteries were balloon injured and treated with the N-cadherin peptide. RESULTS Treating scratch-wounded SMCs with the N-cadherin-targeting peptide inhibited migration and reduced polarization of wound-edge cells. The peptide colocalized with fibronectin. Importantly, EC junction, permeability, or migration was not impacted by peptide treatment in vitro. We also demonstrated that the chimeric peptide persisted for 24 hours after transient delivery in the balloon-injured rat carotid artery. Treatment with the N-cadherin-targeting chimeric peptide reduced intimal thickening in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries at 1 and 2 weeks after injury. Reendothelialization of injured vessels after 2 weeks was unimpaired by peptide treatment. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that an N-cadherin-binding and fibronectin-binding chimeric peptide is effective in inhibiting SMC migration in vitro and in vivo and limiting neointimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty without affecting EC repair. These results establish the potential of an advantageous SMC-selective strategy for antirestenosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Burke-Kleinman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine (J.B.-K., G.H., M.P.B.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Canada (J.B.-K., J.R., G.H., J.P.S., M.P.B.)
| | - Jonathan Rubianto
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (J.R., J.P.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Canada (J.B.-K., J.R., G.H., J.P.S., M.P.B.)
| | - Guangpei Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine (J.B.-K., G.H., M.P.B.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Canada (J.B.-K., J.R., G.H., J.P.S., M.P.B.)
| | - J. Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (J.R., J.P.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering (J.P.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Canada (J.B.-K., J.R., G.H., J.P.S., M.P.B.)
| | - Michelle P. Bendeck
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering (J.P.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Canada (J.B.-K., J.R., G.H., J.P.S., M.P.B.)
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Smetanina MA, Korolenya VA, Kel AE, Sevostyanova KS, Gavrilov KA, Shevela AI, Filipenko ML. Epigenome-Wide Changes in the Cell Layers of the Vein Wall When Exposing the Venous Endothelium to Oscillatory Shear Stress. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:epigenomes7010008. [PMID: 36975604 PMCID: PMC10048778 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic changes in the venous cells exerted by oscillatory shear stress towards the endothelium may result in consolidation of gene expression alterations upon vein wall remodeling during varicose transformation. We aimed to reveal such epigenome-wide methylation changes. Primary culture cells were obtained from non-varicose vein segments left after surgery of 3 patients by growing the cells in selective media after magnetic immunosorting. Endothelial cells were either exposed to oscillatory shear stress or left at the static condition. Then, other cell types were treated with preconditioned media from the adjacent layer's cells. DNA isolated from the harvested cells was subjected to epigenome-wide study using Illumina microarrays followed by data analysis with GenomeStudio (Illumina), Excel (Microsoft), and Genome Enhancer (geneXplain) software packages. Differential (hypo-/hyper-) methylation was revealed for each cell layer's DNA. The most targetable master regulators controlling the activity of certain transcription factors regulating the genes near the differentially methylated sites appeared to be the following: (1) HGS, PDGFB, and AR for endothelial cells; (2) HGS, CDH2, SPRY2, SMAD2, ZFYVE9, and P2RY1 for smooth muscle cells; and (3) WWOX, F8, IGF2R, NFKB1, RELA, SOCS1, and FXN for fibroblasts. Some of the identified master regulators may serve as promising druggable targets for treating varicose veins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya A Smetanina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Valeria A Korolenya
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander E Kel
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Research & Development, GeneXplain GmbH, D-38302 Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Ksenia S Sevostyanova
- Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Surgical Diseases, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Gavrilov
- Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Surgical Diseases, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Andrey I Shevela
- Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Surgical Diseases, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim L Filipenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Reolizo LM, Williams H, Wadey K, Frankow A, Li Z, Gaston K, Jayaraman PS, Johnson JL, George SJ. Inhibition of Intimal Thickening By PRH (Proline-Rich Homeodomain) in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:456-473. [PMID: 36700427 PMCID: PMC9944393 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late vein graft failure is caused by intimal thickening resulting from endothelial cell (EC) damage and inflammation which promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dedifferentiation, migration, and proliferation. Nonphosphorylatable PRH (proline-rich homeodomain) S163C:S177C offers enhanced stability and sustained antimitotic effect. Therefore, we investigated whether adenovirus-delivered PRH S163C:S177C protein attenuates intimal thickening via VSMC phenotype modification without detrimental effects on ECs. METHODS PRH S163C:S177C was expressed in vitro (human saphenous vein-VSMCs and human saphenous vein-ECs) and in vivo (ligated mouse carotid arteries) by adenoviruses. Proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were quantified and phenotype was assessed using Western blotting for contractile filament proteins and collagen gel contraction. EC inflammation was quantified using VCAM (vascular cell adhesion protein)-1, ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)-1, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 measurement and monocyte adhesion. Next Generation Sequencing was utilized to identify novel downstream mediators of PRH action and these and intimal thickening were investigated in vivo. RESULTS PRH S163C:S177C inhibited proliferation, migration, and apoptosis and promoted contractile phenotype (enhanced contractile filament proteins and collagen gel contraction) compared with virus control in human saphenous vein-VSMCs. PRH S163C:S177C expression in human saphenous vein-ECs significantly reduced apoptosis, without affecting cell proliferation and migration, while reducing TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and monocyte adhesion and suppressing interleukin-6 and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 protein levels. PRH S163C:S177C expression in ligated murine carotid arteries significantly impaired carotid artery ligation-induced neointimal proliferation and thickening without reducing endothelial coverage. Next Generation Sequencing revealed STAT-1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) and HDAC-9 (histone deacetylase 9) as mediators of PRH action and was supported by in vitro and in vivo analyses. CONCLUSIONS We observed PRH S163C:S177C attenuated VSMC proliferation, and migration and enhanced VSMC differentiation at least in part via STAT-1 and HDAC-9 signaling while promoting endothelial repair and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings highlight the potential for PRH S163C:S177C to preserve endothelial function whilst suppressing intimal thickening, and reducing late vein graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien M. Reolizo
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK (L.M.R., H.W., K.W., A.F., Z.L., J.L.J., S.J.G.)
