1
|
Hendriks SH, Heidt S, Krop J, IJsselsteijn ME, Eggermont J, Kers J, Reinders ME, Koning F, van Kooten C. IDO + Endothelial Cells in Glomeruli of Kidney Transplantation Patients With Glomerulitis. Transplant Direct 2024; 10:e1674. [PMID: 38988690 PMCID: PMC11230740 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, long-term graft survival remains a challenge. The enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects with IDO transcripts being elevated in both antibody-mediated rejection and T cell-mediated rejection. Methods A metal-conjugated antibody panel for the staining of kidney biopsies was developed, allowing the visualization of 41 structural and immune markers on a single tissue slide to gain in-depth insight into the composition and localization of the immune cell compartment. Staining was applied to week 4 and 24 protocol biopsies of 49 patients as well as on 15 indication biopsies of the TRITON study and 4 additional transplantation biopsies with glomerulitis. Results A highly distinctive and specific glomerular IDO expression was observed in biopsies from 3 of 49 patients in imaging mass cytometry. Immunohistochemistry confirmed IDO expression in glomeruli of 10 of 10 cases with glomerulitis. IDO was found to be expressed by CD31+ glomerular endothelial cells, accompanied by the presence of granzyme-B+Tbet+CD7+CD45RA+ natural killer cells and CD68+ macrophages. Furthermore, a proportion of both the immune cells and endothelial cells expressed Ki-67, indicative of cell proliferation, which was not observed in control glomeruli. Conclusions Our results show glomerular IDO expression in transplanted kidneys with glomerulitis, which is accompanied by increased numbers of natural killer cells and macrophages and likely reflects local immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne H. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juliette Krop
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke E. IJsselsteijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Eggermont
- Department of LKEB Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper Kers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies E.J. Reinders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ye H, Zou X, Fang X. Advancing cell-based therapy in sepsis: An anesthesia outlook. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:1522-1534. [PMID: 38708689 PMCID: PMC11230747 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis poses a health challenge globally owing to markedly high rates of morbidity and mortality. Despite employing bundle therapy over two decades, approaches including transient organ supportive therapy and clinical trials focusing on signaling pathways have failed in effectively reversing multiple organ failure in patients with sepsis. Prompt and appropriate perioperative management for surgical patients with concurrent sepsis is urgent. Consequently, innovative therapies focusing on remedying organ injuries are necessitated. Cell therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic avenue for repairing local damage to vital organs and restoring homeostasis during perioperative treatment for sepsis. Given the pivotal role of immune cell responses in the pathogenesis of sepsis, stem cell-based interventions that primarily modulate immune responses by interacting with multiple immune cells have progressed into clinical trials. The strides made in single-cell sequencing and gene-editing technologies have advanced the understanding of disease-specific immune responses in sepsis. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-immune cell therapy offers an intriguing option for the treatment of sepsis. This review provides a concise overview of immune cell therapy, its current status, and the strides made in the context of sepsis research, discussing potential strategies for the management of patients with sepsis during perioperative stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zou
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Xiangming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang C, Yun D, Yoon H, Hong M, Hwang J, Shin HM, Park S, Cheon S, Han D, Moon KC, Kim HY, Choi EY, Lee EY, Kim MH, Jeong CW, Kwak C, Kim DK, Oh KH, Joo KW, Lee DS, Kim YS, Han SS. Glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS1) drives tubulointerstitial nephritis-induced fibrosis by enhancing T cell proliferation and activity. Kidney Int 2024; 105:997-1019. [PMID: 38320721 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Toxin- and drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), characterized by interstitial infiltration of immune cells, frequently necessitates dialysis for patients due to irreversible fibrosis. However, agents modulating interstitial immune cells are lacking. Here, we addressed whether the housekeeping enzyme glutamyl-prolyl-transfer RNA synthetase 1 (EPRS1), responsible for attaching glutamic acid and proline to transfer RNA, modulates immune cell activity during TIN and whether its pharmacological inhibition abrogates fibrotic transformation. The immunological feature following TIN induction by means of an adenine-mixed diet was infiltration of EPRS1high T cells, particularly proliferating T and γδ T cells. The proliferation capacity of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, along with interleukin-17 production of γδ T cells, was higher in the kidneys of TIN-induced Eprs1+/+ mice than in the kidneys of TIN-induced Eprs1+/- mice. This discrepancy contributed to the fibrotic amelioration observed in kidneys of Eprs1+/- mice. TIN-induced fibrosis was also reduced in Rag1-/- mice adoptively transferred with Eprs1+/- T cells compared to the Rag1-/- mice transferred with Eprs1+/+ T cells. The use of an EPRS1-targeting small molecule inhibitor (bersiporocin) under clinical trials to evaluate its therapeutic potential against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis alleviated immunofibrotic aggravation in TIN. EPRS1 expression was also observed in human kidney tissues and blood-derived T cells, and high expression was associated with worse patient outcomes. Thus, EPRS1 may emerge as a therapeutic target in toxin- and drug-induced TIN, modulating the proliferation and activity of infiltrated T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaelin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghwan Yun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haein Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minki Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhyeon Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokwoo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongmin Cheon
