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Chen J, Zhao H, Liu M, Chen L. A new perspective on the autophagic and non-autophagic functions of the GABARAP protein family: a potential therapeutic target for human diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1415-1441. [PMID: 37440122 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian autophagy-related protein Atg8, including the LC3 subfamily and GABARAP subfamily. Atg8 proteins play a vital role in autophagy initiation, autophagosome formation and transport, and autophagy-lysosome fusion. GABARAP subfamily proteins (GABARAPs) share a high degree of homology with LC3 family proteins, and their unique roles are often overlooked. GABARAPs are as indispensable as LC3 in autophagy. Deletion of GABARAPs fails autophagy flux induction and autophagy lysosomal fusion, which leads to the failure of autophagy. GABARAPs are also involved in the transport of selective autophagy receptors. They are engaged in various particular autophagy processes, including mitochondrial autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, Golgi autophagy, centrosome autophagy, and dorphagy. Furthermore, GABARAPs are closely related to the transport and delivery of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-GABAA and the angiotensin II AT1 receptor (AT1R), tumor growth, metastasis, and prognosis. GABARAPs also have been confirmed to be involved in various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. In order to better understand the role and therapeutic potential of GABARAPs, this article comprehensively reviews the autophagic and non-autophagic functions of GABARAPs, as well as the research progress of the role and mechanism of GABARAPs in cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. It emphasizes the significance of GABARAPs in the clinical prevention and treatment of diseases, and may provide new therapeutic ideas and targets for human diseases. GABARAP and GABARAPL1 in the serum of cancer patients are positively correlated with the prognosis of patients, which can be used as a clinical biomarker, predictor and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yan'nan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, No. 245, Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Yan'nan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, No. 245, Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Meiqing Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yan'nan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, No. 245, Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Nishijima T, Fujita S, Harada T, Uchiyama H, Matsuda K, Mitsuo H, Ushijima T, Kan-O M, Shinohara G, Kimura S, Oishi Y, Sonoda H, Shiose A. Necrostatin-1 Attenuates Delayed Paraplegia after Transient Spinal Cord Ischemia in Rabbits by Inhibiting the Upregulation of Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 and 3. Ann Vasc Surg 2023; 96:382-392. [PMID: 37244481 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed-onset paraplegia is a disastrous complication after thoracoabdominal aortic open surgery and thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Studies have revealed that transient spinal cord ischemia caused by temporary occlusion of the aorta induces delayed motor neuron death owing to apoptosis and necroptosis. Recently, necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a necroptosis inhibitor, has been reported to reduce cerebral and myocardial infarction in rats or pigs. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Nec-1 in delayed paraplegia after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits and assessed the expression of necroptosis- and apoptosis-related proteins in motor neurons. METHODS This study used rabbit transient spinal cord ischemia models using a balloon catheter. They were divided into a vehicle-treated group (n = 24), Nec-1-treated group (n = 24), and sham-controls (n = 6). In the Nec-1-treated group, 1 mg/kg of Nec-1 was intravascularly administered immediately before ischemia induction. Neurological function was assessed using the modified Tarlov score, and the spinal cord was removed 8 hr and 1, 2, and 7 days after reperfusion. Morphological changes were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression levels of necroptosis-related proteins (receptor-interacting protein kinase [RIP] 1 and 3) and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and caspase-8) were assessed using western blotting and histochemical analysis. We also performed double-fluorescence immunohistochemical studies of RIP1, RIP3, Bax, and caspase-8. RESULTS Neurological function significantly improved in the Nec-1-treated group compared with that in the vehicle-treated group 7 days after reperfusion (median 3 and 0, P = 0.025). Motor neurons observed 7 days after reperfusion were significantly decreased in both groups compared with the sham group (vehicle-treated, P < 0.001; Nec-1-treated, P < 0.001). However, significantly more motor neurons survived in the Nec-1-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group (P < 0.001). Western blot analysis revealed RIP1, RIP3, Bax, and caspase-8 upregulation 8 hr after reperfusion in the vehicle-treated group (RIP1, P = 0.001; RIP3, P = 0.045; Bax, P = 0.042; caspase-8, P = 0.047). In the Nec-1-treated group, the upregulation of RIP1 and RIP3 was not observed at any time point, whereas that of Bax and caspase-8 was observed 8 hr after reperfusion (Bax, P = 0.029; caspase-8, P = 0.021). Immunohistochemical study revealed the immunoreactivity of these proteins in motor neurons. Double-fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed the induction of RIP1 and RIP3, and that of Bax and caspase-8, in the same motor neurons. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Nec-1 reduces delayed motor neuron death and attenuates delayed paraplegia after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits by selectively inhibiting necroptosis of motor neurons with minimal effect on their apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nishijima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeaki Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Uchiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensaku Matsuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitsuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ushijima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Meikun Kan-O