| | - Helen Williams
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK (L.M.R., H.W., K.W., A.F., Z.L., J.L.J., S.J.G.)
| | - Kerry Wadey
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK (L.M.R., H.W., K.W., A.F., Z.L., J.L.J., S.J.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Frankow
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK (L.M.R., H.W., K.W., A.F., Z.L., J.L.J., S.J.G.)
| | - Ze Li
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK (L.M.R., H.W., K.W., A.F., Z.L., J.L.J., S.J.G.)
| | - Kevin Gaston
- School of Medicine and Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK (K.G., P.-S.J.)
| | - Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- School of Medicine and Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK (K.G., P.-S.J.)
| | - Jason L. Johnson
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK (L.M.R., H.W., K.W., A.F., Z.L., J.L.J., S.J.G.)
| | - Sarah J. George
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK (L.M.R., H.W., K.W., A.F., Z.L., J.L.J., S.J.G.)
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The Role of Certain Polymorphic Variants in Genes, Previously Associated with Blood Pressure Values, with Reference to the Risk of Development of Coronary Artery Disease. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of polymorphic variants previously associated with arterial hypertension (AH) in Genome Wide Association Studies (GWASs) in/next to genes and locuses CYP7A1 and PLEKHA7 on the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Bulgarian patients. A hundred and nine consecutive patients with angiographically documented CAD were studied. The genotyping was done with 7900 HT Fast Real-Time PCR (Applied Biosystems) with TaqMan® method. The control group consisted of 192 healthy population controls, selected from the bio- bank of the Molecular Medicine Center. SPSS and PLINK were used for the statistical analysis with level of significance < 0.05 and confidence interval 95%. The mean age of the studied patients was 63.71 ± 9.35 years; 35 (35%) females. Previous myocardial infarction (MI) had 38(38%); one-vessel – 39 (39%); two-vessel – 28 (28%); three-vessel disease – 34 (34%); 43 (43%) were with diabetes mellitus; 92 (92%) – with arterial hypertension (AH); 77 (77%) – with dyslipidemia; 42 (42%) were smokers; 25 (25%) were obese. We did not find any significant association between CAD and poly- morphism rs11191548 near CYP17A1 and only a tendency for genotype of rs381815 in PLEKHA7 (p = 0.06; OR 0.64; CI 0.40-1.02 for CAD) under dominant model. This is of practical importance both for studying the genetic aspects of CAD in the future and for enlargement of the current database.
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Chen B, Zhou H, Zhou X, Yang L, Xiong Y, Zhang L. Comprehensive Analysis of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Intracranial Aneurysm. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:865005. [PMID: 35465608 PMCID: PMC9022475 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.865005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays an important role in multiple cardiovascular diseases. However, their implication in intracranial aneurysms (IAs) remains unclear. We designed this study to explore the general expression pattern and potential functions of ERS in IAs. Methods Five Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray datasets were used as the training cohorts, and 3 GEO RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) datasets were used as the validating cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), functional enrichment, Lasso regression, logistic regression, ROC analysis, immune cell profiling, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotyping, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were applied to investigate the role of ERS in IA. Finally, we predicted the upstream transcription factor (TF)/miRNA and potential drugs targeting ERS. Results Significant DEGs were majorly associated with ERS, autophagy, and metabolism. Eight-gene ERS signature and IRE1 pathway were identified during the IA formation. WGCNA showed that ERS was highly associated with a VSMC synthesis phenotype. Next, ERS-VSMC-metabolism-autophagy PPI and ERS-TF-miRNA networks were constructed. Finally, we predicted 9 potential drugs targeting ERS in IAs. Conclusion ERS is involved in IA formation. Upstream and downstream regulatory networks for ERS were identified in IAs. Novel potential drugs targeting ERS were also proposed, which may delay IA formation and progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongshu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liting Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanyuan Xiong,
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Liyang Zhang,
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8
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Blaschuk OW. Potential Therapeutic Applications of N-Cadherin Antagonists and Agonists. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:866200. [PMID: 35309924 PMCID: PMC8927039 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.866200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the cell adhesion molecule (CAM), known as neural (N)-cadherin (CDH2). The molecular basis of N-cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion is discussed, as well as the intracellular signaling pathways regulated by this CAM. N-cadherin antagonists and agonists are then described, and several potential therapeutic applications of these intercellular adhesion modulators are considered. The usefulness of N-cadherin antagonists in treating fibrotic diseases and cancer, as well as manipulating vascular function are emphasized. Biomaterials incorporating N-cadherin modulators for tissue regeneration are also presented. N-cadherin antagonists and agonists have potential for broad utility in the treatment of numerous maladies.