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Wook Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwon Wook Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Seok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li S, Wang G, Ren Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Li J, Liu H, Yang J, Xing J, Zhang Y, He C, Xu S, Hou X, Li N. Expression and function of VISTA on myeloid cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116100. [PMID: 38428824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
V-domain containing Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) is predominantly expressed on myeloid cells and functions as a ligand/receptor/soluble molecule. In inflammatory responses and immune responses, VISTA regulates multiple functions of myeloid cells, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, T cell activation. Since inflammation and immune responses are critical in many diseases, VISTA is a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we will describe the expression and function of VISTA on different myeloid cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In addition, we will discuss whether the functions of VISTA on these cells impact the disease processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Geng Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yan Ren
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Jianing Li
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Hua Liu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Yang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Jingjun Xing
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Canxia He
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Suling Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Xin Hou
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Na Li
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maryam B, Smith ME, Miller SJ, Natarajan H, Zimmerman KA. Macrophage Ontogeny, Phenotype, and Function in Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Injury and Repair. KIDNEY360 2024; 5:459-470. [PMID: 38297436 PMCID: PMC11000738 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
AKI is characterized by a sudden, and usually reversible, decline in kidney function. In mice, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is commonly used to model the pathophysiologic features of clinical AKI. Macrophages are a unifying feature of IRI as they regulate both the initial injury response as well as the long-term outcome following resolution of injury. Initially, macrophages in the kidney take on a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), IL-6, IL-1 β , and TNF- α . Release of these proinflammatory cytokines leads to tissue damage. After resolution of the initial injury, macrophages take on a reparative role, aiding in tissue repair and restoration of kidney function. By contrast, failure to resolve the initial injury results in prolonged inflammatory macrophage accumulation and increased kidney damage, fibrosis, and the eventual development of CKD. Despite the extensive amount of literature that has ascribed these functions to M1/M2 macrophages, a recent paradigm shift in the macrophage field now defines macrophages on the basis of their ontological origin, namely monocyte-derived and tissue-resident macrophages. In this review, we focus on macrophage phenotype and function during IRI-induced injury, repair, and transition to CKD using both the classic (M1/M2) and novel (ontological origin) definition of kidney macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Maryam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Morgan E. Smith
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sarah J. Miller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Hariharasudan Natarajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kurt A. Zimmerman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Del Bello A, Treiner E. Immune Checkpoints in Solid Organ Transplantation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1358. [PMID: 37887068 PMCID: PMC10604300 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Allogenic graft acceptance is only achieved by life-long immunosuppression, which comes at the cost of significant toxicity. Clinicians face the challenge of adapting the patients' treatments over long periods to lower the risks associated with these toxicities, permanently leveraging the risk of excessive versus insufficient immunosuppression. A major goal and challenge in the field of solid organ transplantation (SOT) is to attain a state of stable immune tolerance specifically towards the grafted organ. The immune system is equipped with a set of inhibitory co-receptors known as immune checkpoints (ICs), which physiologically regulate numerous effector functions. Insufficient regulation through these ICs can lead to autoimmunity and/or immune-mediated toxicity, while excessive expression of ICs induces stable hypo-responsiveness, especially in T cells, a state sometimes referred to as exhaustion. IC blockade has emerged in the last decade as a powerful therapeutic tool against cancer. The opposite action, i.e., subverting IC for the benefit of establishing a state of specific hypo-responsiveness against auto- or allo-antigens, is still in its infancy. In this review, we will summarize the available literature on the role of ICs in SOT and the relevance of ICs with graft acceptance. We will also discuss the possible influence of current immunosuppressive medications on IC functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Del Bello
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research Institute (I2MC), Inserm UMR1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Treiner