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gen Shinohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Oishi
- Advanced Aortic Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sonoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Shiose
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Guo M, Xu J, Wang S, Dong B. Asiaticoside reduces autophagy and improves memory in a rat model of dementia through mTOR signaling pathway regulation. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:645. [PMID: 34278477 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is one of the leading causes of neurological disorder following Alzheimer's disease. The present study evaluated the possible role of asiaticoside in the treatment of rats with VD and its inhibitory effects on autophagy in hippocampal tissues. Double ligation was used for permanent occlusion of the arteries, and spatial memory was assessed using the T‑maze test. Western blotting was used for determination of protein expression levels and H&E staining for histological analysis. Treatment of rats with VD with asiaticoside significantly alleviated the impairment in spontaneously altered behaviors and significantly reduced escape latency. VD mediated a decrease in distance travelled, swim time and number of platform crossings, whereas this was alleviated by asiaticoside. Furthermore, VD‑mediated hippocampal tissue damage was significantly alleviated by asiaticoside treatment (P<0.05), and asiaticoside alleviated formation of autophagosomes and markedly suppressed the number of primary lysosomes. In asiaticoside‑treated rats, VD‑mediated increases in Beclin 1 and microtubule‑associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) II expression in the hippocampal tissues were alleviated. Asiaticoside treatment also prevented suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in VD rat hippocampal tissues. Notably, the rapamycin‑mediated suppression of phosphorylated‑mTOR, and elevation of Beclin 1 and LC3II expression in the rat hippocampus could not be alleviated by asiaticoside treatment. In conclusion, asiaticoside effectively prevented cerebral ischemia‑mediated cognitive impairment and neuronal damage in the rats. Moreover, autophagy was inhibited and the mTOR pathway was activated in rats with cerebral ischemia by asiaticoside treatment. Therefore, asiaticoside may warrant further study as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jianmeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongying District People's Hospital of Dongying City, Dongying, Shandong 257000, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying District People's Hospital of Dongying City, Dongying, Shandong 257000, P.R. China
| | - Baohua Dong
- Department of Neurology, Dongying District People's Hospital of Dongying City, Dongying, Shandong 257000, P.R. China
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Zhu S, Ying Y, Ye J, Chen M, Wu Q, Dou H, Ni W, Xu H, Xu J. AAV2-mediated and hypoxia response element-directed expression of bFGF in neural stem cells showed therapeutic effects on spinal cord injury in rats. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:274. [PMID: 33723238 PMCID: PMC7960741 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSCs) transplantation has been one of the hot topics in the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is considered a promising nerve injury therapy after SCI. However, owing to a hostile hypoxia condition in SCI, there remains a challenging issue in implementing these tactics to repair SCI. In this report, we used adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2), a prototype AAV used in clinical trials for human neuron disorders, basic FGF (bFGF) gene under the regulation of hypoxia response element (HRE) was constructed and transduced into NSCs to yield AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs. Our results showed that its treatment yielded temporally increased expression of bFGF in SCI, and improved scores of functional recovery after SCI compared to vehicle control (AAV2-5HRE-NSCs) based on the analyses of the inclined plane test, Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale and footprint analysis. Mechanistic studies showed that AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment increased the expression of neuron-specific neuronal nuclei protein (NeuN), neuromodulin GAP43, and neurofilament protein NF200 while decreased the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as compared to the control group. Further, the expressions of autophagy-associated proteins LC3-II and Beclin 1 were decreased, whereas the expression of P62 protein was increased in AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment group. Taken together, our data indicate that AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment improved the recovery of SCI rats, which is accompanied by evidence of nerve regeneration, and inhibition of SCI-induced glial scar formation and cell autophagy. Thus, this study represents a step forward towards the potential use of AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs for future clinical trials of SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haicheng Dou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Motomatsu Y, Sakurai M, Onitsuka H, Abe K, Shiose A. Hypothermia Inhibits the Expression of Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases 1 and 3 After Transient Spinal Cord Ischaemia in Rabbits. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2020; 59:824-833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chen S, Tian R, Luo D, Xiao Z, Li H, Lin D. Time-Course Changes and Role of Autophagy in Primary Spinal Motor Neurons Subjected to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation: Insights Into Autophagy Changes in a Cellular Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:38. [PMID: 32265654 PMCID: PMC7098962 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia is a severe clinical complication induced by thoracoabdominal aortic surgery, severe trauma, or compression to the spinal column. As one of the most important functional cells in the spinal cord, spinal motor neurons (SMNs) suffer most during the process since they are vulnerable to ischemic injury due to high demands of energy. Previous researches have tried various animal models or organotypic tissue experiments to mimic the process and get to know the pathogenesis and mechanism. However, little work has been performed on the cellular model of spinal cord ischemia, which has been hampered by the inability to obtain a sufficient number of pure primary SMNs for in vitro study. By optimizing the isolation and culture of SMNs, our laboratory has developed an improved culture system of primary SMNs, which allows cellular models and thus mechanism studies. In the present study, by establishing an in vitro model of spinal cord ischemia, we intended to observe the dynamic time-course changes of SMNs and investigate the role of autophagy in SMNs during the process. It was found that oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) resulted in destruction of neural networks and decreased cell viability of primary SMNs, and the severity increased with the prolonging of the OGD time. The OGD treatment enhanced autophagy, which reached a peak at 5 h. Further investigation demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy exacerbated the injury, evidencing that autophagy plays a protective role during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingkun Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Tian A, Ma X, Li H, Zhang R. Dl-3n-butylphthalide improves spatial learning and memory in rats with vascular dementia by reducing autophagy via regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1940-1946. [PMID: 32104252 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dl-3n-butylphthalide (NBP) has been reported to be a beneficial and promising drug for the treatment and prevention of vascular dementia (VD). NBP has been demonstrated to improve learning and memory in rats with vascular cognitive impairment by activating the silent information regulator 1/brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway. However, NBP is a multi-target drug. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether the protective effects of NBP on learning deficits in a rat model of VD were due to the inhibition of autophagy via the phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) pathway. NBP treatment attenuated memory damage in rats with VD, as demonstrated by T-maze and Morris water maze tests. NBP administration also significantly reduced the levels of the characteristic autophagic proteins Beclin 1 and LC3II and upregulated phosphorylation levels of mTOR at Ser-2448 compared with the VD group. However, treatment of rats with VD with NBP plus the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin failed to significantly suppress Beclin 1 and LC3II expression. These results suggested that the beneficial effects of NBP on learning deficits in a rat model of VD were due to the suppression of ischemia-induced autophagy via the p-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayong Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochuan Ma
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, The Third Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rongwei Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Yin J, Yin Z, Wang B, Zhu C, Sun C, Liu X, Gong G. Angiopoietin-1 Protects Spinal Cord Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy in Rats. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2746-2754. [PMID: 31630316 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia and reperfusion (SCIR) injury can induce autophagy, which is involved in the survival of neurons. However, whether autophagy plays a neuroprotective or a detrimental role in SCIR injury remains controversial. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), an endothelial growth factor, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects. The present study aimed to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of Ang-1 in neuronal cells in a rat model of SCIR injury in vivo. Ang-1 protein and rapamycin were injected intrathecally. Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to assess the degree of SCIR injury. Proteins that reflected the level of autophagy expression, such as Beclin-1 and LC3, were evaluated by western blotting. The results indicated that SCIR injury resulted in loss in lower limb motor function. Ang-1 protein inhibited the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3, which improved the BBB score and alleviated spinal cord injury. In contrast, rapamycin, an autophagy activator, caused the opposite effect. This study provides evidence that Ang-1 plays a neuroprotective role by inhibiting of autophagy expression in SCIR injury. Overall, findings could be useful for the treatment of SCIR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ge Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 211002, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Kilic M, Kilic B, Aydin MD, Yilmaz I, Yilmaz A, Yilmaz F, Kurt A, Nuri Kocak M. The casual association of cervical spinal cord ischemia and axonal degeneration in second motor neuron following subarachnoid hemorrhage: Experimental study. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 66:235-238. [PMID: 31153749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Muscle abnormalities after spinal cord ischemia caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have not been explored for degenerative variations in the soma of second motor neurons of the spinal cord gray matter. This study aimed to investigate histopathological alterations in the gray matter and the role of peripheral nerves in SAH. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-two rabbits were allocated in the control (Group I, n = 5), SHAM (Group II, n = 5), and research (Group III, n = 12) groups. Muscle weakness of the upper extremities innervated by radial nerves was evaluated at the initial day, and outcomes were recorded as control data. Re-measurements were done after injecting 0.5 ml of SF for SHAM and autolog artery blood inside craniocervical subarachnoid space for the study group. After 3 weeks, radial nerve roots, their ganglia, and segments of the spinal cord around C5-6 root entry zones were extracted bilaterally. Degenerated second motor neuron somas and the degenerated radial nerve motor axons at the intervertebral foramen were assessed. RESULTS The average degenerated soma intensity/mm3 at the C5-6 levels in the spinal cord was 2 ± 1/mm3, 13 ± 4/mm3, and 56 ± 10/mm3 for Groups I, II, and Group III. The average degenerated axon intensity of radial nerves was 3 ± 1/mm2, 34 ± 9/mm2, and 234 ± 78/mm2 for Groups I, II, and III. CONCLUSION Gray matter ischemia in the spinal cord may lead to axonal deterioration on equal levels at the peripheral nerves with advanced SAH. Detected or undetected spinal SAH should be considered an important factor on the etiology of second motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kilic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kocaeli Derince Education and Research Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dumlu Aydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Ilhan Yilmaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adem Yilmaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Figen Yilmaz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Kurt