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Qiu X, Lin J, Liang B, Chen Y, Liu G, Zheng J. Identification of Hub Genes and MicroRNAs Associated With Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Integrated Bioinformatics Analyses. Front Genet 2021; 12:667406. [PMID: 33995494 PMCID: PMC8117102 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.636934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is the identification of hub genes associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Materials and Methods GSE15197 gene expression data was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by screening IPAH patients and controls. The 5,000 genes with the greatest variances were analyzed using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Modules with the strongest correlation with IPAH were chosen, followed by a functional enrichment analysis. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify hub gene candidates using calculated degrees. Real hub genes were found from the overlap of DEGs and candidate hub genes. microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting real hub genes were found by screening miRNet 2.0. The most important IPAH miRNAs were identified. Results There were 4,395 DEGs identified. WGCNA indicated that green and brown modules associated most strongly with IPAH. Functional enrichment analysis showed that green and brown module genes were mainly involved in protein digestion and absorption and proteoglycans in cancer, respectively. The top ten candidate hub genes in green and brown modules were identified, respectively. After overlapping with DEGs, 11 real hub genes were identified: EP300, MMP2, CDH2, CDK2, GNG10, ALB, SMC2, DHX15, CUL3, BTBD1, and LTN1. These genes were expressed with significant differences in IPAH versus controls, indicating a high diagnostic ability. The miRNA–gene network showed that hsa-mir-1-3p could associate with IPAH. Conclusion EP300, MMP2, CDH2, CDK2, GNG10, ALB, SMC2, DHX15, CUL3, BTBD1, and LTN1 may play essential roles in IPAH. Predicted miRNA hsa-mir-1-3p could regulate gene expression in IPAH. Such hub genes may contribute to the pathology and progression in IPAH, providing potential diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for IPAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinyan Lin
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bixiao Liang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanbing Chen
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guoqun Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Ben Hamouda S, Vargas A, Boivin R, Miglino MA, da Palma RK, Lavoie JP. Recellularization of Bronchial Extracellular Matrix With Primary Bronchial Smooth Muscle Cells. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 96:103313. [PMID: 33349413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe asthma is associated with an increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass and altered composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Studies have indicated that ECM-ASM cell interactions contribute to this remodeling and its limited reversibility with current therapy. Three-dimensional matrices allow the study of complex cellular responses to different stimuli in an almost natural environment. Our goal was to obtain acellular bronchial matrices and then develop a recellularization protocol with ASM cells. We studied equine bronchi as horses spontaneously develop a human asthma-like disease. The bronchi were decellularized using Triton/Sodium Deoxycholate. The obtained scaffolds retained their anatomical and histological properties. Using immunohistochemistry and a semi-quantitative score to compare native bronchi to scaffolds revealed no significant variation for matrixial proteins. DNA quantification and electrophoresis revealed that most DNA was 29.6 ng/mg of tissue ± 5.6, with remaining fragments of less than 100 bp. Primary ASM cells were seeded on the scaffolds. Histological analysis of the recellularizations showed that ASM cells migrated and proliferated primarily in the decellularized smooth muscle matrix, suggesting a chemotactic effect of the scaffolds. This is the first report of primary ASM cells preferentially repopulating the smooth muscle matrix layer in bronchial matrices. This protocol is now being used to study the molecular interactions occurring between the asthmatic ECMs and ASM to identify effectors of asthmatic bronchial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Ben Hamouda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Amandine Vargas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roxane Boivin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Lou X, Zhao M, Fan C, Fast VG, Valarmathi MT, Zhu W, Zhang J. N-cadherin overexpression enhances the reparative potency of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes in infarcted mouse hearts. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:671-685. [PMID: 31350544 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In regenerative medicine, cellular cardiomyoplasty is one of the promising options for treating myocardial infarction (MI); however, the efficacy of such treatment has shown to be limited due to poor survival and/or functional integration of implanted cells. Within the heart, the adhesion between cardiac myocytes (CMs) is mediated by N-cadherin (CDH2) and is critical for the heart to function as an electromechanical syncytium. In this study, we have investigated whether the reparative potency of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-CMs) can be enhanced through CDH2 overexpression. METHODS AND RESULTS CDH2-hiPSC-CMs and control wild-type (WT)-hiPSC-CMs were cultured in myogenic differentiation medium for 28 days. Using a mouse MI model, the cell survival/engraftment rate, infarct size, and cardiac functions were evaluated post-MI, at Day 7 or Day 28. In vitro, conduction velocities were significantly greater in CDH2-hiPSC-CMs than in WT-hiPSC-CMs. While, in vivo, measurements of cardiac functions: left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, reduction in infarct size, and the cell engraftment rate were significantly higher in CDH2-hiPSC-CMs treated MI group than in WT-hiPSC-CMs treated MI group. Mechanistically, paracrine activation of ERK signal transduction pathway by CDH2-hiPSC-CMs, significantly induced neo-vasculogenesis, resulting in a higher survival of implanted cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that CDH2 overexpression enhances not only the survival/engraftment of cultured CDH2-hiPSC-CMs, but also the functional integration of these cells, consequently, the augmentation of the reparative properties of implanted CDH2-hiPSC-CMs in the failing hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall G094J, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall G094J, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chengming Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall G094J, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vladimir G Fast
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall G094J, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mani T Valarmathi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall G094J, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Wuqiang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall G094J, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall G094J, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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12
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Xu S, Bala S, Bendeck MP. Discoidin domain receptor 1 deficiency in vascular smooth muscle cells leads to mislocalisation of N-cadherin contacts. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.041913. [PMID: 31362952 PMCID: PMC6737968 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin mediates cell–cell contacts in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and regulates VSMC behaviours including migration and proliferation. Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is a collagen binding receptor also implicated in these processes. Previous studies have shown that both N-cadherin and DDR1 are upregulated after vascular injury, but it is not known whether there is a relationship between the two molecules. In the current study we found that N-cadherin was mislocalised from cell–cell junctions in the absence of DDR1. This occurred in spite of the fact that there was no significant difference in total cell lysate levels of N-cadherin between DDR1+/+ and DDR1−/− VSMCs. Analysis of lipid raft fractions revealed decreased N-cadherin and associated junctional complex catenins in DDR1−/− compared to DDR1+/+ VSMCs. Treatment with cholesterol oxidase or methyl-β-cyclodextrin to disrupt lipid rafts removed N-cadherin and DDR1 from the raft fractions. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitations suggested the association of DDR1 and N-cadherin. Importantly, transfection of DDR1−/− cells with full-length DDR1b rescued the formation of N-cadherin junctions. Together, these data reveal that N-cadherin cell–cell contacts in VSMCs are regulated through interactions with DDR1 and both molecules are located in lipid rafts. Summary: Here we show for the first time that discoidin domain receptor 1 associates with and stabilizes N-cadherin cell–cell contacts in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyi Xu
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Sudarshan Bala
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada .,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
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13
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Elucidating the role of graft compliance mismatch on intimal hyperplasia using an ex vivo organ culture model. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:84-94. [PMID: 30878448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing clinical need to address high failure rates of small diameter (<6 mm) synthetic vascular grafts. Although there is a strong empirical correlation between low patency rates and low compliance of synthetic grafts, the mechanism by which compliance mismatch leads to intimal hyperplasia is poorly understood. To elucidate this relationship, synthetic vascular grafts were fabricated that varied compliance independent of other graft variables. A computational model was then used to estimate changes in fluid flow and wall shear stress as a function of graft compliance. The effect of compliance on arterial remodeling in an ex vivo organ culture model was then examined to identify early markers of intimal hyperplasia. The computational model prediction of low wall shear stress of low compliance grafts and clinical control correlated well with alterations in arterial smooth muscle cell marker, extracellular matrix, and inflammatory marker staining patterns at the distal anastomoses. Conversely, high compliance grafts displayed minimal changes in fluid flow and arterial remodeling, similar to the sham control. Overall, this work supports the intrinsic link between compliance mismatch and intimal hyperplasia and highlights the utility of this ex vivo organ culture model for rapid screening of small diameter vascular grafts. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We present an ex vivo organ culture model as a means to screen vascular grafts for early markers of intimal hyperplasia, a leading cause of small diameter vascular graft failure. Furthermore, a computational model was used to predict the effect of graft compliance on wall shear stress and then correlate these values to changes in arterial remodeling in the organ culture model. Combined, the ex vivo bioreactor system and computational model provide insight into the mechanistic relationship between graft-arterial compliance mismatch and the onset of intimal hyperplasia.