- Faculty of Medicine, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Laboratory of Immunology, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Inserm UMR1291, 31024 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li S, Zhang Y, Lu R, Lv X, Lei Q, Tang D, Dai Q, Deng Z, Liao X, Tu S, Yang H, Xie Y, Meng J, Yuan Q, Qin J, Pu J, Peng Z, Tao L. Peroxiredoxin 1 aggravates acute kidney injury by promoting inflammation through Mincle/Syk/NF-κB signaling. Kidney Int 2023:S0085-2538(23)00328-9. [PMID: 37164261 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are a cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Our knowledge of these DAMPs remains incomplete. Here, we report serum peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1) as a novel DAMP for AKI. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury instigated AKI with concurrent increases in serum Prdx1 and reductions of Prdx1 expression in kidney tubular epithelial cells. Genetic knockout of Prdx1 or use of a Prdx1-neutralizing antibody protected mice from AKI and this protection was impaired by introduction of recombinant Prdx1 (rPrdx1). Mechanistically, lipopolysaccharide increased serum and kidney proinflammatory cytokines, macrophage infiltration, and the content of M1 macrophages. All these events were suppressed in Prdx1-/- mice and renewed upon introduction of rPrdx1. In primary peritoneal macrophages, rPrdx1 induced M1 polarization, activated macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) signaling, and enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production. Prdx1 interacted with Mincle to initiate acute kidney inflammation. Of note, rPrdx1 upregulated Mincle and the spleen tyrosine kinase Syk system in the primary peritoneal macrophages, while knockdown of Mincle abolished the increase in activated Syk. Additionally, rPrdx1 treatment enhanced the downstream events of Syk, including transcription factor NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, serum Prdx1 was found to be increased in patients with AKI; the increase of which was associated with kidney function decline and inflammatory biomarkers in patient serum. Thus, kidney-derived serum Prdx1 contributes to AKI at least in part by activating Mincle signaling and downstream pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China; Health Management Center of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Qunjuan Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Damu Tang
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Qin Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghao Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohua Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Sha Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Huixiang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Yanyun Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongjing Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China; Department of Nephrology, Hengyang Medical College, Changsha Central Hospital of University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaxi Pu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China.
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Renal Fibrosis in Lupus Nephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214317. [PMID: 36430794 PMCID: PMC9699516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis can be defined as a pathological process in which deposition of connective tissue replaces normal parenchyma. The kidney, like any organ or tissue, can be impacted by this maladaptive reaction, resulting in persistent inflammation or long-lasting injury. While glomerular injury has traditionally been regarded as the primary focus for classification and prognosis of lupus nephritis (LN), increasing attention has been placed on interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy as markers of injury severity, predictors of therapeutic response, and prognostic factors of renal outcome in recent years. This review will discuss the fibrogenesis in LN and known mechanisms of renal fibrosis. The importance of the chronicity index, which was recently added to the histological categorization of LN, and its role in predicting treatment response and renal prognosis for patients with LN, will be explored. A better understanding of cellular and molecular pathways involved in fibrosis in LN could enable the identification of individuals at higher risk of progression to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, and the development of new therapeutic strategies for lupus patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei W, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Jin H, Shou S. The role of IL-10 in kidney disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
10
|
Noubissi Nzeteu GA, Schlichtner S, David S, Ruppenstein A, Fasler-Kan E, Raap U, Sumbayev VV, Gibbs BF, Meyer NH. Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization Regulate the Release of the Immune Checkpoint Protein V-Domain Ig Suppressor of T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837097. [PMID: 35634346 PMCID: PMC9132587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) was identified as a negative immune checkpoint regulator (NCR) that is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Preclinical studies have shown that VISTA blockade results in impeded tumor growth and improved survival. Nevertheless, little is known about the physiological role of VISTA expression in macrophages. This study focused on the differential expression of VISTA in human monocytes and macrophages in order to elucidate a putative role of VISTA regulation upon macrophage polarization and activation. We observed that human peripheral monocytes constitutively release soluble VISTA, which was regulated via matrix metalloproteinases. However, monocyte stimulation with cytokines that induce macrophage differentiation, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), substantially reduced soluble VISTA release. VISTA release was further affected by various pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli that led to macrophage polarization, where activated M1 macrophages generally released more VISTA than M2 macrophages. Additionally, we observed that stimulation of activated macrophages with the toll-like receptor 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to a further decrease of soluble VISTA release. Moreover, we found that soluble VISTA impairs T cell cytotoxic activity but did not induce their programmed death. Our results suggest that VISTA is constantly produced and released in the peripheral blood where it may contribute to peripheral tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Aime Noubissi Nzeteu
- Division of General and Visceral Surgery, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schlichtner
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Sulamith David
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Aylin Ruppenstein