- Department of Pathology, Erzurum Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Kocak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Wang J, Wu D, Wang H. Hydrogen sulfide plays an important protective role by influencing autophagy in diseases. Physiol Res 2019; 68:335-345. [PMID: 30904008 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can regulate cell growth, proliferation, and stability of cell environment. Its dysfunction can be involved in a variety of diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies indicate that H(2)S plays an important protective role in many diseases through influencing autophagy, but its mechanism is not fully understood. This article reviewed the progress about the effect of H(2)S on autophagy in diseases in recent years in order to provide theoretical basis for the further research on the interaction of H(2)S and autophagy and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
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Unpublished Neuropathologic Mechanism Behind the Muscle Weakness/Paralysis and Gait Disturbances Induced by Sciatic Nerve Degeneration After Spinal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Experimental Study. World Neurosurg 2018; 119:e1029-e1034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Autophagic Neuronal Cell Death by Reducing Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8640284. [PMID: 28685010 PMCID: PMC5480044 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8640284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is upregulated in spinal cord ischemia reperfusion (SCIR) injury; however, its expression mechanism is largely unknown; moreover, whether autophagy plays a neuroprotective or neurodegenerative role in SCIR injury remains controversial. To explore these issues, we created an SCIR injury rat model via aortic arch occlusion. Compared with normal controls, autophagic cell death was upregulated in neurons after SCIR injury. We found that autophagy promoted neuronal cell death during SCIR, shown by a significant number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling- (TUNEL-) positive cells colabeled with the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, while the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells and restored neurological and motor function. Additionally, we showed that oxidative stress was the main trigger of autophagic neuronal cell death after SCIR injury and N-acetylcysteine inhibited autophagic cell death and restored neurological and motor function in SCIR injury. Finally, we found that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inhibited autophagic cell death significantly by reducing oxidative stress in SCIR injury via the AKT-the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. These findings reveal that oxidative stress induces autophagic cell death and that H2S plays a neuroprotective role by reducing oxidative stress in SCIR.
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Kanda K, Adachi O, Kawatsu S, Sakatsume K, Kumagai K, Kawamoto S, Saiki Y. Oxygenation of the cerebrospinal fluid with artificial cerebrospinal fluid can ameliorate a spinal cord ischemic injury in a rabbit model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152:1401-1409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li Y, Luo Y, Luo T, Lu B, Wang C, Zhang Y, Piao M, Feng C, Ge P. Trehalose Inhibits Protein Aggregation Caused by Transient Ischemic Insults Through Preservation of Proteasome Activity, Not via Induction of Autophagy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6857-6869. [PMID: 27771898 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation has been proved to be a pathological basis accounting for neuronal death caused by either transient global ischemia or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), and inhibition of protein aggregation is emerging as a potential strategy of preventing brain damage. Trehalose was found to inhibit protein aggregation caused by neurodegenerative diseases via induction of autophagy, whereas its effect is still elusive on ischemia-induced protein aggregation. In this study, we investigated this issue by using rat model of transient global ischemia and SH-SY5Y model of OGD. We found that pretreatment with trehalose inhibited transient global ischemia-induced neuronal death in the hippocampus CA1 neurons and OGD-induced death in SH-SY5Y cells, which was associated with inhibition of the formation of ubiquitin-labeled protein aggregates and preservation of proteasome activity. In vitro study showed that the protection of trehalose against OGD-induced cell death and protein aggregation in SH-SY5Y cells was reversed when proteasome activity was inhibited by MG-132. Further studies revealed that trehalose prevented OGD-induced reduction of proteasome activity via suppression of both oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Particularly, our results showed that trehalose inhibited OGD-induced autophagy. Therefore, we demonstrated that proteasome dysfunction contributed to protein aggregation caused by ischemic insults and trehalose prevented protein aggregation via preservation of proteasome activity, not via induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianfei Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Research Center of Neuroscience, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Emergent