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14
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Afewerki T, Ahmed S, Warren D. Emerging regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell migration. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:185-196. [PMID: 31254136 PMCID: PMC6726670 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in the blood vessel wall and normally adopt a quiescent, contractile phenotype. VSMC migration is tightly controlled, however, disease associated changes in the soluble and insoluble environment promote VSMC migration. Classically, studies investigating VSMC migration have described the influence of soluble factors. Emerging data has highlighted the importance of insoluble factors, including extracellular matrix stiffness and porosity. In this review, we will recap on the important signalling pathways that regulate VSMC migration and reflect on the potential importance of emerging regulators of VSMC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- TecLino Afewerki
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Derek Warren
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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15
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MiR-4463 inhibits the migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells by AMOT. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180150. [PMID: 29752344 PMCID: PMC6147913 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration has been implicated in a variety of vascular disorders, while the signal pathways governing this process remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether miRNAs, which are strong post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, could alter VSMC migration. We detected the expression of miR-4463 in the plasma of patients with atherosclerosis and in human aortic smooth muscle cells under hypoxia–ischemia condition, and investigated the migration effect and its downstream pathways. The results have shown that whether in clinical AS patients or hypoxic cells, the expression of miR-4463 was lower than that of normal group, then the number of migrating cells in the miR-4463 mimic intervention group was significantly decreased compared with the normal group and miR-4463 inhibitor instead. Furthermore, the expression of angiomotin (AMOT) in gastrocnemius muscle and femoral artery of patients was significantly higher than that of the control group. The protein level of AMOT in miR-4463 mimic intervention group was significantly decreased, and its level was reversed by inhibiting miR-4463. In summary, these results indicate that miR-4463 is a novel modulator of VSMC migration by targetting AMOT expression. Regulating miR-4463 or its specific downstream target genes in VSMCs may represent an attractive approach for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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16
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Frismantiene A, Philippova M, Erne P, Resink TJ. Smooth muscle cell-driven vascular diseases and molecular mechanisms of VSMC plasticity. Cell Signal 2018; 52:48-64. [PMID: 30172025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the major cell type in blood vessels. Unlike many other mature cell types in the adult body, VSMC do not terminally differentiate but retain a remarkable plasticity. Fully differentiated medial VSMCs of mature vessels maintain quiescence and express a range of genes and proteins important for contraction/dilation, which allows them to control systemic and local pressure through the regulation of vascular tone. In response to vascular injury or alterations in local environmental cues, differentiated/contractile VSMCs are capable of switching to a dedifferentiated phenotype characterized by increased proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix synthesis in concert with decreased expression of contractile markers. Imbalanced VSMC plasticity results in maladaptive phenotype alterations that ultimately lead to progression of a variety of VSMC-driven vascular diseases. The nature, extent and consequences of dysregulated VSMC phenotype alterations are diverse, reflecting the numerous environmental cues (e.g. biochemical factors, extracellular matrix components, physical) that prompt VSMC phenotype switching. In spite of decades of efforts to understand cues and processes that normally control VSMC differentiation and their disruption in VSMC-driven disease states, the crucial molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that shape the VSMC phenotype programme have still not yet been precisely elucidated. In this article we introduce the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle/VSMCs, outline VSMC-driven cardiovascular diseases and the concept of VSMC phenotype switching, and review molecular mechanisms that play crucial roles in the regulation of VSMC phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Frismantiene
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Philippova
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Erne
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Therese J Resink
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Frismantiene A, Philippova M, Erne P, Resink TJ. Cadherins in vascular smooth muscle cell (patho)biology: Quid nos scimus? Cell Signal 2018; 45:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Wadey KS, Brown BA, Sala-Newby GB, Jayaraman PS, Gaston K, George SJ. Protein kinase CK2 inhibition suppresses neointima formation via a proline-rich homeodomain-dependent mechanism. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 99:34-44. [PMID: 28927755 PMCID: PMC5718878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is a product of VSMC replication and consequent accumulation within the blood vessel wall. In this study, we determined whether inhibition of protein kinase CK2 and the resultant stabilisation of proline-rich homeodomain (PRH) could suppress VSMC proliferation. Both silencing and pharmacological inhibition of CK2 with K66 antagonised replication of isolated VSMCs. SiRNA-induced knockdown as well as ectopic overexpression of proline-rich homeodomain indicated that PRH disrupts cell cycle progression. Mutation of CK2 phosphorylation sites Ser163 and Ser177 within the PRH homeodomain enabled prolonged cell cycle arrest by PRH. Concomitant knockdown of PRH and inhibition of CK2 with K66 indicated that the anti-proliferative action of K66 required the presence of PRH. Both K66 and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of S163C:S177C PRH impaired neointima formation in human saphenous vein organ cultures. Importantly, neither intervention had notable effects on cell cycle progression, cell survival or migration in cultured endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Casein Kinase II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Casein Kinase II/genetics
- Casein Kinase II/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Phosphorylation
- Proline-Rich Protein Domains
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Rats
- Saphenous Vein/drug effects
- Saphenous Vein/enzymology
- Saphenous Vein/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wadey
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - B A Brown
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - G B Sala-Newby
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - P-S Jayaraman
- Division of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine, University Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - K Gaston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - S J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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19