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,University Clinic of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Oldenburg, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Vadim V Sumbayev
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - N Helge Meyer
- Division of General and Visceral Surgery, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Division of Experimental Allergy and Immunodermatology, Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bell RMB, Conway BR. Macrophages in the kidney in health, injury and repair. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 367:101-147. [PMID: 35461656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a key component of the renal mononuclear phagocyte system, playing a major role in defense against infection, renal injury and repair. Yolk sac macrophage precursors seed the early embryonic kidney and are important for renal development. Later, renal macrophages are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and in adult life, there is a significant contribution from circulating monocytes, which is enhanced in response to infection or injury. Macrophages are highly plastic and can alter their phenotype in response to cues from parenchymal renal cells. Danger-associated molecules released from injured kidney cells may activate macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype, mediating further recruitment of inflammatory cells, exacerbating renal injury and activating renal fibroblasts to promote scarring. In acute kidney injury, once the injury stimulus has abated, macrophages may adopt a more reparative phenotype, dampening the immune response and promoting repair of renal tissue. However, in chronic kidney disease ongoing activation of pro-inflammatory monocytes and persistence of reparative macrophages leads to glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the hallmarks of end-stage kidney disease. Several strategies to inhibit the recruitment, activation and secretory products of pro-inflammatory macrophages have proven beneficial in pre-clinical models and are now undergoing clinical trials in patients with kidney disease. In addition, macrophages may be utilized in cell therapy as a "Trojan Horse" to deliver targeted therapies to the kidney. Single-cell RNA sequencing has identified a previously unappreciated spectrum of macrophage phenotypes, which may be selectively present in injury or repair, and ongoing functional analyses of these subsets may identify more specific targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M B Bell
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan R Conway
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim MG, Yun D, Kang CL, Hong M, Hwang J, Moon KC, Jeong CW, Kwak C, Kim DK, Oh KH, Joo KW, Kim YS, Lee DS, Han SS. Kidney VISTA prevents IFNγ-IL-9 axis-mediated tubulointerstitial fibrosis after acute glomerular injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:151189. [PMID: 34752423 PMCID: PMC8718152 DOI: 10.1172/jci151189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe glomerular injury ultimately leads to tubulointerstitial fibrosis that determines patient outcome, but the immunological molecules connecting these processes remain undetermined. The present study addressed whether V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), constitutively expressed in kidney macrophages, plays a protective role in tubulointerstitial fibrotic transformation after acute antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis. After acute glomerular injury using nephrotoxic serum, tubules in the VISTA-deficient (Vsir–/–) kidney suffered more damage than those in WT kidneys. When interstitial immune cells were examined, the contact frequency of macrophages with infiltrated T cells increased and the immunometabolic features of T cells changed to showing high oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism and overproduction of IFN-γ. The Vsir–/– parenchymal tissue cells responded to this altered milieu of interstitial immune cells as more IL-9 was produced, which augmented tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Blocking antibodies against IFN-γ and IL-9 protected the above pathological process in VISTA-depleted conditions. In human samples with acute glomerular injury (e.g., antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody vasculitis), high VISTA expression in tubulointerstitial immune cells was associated with low tubulointerstitial fibrosis and good prognosis. Therefore, VISTA is a sentinel protein expressed in kidney macrophages that prevents tubulointerstitial fibrosis via the IFN-γ/IL-9 axis after acute antibody-mediated glomerular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Donghwan Yun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Chae Lin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Minki Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Juhyeon Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Chang Wook Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Kwon Wook Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Seung Seok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zeng H, Yang X, Luo S, Zhou Y. The Advances of Single-Cell RNA-Seq in Kidney Immunology. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752679. [PMID: 34721077 PMCID: PMC8548579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases are highly prevalent and treatment is costly. Immune cells play important roles in kidney diseases; however, it has been challenging to investigate the contribution of each cell type in kidney pathophysiology. Recently, the development of single-cell sequencing technology has allowed the extensive study of immune cells in blood, secondary lymphoid tissues, kidney biopsy and urine samples, helping researchers generate a comprehensive immune cell atlas for various kidney diseases. Here, we discuss several recent studies using scRNA-seq technology to explore the immune-related kidney diseases, including lupus nephritis, diabetic kidney disease, IgA nephropathy, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Application of scRNA-seq successfully defined the transcriptome profiles of resident and infiltrating immune cells, as well as the intracellular communication networks between immune and adjacent cells. In addition, the discovery of similar immune cells in blood and urine suggests the possibility of examining kidney immunity without biopsy. In conclusion, these immune cell atlases will increase our understanding of