Medicine, People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Meihua Piao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chunsheng Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China. .,Research Center of Neuroscience, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Fang B, Li XQ, Bao NR, Tan WF, Chen FS, Pi XL, Zhang Y, Ma H. Role of autophagy in the bimodal stage after spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 328:107-16. [PMID: 27109922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in spinal cord ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, but its neuroprotective or neurodegenerative role remains controversial. The extent and persistence of autophagy activation may be the critical factor to explain the opposing effects. In this study, the different roles and action mechanisms of autophagy in the early and later stages after I/R injury were investigated in rats. Thespinal cord I/R injury was induced by 14-min occlusion of the aortic arch, after which rats were treated with autophagic inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA) or agonist (rapamycin) immediately or 48h following the injury. Autophagy markers, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and Beclin 1 increased and peaked at the early stage (8h) and the later stage (72h) after spinal cord I/R injury. Beclin 1 was mostly expressed in neurons, but was also expressed to an extent in astrocytes, microglia and vascular endothelial cells. 8h after injury, rats treated with 3-MA showed a decrease in the hind-limb Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor function scores, surviving motor neurons, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression, and increase in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, and activation of microglia, while those treated with rapamycin showed opposing effects. However, 72h after injury, rats treated with 3-MA improved the BBB scores, and the surviving motor neurons, and reduced the autophagic cell death, while those treated with rapamycin had adverse effects. These findings provide the first evidence that early activated autophagy alleviates spinal cord I/R injury via inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation; however later excessively elevated autophagy aggravates I/R injury through inducing autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Na-Ren Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Wen-Fei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Feng-Shou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Li Pi
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street, No. 155, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
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Guo Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Wang L, Gao J, Han A, Hao A. G-CSF promotes autophagy and reduces neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury in mice. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1439-49. [PMID: 26524416 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was investigated for its capacity to induce autophagy and related neuroprotective mechanisms in an acute spinal cord injury model. To accomplish this goal, we established a mouse spinal cord hemisection model to test the effects of recombinant human G-CSF. The results showed that autophagy was activated after spinal cord injury and G-CSF appears to induce a more rapid activation of autophagy within injured spinal cords as compared with that of non-treated animals. Apoptosis as induced in mechanically injured neurons with G-CSF treatment was enhanced after inhibiting autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), which partially blocked the neuroprotective effect of autophagy as induced by G-CSF. In addition, G-CSF inhibited the activity of the NF-κB signal pathway in neurons after mechanical injury. We conclude that G-CSF promotes autophagy by inhibiting the NF-κB signal pathway and protects neuronal structure after spinal cord injury. We therefore suggest that G-CSF, which rapidly induces autophagy after spinal cord injury to inhibit neuronal apoptosis, may thus provide an effective auxiliary therapeutic intervention for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shangming Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aiqing Han
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Children Health Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, China
| | - Aijun Hao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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Inhibition of autophagy via activation of PI3K/Akt pathway contributes to the protection of ginsenoside Rb1 against neuronal death caused by ischemic insults. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15426-42. [PMID: 25257523 PMCID: PMC4200757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lethal autophagy is a pathway leading to neuronal death caused by transient global ischemia. In this study, we examined the effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) on ischemia/reperfusion-induced autophagic neuronal death and investigated the role of PI3K/Akt. Ischemic neuronal death in vitro was induced by using oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in SH-SY5Y cells, and transient global ischemia was produced by using two vessels occlusion in rats. Cellular viability of SH-SY5Y cells was assessed by MTT assay, and CA1 neuronal death was evaluated by Hematoxylin-eosin staining. Autophagic vacuoles were detected by using both fluorescent microscopy in combination with acridine orange (AO) and Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining and transmission electronic microscopy. Protein levels of LC3II, Beclin1, total Akt and phosphor-Akt at Ser473 were examined by western blotting analysis. GRb1 inhibited both OGD and transient ischemia-induced neuronal death and mitigated OGD-induced autophagic vacuoles in SH-SY5Y cells. By contrast, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 counteracted the protection of GRb1 against neuronal death caused by either OGD or transient ischemia. LY294002 not only mitigated the up-regulated protein level of phosphor Akt at Ser473 caused by GRb1, but also reversed the inhibitory effect of GRb1 on OGD and transient ischemia-induced elevation in protein levels of LC3II and Beclin1.
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