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Xu Y, Bei Y, Li Y, Chu H. Phenotypic and functional transformation in smooth muscle cells derived from varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2017; 5:723-733. [PMID: 28818228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Varicose veins (VVs) are a common disorder of venous dilation and tortuosity, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The functional integrity and phenotypic differences of VVs are also unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that phenotypic and functional differences exist between smooth muscle cells (SMCs) derived from VVs and normal veins. METHODS SMCs were isolated from 28 samples of varicose great saphenous veins (VGSVs) and normal great saphenous (NGSVs) and cultured. Proliferation, migration, adhesion, and aging capacity in SMCs were compared in the two veins. Bas, Bcl-2, caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 messenger (m)RNA expression and protein content were detected by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS The microfilament structure of the framework was increased in SMCs in the VGSV group. Proliferation, migration, adhesion, and the aging cell count in SMCs in the VGSV group were significantly higher than the corresponding regions in the NGSV group (P < .05). Bas and caspase-3 mRNA expression and protein content were decreased, whereas Bcl-2 mRNA expression and protein content were increased in the VGSV group compared with the NGSV group (P < .05). MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 mRNA expression and protein content in the VGSV group were increased compared with the NGSV group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS SMCs derived from VGSVs are more dedifferentiated and demonstrate increased proliferative and synthetic capacity. These results suggest the presence of phenotypic and functional differences between SMCs derived from VGSVs and NGSVs. The phenotypic and functional abnormalities in SMCs may be associated with the pathogenesis in VGSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Xu
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Bei
- Graduate Division, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Graduate Division, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Haibo Chu
- Department of General Surgery, 89th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China.
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20
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Hulin-Curtis S, Williams H, Wadey KS, Sala-Newby GB, George SJ. Targeting Wnt/β-Catenin Activated Cells with Dominant-Negative N-cadherin to Reduce Neointima Formation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 5:191-199. [PMID: 28540322 PMCID: PMC5430493 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of coronary artery bypass grafts using the autologous saphenous vein fail within 10 years due to intimal thickening. This study examined whether a gene therapy approach that selectively kills Wnt/β-catenin/T cell factor (TCF) activated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) using dominant-negative N-cadherin (dn-N-cadherin) reduced intimal thickening. Cultured human VSMCs infected with an adenovirus (Ad) encoding dn-N-cadherin via the TCF promoter (Ad-TOP-dn-N-cadherin) specifically expressed dn-N-cadherin in response to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin/TCF pathway. Infection with Ad-TOP-dn-N-cadherin significantly increased VSMC apoptosis (3 ± 0.2% versus 9 ± 0.7%; p < 0.05, n = 6) and significantly inhibited VSMC migration by 83 ± 15% (p < 0.05, n = 6), but did not affect VSMC proliferation (p > 0.05, n = 5). In an ex vivo human saphenous vein organ culture model, luminal delivery of Ad-TOP-dn-N-cadherin significantly increased VSMC apoptosis after 7 days of culture (4 ± 1.4% versus 9 ± 1.6%; p < 0.01, n = 6) and suppressed intimal thickening by 75 ± 7% (p < 0.05, n = 5), without a detrimental effect on endothelial cell coverage. In vivo, Ad-TOP-dn-N-cadherin significantly reduced intimal thickening at day 21 (n = 10) in comparison to the Ad-β-galactosidase (Ad-β-gal) control virus (n = 12, p < 0.05) in the mouse carotid artery ligation model. In summary, we have developed a novel approach to selectively reduce intimal thickening, which may be beneficial in reducing late vein graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hulin-Curtis
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St., Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Helen Williams
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St., Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Kerry S Wadey
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St., Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Graciela B Sala-Newby
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St., Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Sarah J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St., Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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21
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Hoon JL, Tan MH, Koh CG. The Regulation of Cellular Responses to Mechanical Cues by Rho GTPases. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020017. [PMID: 27058559 PMCID: PMC4931666 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPases regulate many cellular signaling cascades that modulate cell motility, migration, morphology and cell division. A large body of work has now delineated the biochemical cues and pathways, which stimulate the GTPases and their downstream effectors. However, cells also respond exquisitely to biophysical and mechanical cues such as stiffness and topography of the extracellular matrix that profoundly influence cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. As these cellular responses are mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, an involvement of Rho GTPases in the transduction of such cues is not unexpected. In this review, we discuss an emerging role of Rho GTPase proteins in the regulation of the responses elicited by biophysical and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ling Hoon
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Mei Hua Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Cheng-Gee Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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22
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Lyon CA, Wadey KS, George SJ. Soluble N-cadherin: A novel inhibitor of VSMC proliferation and intimal thickening. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 78:53-62. [PMID: 26586312 PMCID: PMC4749540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reoccurrence of symptoms occurs in 30-50% of coronary artery disease patients receiving vein grafts or bare-metal stents due to intimal thickening (restenosis). Restenosis is caused by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation. New therapeutic approaches that reduce VSMC migration and proliferation while promoting endothelial cell (EC) coverage are required. We assessed the effect of a soluble form of N-cadherin (SNC-Fc, a fusion of the extracellular portion of N-Cadherin to a mutated Fc fragment of IgG), a cell-cell junction molecule, on human saphenous VSMC proliferation and migration in vitro. We also assessed its effect on intimal thickening in a validated human ex vivo organ culture model. We observed that SNC-Fc significantly inhibited VSMC proliferation and to a lesser extent migration. The anti-proliferative effect of SNC-Fc was mediated by the interaction of SNC-Fc with the FGFR, rather than through inhibition of β-catenin signalling. SNC-Fc also significantly reduced intimal thickening by ~85% in the ex vivo organ culture model. SNC-Fc treatment inhibited proliferation of the intimal cells but did not affect migration. SNC-Fc reduced EC apoptosis, without detrimental effects on EC proliferation and migration in vitro. Importantly SNC-Fc increased EC coverage in the ex vivo model of intimal thickening. In conclusion, we suggest that SNC-Fc may have potential as an anti-proliferative therapeutic agent for reducing restenosis which has no detrimental effects on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cressida A Lyon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Kerry S Wadey
- School of Clinical Sciences, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Sarah J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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Steucke KE, Tracy PV, Hald ES, Hall JL, Alford PW. Vascular smooth muscle cell functional contractility depends on extracellular mechanical properties. J Biomech 2015; 48:3044-51. [PMID: 26283412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells' primary function is to maintain vascular homeostasis through active contraction and relaxation. In diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, this function is inhibited concurrent to changes in the mechanical environment surrounding vascular smooth muscle cells. It is well established that cell function and extracellular mechanics are interconnected; variations in substrate modulus affect cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. To date, it is unknown how the evolving extracellular mechanical environment of vascular smooth muscle cells affects their contractile function. Here, we have built upon previous vascular muscular thin film technology to develop a variable-modulus vascular muscular thin film that measures vascular tissue functional contractility on substrates with a range of pathological and physiological moduli. Using this modified vascular muscular thin film, we found that vascular smooth muscle cells generated greater stress on substrates with higher moduli compared to substrates with lower moduli. We then measured protein markers typically thought to indicate a contractile phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cells and found that phenotype is unaffected by substrate modulus. These data suggest that mechanical properties of vascular smooth muscle cells' extracellular environment directly influence their functional behavior and do so without inducing phenotype switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerianne E Steucke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Paige V Tracy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Eric S Hald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jennifer L Hall