kidney immunology and contribute to novel therapeutics for patients with kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siweier Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nash WT, Okusa MD. Chess Not Checkers: Complexities Within the Myeloid Response to the Acute Kidney Injury Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:676688. [PMID: 34124107 PMCID: PMC8187556 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.676688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation in acute kidney injury (AKI) is an area of intense interest which promises to enhance our understanding of the disease and how to manage it. Macrophages are a heterogeneous and dynamic population of immune cells that carry out multiple functions in tissue, ranging from maintenance to inflammation. As key sentinels of their environment and the major immune population in the uninjured kidney, macrophages are poised to play an important role in the establishment and pathogenesis of AKI. These cells have a profound capacity to orchestrate downstream immune responses and likely participate in skewing the kidney environment toward either pathogenic inflammation or injury resolution. A clear understanding of macrophage and myeloid cell dynamics in the development of AKI will provide valuable insight into disease pathogenesis and options for intervention. This review considers evidence in the literature that speaks to the role and regulation of macrophages and myeloid cells in AKI. We also highlight barriers or knowledge gaps that need to be addressed as the field advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Nash
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wen Y, Yan HR, Wang B, Liu BC. Macrophage Heterogeneity in Kidney Injury and Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681748. [PMID: 34093584 PMCID: PMC8173188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney macrophages are central in kidney disease pathogenesis and have therapeutic potential in preventing tissue injury and fibrosis. Recent studies highlighted that kidney macrophages are notably heterogeneous immune cells that fulfill opposing functions such as clearing deposited pathogens, maintaining immune tolerance, initiating and regulating inflammatory responses, promoting kidney fibrosis, and degrading the extracellular matrix. Macrophage origins can partially explain macrophage heterogeneity in the kidneys. Circulating Ly6C+ monocytes are recruited to inflammatory sites by chemokines, while self-renewed kidney resident macrophages contribute to kidney repair and fibrosis. The proliferation of resident macrophages or infiltrating monocytes provides an alternative explanation of macrophage accumulation after kidney injury. In addition, dynamic Ly6C expression on infiltrating monocytes accompanies functional changes in handling kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Mechanisms underlying kidney macrophage heterogeneity, either by recruiting monocyte subpopulations, regulating macrophage polarization, or impacting distinctive macrophage functions, may help develop macrophage-targeted therapies for kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Ru Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sokolowski DJ, Faykoo-Martinez M, Erdman L, Hou H, Chan C, Zhu H, Holmes MM, Goldenberg A, Wilson MD. Single-cell mapper (scMappR): using scRNA-seq to infer the cell-type specificities of differentially expressed genes. NAR Genom Bioinform 2021; 3:lqab011. [PMID: 33655208 PMCID: PMC7902236 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is widely used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and reveal biological mechanisms underlying complex biological processes. RNA-seq is often performed on heterogeneous samples and the resulting DEGs do not necessarily indicate the cell-types where the differential expression occurred. While single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) methods solve this problem, technical and cost constraints currently limit its widespread use. Here we present single cell Mapper (scMappR), a method that assigns cell-type specificity scores to DEGs obtained from bulk RNA-seq by leveraging cell-type expression data generated by scRNA-seq and existing deconvolution methods. After evaluating scMappR with simulated RNA-seq data and benchmarking scMappR using RNA-seq data obtained from sorted blood cells, we asked if scMappR could reveal known cell-type specific changes that occur during kidney regeneration. scMappR appropriately assigned DEGs to cell-types involved in kidney regeneration, including a relatively small population of immune cells. While scMappR can work with user-supplied scRNA-seq data, we curated scRNA-seq expression matrices for ∼100 human and mouse tissues to facilitate its stand-alone use with bulk RNA-seq data from these species. Overall, scMappR is a user-friendly R package that complements traditional differential gene expression analysis of bulk RNA-seq data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Sokolowski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Lauren Erdman
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Huayun Hou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cadia Chan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Helen Zhu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Melissa M Holmes
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
VISTA: A Mediator of Quiescence and a Promising Target in Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:209-227. [PMID: 33495077 PMCID: PMC8088836 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a B7 family member that maintains T cell and myeloid quiescence and is a promising target for combination cancer immunotherapy. During inflammatory challenges, VISTA activity reprograms macrophages towards reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of interleukin (IL)-10 and other anti-inflammatory mediators. The interaction of VISTA with its ligands is regulated by pH, and the acidic pH ~6.0 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) facilitates VISTA binding to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1). Targeting intratumoral pH might be a way to reduce the immunoinhibitory activity of the VISTA pathway and enhance antitumor immune responses. We review differences among VISTA therapeutics under development as candidate immunotherapies, focusing on VISTA binding partners and the unique structural features of this interaction.
