Wang M, Lu X, Han L, Diaz JA, Raju S, Kassab GS. Venous thromboembolism swine model with reflux-induced venous hypertension.
JVS Vasc Sci 2024;
5:100200. [PMID:
38766270 PMCID:
PMC11101933 DOI:
10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100200]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective
This study describes a novel swine model of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with reflux-induced venous hypertension.
Methods
Six pigs underwent disruption of the tricuspid chordae tendineae to create reflux and venous hypertension in the femoral vein. The vein was traumatized 2 to 3 weeks later by repeated withdrawal of a slightly overinflated occlusion balloon across the lumen, followed by balloon occlusion of the outflow. A small amount of thrombin was injected into the traumatized vein segment immediately after outflow occlusion. Thrombosis of the traumatized vein evolved into an organized thrombus seven weeks later. The histological features of the harvested post-thrombotic femoral vein were studied with hematoxylin and eosin and Trichrome stains.
Results
In all six pigs, initial disruption of the chordae tendineae was successfully performed to create tricuspid reflux and venous hypertension. After two-stage sequential procedures, a thrombus formed in the target femoral vein segment. Histology of the harvested thrombotic vein showed features of an organizing thrombus with collagen formation and fibrosis.
Conclusions
The novel swine VTE model may serve as a platform for developing and testing human-sized therapeutic procedures and devices in translational venous research.
Clinical Relevance
This study describes a swine model of VTE created by incorporating all three elements of Virchow's triad. The model uniquely incorporates reflux-induced venous hypertension, which may be used in studying venous insufficiency and VTE in those with systemic venous hypertension. Likewise, this model may serve as a platform for development and evaluation of diagnostic imaging or therapeutic procedures and devices in subjects with systemic venous hypertension.
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