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Patrick W Alford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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24
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Mrozik KM, Cheong CM, Hewett D, Chow AWS, Blaschuk OW, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K. Therapeutic targeting of N-cadherin is an effective treatment for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:387-99. [PMID: 26194766 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin (cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal); CDH2) is associated with poor prognosis in newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. In this study, we investigated whether targeting of N-cadherin represents a potential treatment for the ~50% of MM patients with elevated N-cadherin. Initially, we stably knocked-down N-cadherin in the mouse MM plasma cell (PC) line 5TGM1 to assess the functional role of N-cadherin in MM pathogenesis. When compared with 5TGM1-scramble-shRNA cells, 5TGM1-Cdh2-shRNA cells had significantly reduced adhesion to bone marrow endothelial cells. However, N-cadherin knock-down did not affect 5TGM1 cell proliferation or adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells. In the C57BL/KaLwRij murine MM model, mice intravenously inoculated with 5TGM1-Cdh2-shRNA cells showed significantly decreased tumour burden after 4 weeks, compared with animals bearing 5TGM1-scramble-shRNA cells. Finally, the N-cadherin antagonist ADH-1 had no effect on tumour burden in the established disease setting, whereas up-front ADH-1 treatment resulted in significantly reduced tumour burden after 4 weeks. Our findings demonstrate that N-cadherin may play a key role in the extravasation of circulating MM PCs promoting bone marrow homing. Moreover, these studies suggest that N-cadherin may represent a viable therapeutic target to prevent the dissemination of MM PCs and delay MM disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Mrozik
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chee Man Cheong
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Duncan Hewett
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Annie W S Chow
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Orest W Blaschuk
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology and Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology and Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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25
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Eriksson L, Saxelin R, Röhl S, Roy J, Caidahl K, Nyström T, Hedin U, Razuvaev A. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Activation Does not Affect Re-Endothelialization but Reduces Intimal Hyperplasia via Direct Effects on Smooth Muscle Cells in a Nondiabetic Model of Arterial Injury. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:41-52. [PMID: 25966620 DOI: 10.1159/000381097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diabetic patients have an increased risk of restenosis and late stent thrombosis after angioplasty, i.e. complications that are related to a defective re-endothelialization. Exendin-4, a stable glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonist, has been suggested to influence the formation of intimal hyperplasia and to increase endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which treatment with exendin-4 could influence re-endothelialization and intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to balloon injury of the left common carotid artery and treated for 4 weeks with exendin-4 or vehicle. Intimal hyperplasia and vessel wall elasticity were monitored noninvasively by high-frequency ultrasound, and re-endothelialization was evaluated upon sacrifice using Evans blue dye. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Exendin-4 selectively reduced the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and intimal hyperplasia in vivo without affecting the re-endothelialization process, but treatment with exendin-4 improved arterial wall elasticity. Our data also show that exendin-4 significantly decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of SMCs in vitro, effects that appear to be mediated through cAMP signaling and endothelial nitric oxide synthase following GLP-1 receptor activation. Together, these effects of exendin-4 are highly desirable and may lead to an improved outcome for patients undergoing vascular interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Eriksson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Johnson JL. Emerging regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell function in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:452-60. [PMID: 25053639 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After a period of relative senescence in the field of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) research with particular regards to atherosclerosis, the last few years has witnessed a resurgence, with extensive research re-assessing potential molecular mechanisms and pathways that modulate VSMC behaviour within the atherosclerotic-prone vessel wall and the atherosclerotic plaque itself. Attention has focussed on the pathological contribution of VSMC in plaque calcification; systemic and local mediators such as inflammatory molecules and lipoproteins; autocrine and paracrine regulators which affect cell-cell and cell to matrix contacts alongside cytoskeletal changes. In this brief focused review, recent insights that have been gained into how a myriad of recently identified factors can influence the pathological behaviour of VSMC and their subsequent contribution to atherosclerotic plaque development and progression has been discussed. An overriding theme is the mechanisms involved in the alterations of VSMC function during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lee Johnson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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γ-Secretase inhibitor DAPT attenuates intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts by inhibition of Notch1 signaling. J Transl Med 2014; 94:654-62. [PMID: 24751889 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and high plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) are the major reasons for restenosis of vein grafts. N-[N-(3, 5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), specific inhibitor of γ-secretase, has been shown to regulate vSMC proliferation and differentiation through the Notch signaling pathway, but the pathophysiological importance of these findings in venous grafts has not yet been determined. A rat vein graft model was employed wherein the left jugular vein was surgically interposed into the left common carotid artery. Daily subcutaneous injections of DAPT or placebo (DMSO) were administered postoperatively (control animals received no treatment). We showed that DAPT can inhibit restenosis of vein grafts by inhibiting vSMC proliferation and increasing apoptosis in vivo. Notch1 signaling was highly active during the development of intima thickening. By blocking the Notch signaling pathway, the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT can significantly attenuated intima thickening. These changes in vein grafts coincided with enhanced binding of myocardin to the smooth muscle-specific protein SM22 and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain at the promoters of vSMC differentiation-specific genes. These studies showed that DAPT can restore the vSMC phenotype and inhibit vSMC proliferation through suppression of the Notch1 signaling pathway, and thus opens a new avenue for the treatment of restenosis in vein grafts.