Collapse
|
18
|
Park JG, Na M, Kim MG, Park SH, Lee HJ, Kim DK, Kwak C, Kim YS, Chang S, Moon KC, Lee DS, Han SS. Immune cell composition in normal human kidneys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15678. [PMID: 32973321 PMCID: PMC7515917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of immunological mechanisms in kidney diseases has advanced using mouse kidneys. However, the profiling of immune cell subsets in human kidneys remains undetermined, particularly compared with mouse kidneys. Normal human kidneys were obtained from radically nephrectomised patients with urogenital malignancy (n = 15). Subsequently, human kidney immune cell subsets were analysed using multicolor flow cytometry and compared with subsets from C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice under specific pathogen-free conditions. Twenty kidney sections from healthy kidney donors or subjects without specific renal lesions were additionally analysed by immunohistochemistry. In human kidneys, 47% ± 12% (maximum 63%) of immune cells were CD3+ T cells. Kidney CD4+ and CD8+ T cells comprised 44% and 56% of total T cells. Of these, 47% ± 15% of T cells displayed an effector memory phenotype (CCR7- CD45RA- CD69-), and 48% ± 19% were kidney-resident cells (CCR7- CD45RA- CD69+). However, the proportions of human CD14+ and CD16+ myeloid cells were approximately 10% of total immune cells. A predominance of CD3+ T cells and a low proportion of CD14+ or CD68+ myeloid cells were also identified in healthy human kidney sections. In mouse kidneys, kidney-resident macrophages (CD11blow F4/80high) were the most predominant subset (up to 50%) but the proportion of CD3+ T cells was less than 20%. These results will be of use in studies in which mouse results are translated into human cases under homeostatic conditions or with disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Myeongsu Na
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Min-Gang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Su Hwan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hack June Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
| | - Seung Seok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, Deng S, Xu J. Proteasomal and lysosomal degradation for specific and durable suppression of immunotherapeutic targets. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:583-598. [PMID: 32944392 PMCID: PMC7476092 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy harness the body’s immune system to eliminate cancer, by using a broad panel of soluble and membrane proteins as therapeutic targets. Immunosuppression signaling mediated by ligand-receptor interaction may be blocked by monoclonal antibodies, but because of repopulation of the membrane via intracellular organelles, targets must be eliminated in whole cells. Targeted protein degradation, as exemplified in proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) studies, is a promising strategy for selective inhibition of target proteins. The recently reported use of lysosomal targeting molecules to eliminate immune checkpoint proteins has paved the way for targeted degradation of membrane proteins as crucial anti-cancer targets. Further studies on these molecules’ modes of action, target-binding “warheads”, lysosomal sorting signals, and linker design should facilitate their rational design. Modifications and derivatives may improve their cell-penetrating ability and the in vivo stability of these pro-drugs. These studies suggest the promise of alternative strategies for cancer immunotherapy, with the aim of achieving more potent and durable suppression of tumor growth. Here, the successes and limitations of antibody inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy, as well as research progress on PROTAC- and lysosomal-dependent degradation of target proteins, are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yungang Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng 224006, China
| | - Shouyan Deng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|