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28
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Montenegro RC, de Vasconcellos MC, Barbosa GDS, Burbano RMR, Souza LGS, Lemos TLG, Costa-Lotufo LV, de Moraes MO. A novel o-naphtoquinone inhibits N-cadherin expression and blocks melanoma cell invasion via AKT signaling. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2076-83. [PMID: 23912027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The down-regulation or loss of epithelial markers is often accompanied by the up-regulation of mesenchymal markers. E-cadherin generally suppresses invasiveness, whereas N-cadherin promotes invasion and metastasis in vitro. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of biflorin, a naphthoquinone with proven anticancer properties, on the expression of N-cadherin and AKT proteins in MDA-MB-435 invasive melanoma cancer cells after 12h of exposure to 1, 2.5 and 5 μM biflorin. Biflorin inhibited MDA-MB-435 invasion in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). Likewise, biflorin down-regulated N-cadherin and AKT-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Biflorin did not inhibit the adhesion of MDA-MB-435 cells to any tested substrates. Additionally, biflorin blocked the invasiveness of cells by down-regulating N-cadherin, most likely via AKT-1 signaling. As such, biflorin may be a novel anticancer agent and a new prototype for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Carvalho Montenegro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01-Guamá, Belém/PA, Brazil.
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Grudzinska MK, Kurzejamska E, Hagemann N, Bojakowski K, Soin J, Lehmann MH, Reinecke H, Murry CE, Soderberg-Naucler C, Religa P. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-mediated migration of mesenchymal stem cells is a source of intimal hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1271-9. [PMID: 23599443 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intimal hyperplasia is considered to be a healing response and is a major cause of vessel narrowing after injury, where migration of vascular progenitor cells contributes to pathological events, including transplant arteriosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, we used a rat aortic-allograft model to identify the predominant cell types associated with transplant arteriosclerosis and to identify factors important in their recruitment into the graft. Transplantation of labeled adventitial tissues allowed us to identify the adventitia as a major source of cells migrating to the intima. RNA microarrays revealed a potential role for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), stromal cell-derived factor 1, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, and interferon-inducible protein 10 in the induced vasculopathy. MCP-1 induced migration of adventitial fibroblast cells. CCR2, the receptor for MCP-1, was coexpressed with CD90, CD44, NG2, or sca-1 on mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo experiments using MCP-1-deficient and CCR2-deficient mice confirmed an important role of MCP-1 in the formation of intimal hyperplasia in a mouse model of vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS The adventitia is a potentially important cellular source that contributes to intimal hyperplasia, and MCP-1 is a potent chemokine for the recruitment of adventitial vascular progenitor cells to intimal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika K Grudzinska
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Orozco-Sevilla V, Naftalovich R, Hoffmann T, London D, Czernizer E, Yang C, Dardik A, Dardik H. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a potent phytochemical inhibitor of intimal hyperplasia in the wire-injured carotid artery. J Vasc Surg 2013; 58:1360-5. [PMID: 23538007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a catechin gallate ester, is the major component of green tea and has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth as well as inhibit smooth muscle cell migration. We evaluated the effect of the phytochemicals resveratrol, allicin, sulforaphane (SFN), and EGCG on intimal hyperplasia in the carotid artery injury model. METHODS Intimal hyperplasia was induced in carotid arteries of adult Sprague-Dawley rats with a wire injury. Experimental animals received intraperitoneal injections of one of the four phytochemicals daily beginning 1 day prior to surgery and continued for up to 4 weeks. Control animals were administered saline. Carotid specimens were harvested at 2 weeks and subjected to quantitative image analysis. In addition, EGCG specimens were analyzed for cell proliferation, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Quantitative image analysis showed significant phytochemical suppression of intimal hyperplasia at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively with EGCG (62% decrease in intimal area). Significant decreases were also noted at 2 weeks for SFN (56%) and resveratrol (44%), whereas the decrease with allicin (24%) was not significant. Quantification of intimal hyperplasia by intima:media ratio showed similar results. Cell proliferation assay of specimens demonstrated suppression by EGCG. Immunohistochemical staining of EGCG-treated specimens showed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) suppression but not of the c-jun N-terminal kinase or p38 pathways. Western blot analysis confirmed reduced ERK activation in arteries treated with EGCG. CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal injection of the phytochemicals EGCG, SFN, resveratrol, and allicin have suppressive effects on the development of intimal hyperplasia in the carotid artery injury model, with maximal effect due to EGCG. The mechanism of EGCG action may be due to inhibition of ERK activation. EGCG may affect a common pathway underlying either neoplastic cellular growth or vascular smooth muscle cellular proliferation.
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Differential expression of Tie2 receptor and VEGFR2 by endothelial clones derived from isolated bovine mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53385. [PMID: 23300924 PMCID: PMC3534049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate the expression of endothelial markers, such as Tie2 and VEGFR2 in endothelial cells derived from blood mononuclear endothelial progenitor cells. Bovine mononuclear cells were isolated using separation by centrifugation and were grown in endothelial specific media supplemented with growth factors. Isolation of the whole cell population of mononuclear cells (MNC) from bovine peripheral blood gave rise to progenitor-like cells (CD45−) that, although morphologically similar, have different phenotypes revealed by expression of endothelial specific markers Tie2 and VEGFR2. Plating of MNCs on collagen and fibronectin gave rise to more colonies than non-coated dishes. Occasional colonies from MNC isolations had a mural cell phenotype, negative for Tie2 and VEGFR2 but positive for smooth muscle actin and PDGFRβ. Although cells expressing high levels of VEGFR2 and low levels of Tie2, and vice versa were both able to form cords on Matrigel, cells with higher expression of Tie2 migrate faster in a scratch assay than ones with lower expression of Tie2. When these different clones of cells were introduced in mice through tail vein injections, they retained an ability to home to angiogenesis occurring in a subcutaneous Matrigel plug, regardless of their Tie2/VEGFR2 receptor expression patterns, but cells with high VEGFR2/low Tie2 were more likely to be CD31 positive. Therefore, we suggest that active sites of angiogenesis (such as wounds, tumors, etc.) can attract a variety of endothelial cell precursors that may differentially express Tie2 and VEGFR2 receptors, and thus affect our interpretation of EPCs as biomarkers or therapies for vascular disease.
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Discovery and development of N-cadherin antagonists. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:309-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jagadeesha DK, Takapoo M, Banfi B, Bhalla RC, Miller FJ. Nox1 transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor promotes N-cadherin shedding and smooth muscle cell migration. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:406-13. [PMID: 22102727 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In atherosclerosis and restenosis, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate into the subendothelial space and proliferate, contributing to neointimal formation. The goal of this study was to define the signalling pathway by which Nox1 NAPDH oxidase mediates SMC migration. METHODS AND RESULTS SMCs were cultured from thoracic aorta from Nox1(-/y) (Nox1 knockout, KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. In response to thrombin, WT but not Nox1 KO SMCs generated increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Deficiency of Nox1 prevented thrombin-induced phosphorylation of Src and the subsequent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at multiple tyrosine residues. Next, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) by thrombin was inhibited by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and in Nox1 KO SMCs. Thrombin-induced shedding of N-cadherin from the plasma membrane was dependent on the presence of Nox1 and was blocked by AG1478 and an inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Migration of SMCs to thrombin was impaired in the Nox1 KO SMCs and was restored by expression of Nox1. Finally, treatment of WT SMCs with AG1478 abrogated Nox1-dependent SMC migration. CONCLUSIONS The Nox1 NADPH oxidase signals through EGFR to activate MMP-9 and promote the shedding of N-cadherin, thereby contributing to SMC migration.
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Yoshida S, Nabzdyk CS, Pradhan L, LoGerfo FW. Thrombospondin-2 gene silencing in human aortic smooth muscle cells improves cell attachment. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 213:668-76. [PMID: 21840228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite decades of research, anastomotic intimal hyperplasia remains a major cause of delayed prosthetic arterial graft failure. Previously, we reported profound upregulation of thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) mRNA in neointimal smooth muscle cells after prosthetic arterial bypass graft placement. TSP-2 is an antiangiogenic matricellular protein with specific functions yet unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that inhibition of TSP-2 in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) would reduce cell proliferation and migration in vitro, providing a therapeutic target to mitigate intimal hyperplasia. STUDY DESIGN HAoSMCs were transfected with TSP-2 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) using a commercial transfection reagent. Gene silencing was evaluated using semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. ELISA was used to measure TSP-2 protein levels in cell culture supernatants. Cell migration and proliferation were assessed using scratch wound assays and alamar blue assays, respectively. Attachment assays were performed to assess the effect of TSP-2 silencing on HAoSMC adhesion to fibronectin. RESULTS TSP-2 siRNA achieved consistent target gene silencing at 48 hours post-transfection in HAoSMCs. This single transfection allowed suppression of TSP-2 protein expression for more than 30 days. TSP-2 gene silencing did not affect HAoSMC migration or proliferation. MMP-2 levels were also unaffected by changes in TSP-2 protein levels. However, HAoSMC attachment to fibronectin improved significantly in cells treated with TSP-2 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS siRNA-mediated TSP-2 silencing of human aortic HAoSMCs improved cell attachment but had no effect on cell migration or proliferation. The effect on cell attachment was unrelated to changes in MMP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yoshida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Nuessle JM, Giehl K, Herzog R, Stracke S, Menke A. TGFβ1 suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell motility by expression of N-cadherin. Biol Chem 2011; 392:461-74. [PMID: 21375457 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal formation in atheromatous blood vessels is associated with both growth factor-induced differentiation of smooth muscle cells and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-signaling is well known to play a critical role in the regulation of vessel remodeling as well as in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Here, we investigated the role of TGFβ1 and N-cadherin on the differentiation and migration of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). TGFβ1-treatment of cultured VSMC reduced their migratory activity as determined in cell migration assays. This reduced migration correlated with increased concentration of N-cadherin on mRNA and protein level. The TGFβ1-induced increase of N-cadherin was sensitive against pharmacological inhibition of the ALK5 TGFβ receptor and was accompanied by TGFβ1-induced expression of the transcription factor snail1. Activation of N-cadherin by using a HAV-containing peptide of N-cadherin also decreased the migration of VSMC. N-cadherin-mediated suppression of VSMC migration was associated with an increased activity of RhoA, which is activated by binding of the HAV peptide to N-cadherin. Our results demonstrate that TGFβ1 induces the differentiation of primary VSMC cells by Smad2/3-dependent up-regulation of the transcription factor snail1 and subsequently of N-cadherin, leading to inhibition of VSMC migration by RhoA-dependent modulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Nuessle
- Internal Medicine I, Nephrology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Germany
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