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Roydeva A, Milanova A. LC-MS/MS determination of N-acetyl-l-cysteine in chicken plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5854. [PMID: 38432679 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) shows beneficial effects in cases of aflatoxicosis and heat stress in poultry but little is known about its pharmacokinetics in chickens. Therefore, the study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive LC-MS/MS analytical method for quantitative analysis of NAC in chicken plasma. A split calibration curve approach was used for determination of NAC in chicken plasma. Standard curves for low (0.05-2.5 μg/ml) and high (2.5-100 μg/ml) ranges of concentrations were prepared. The standard curves for low (r2 = 0.9987) and high (r2 = 0.9899) concentrations were linear within the tested range. The limits of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ) for the standard at low concentrations were 0.093 and 0.28 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy was from 97.35 to 101.33%. The values of LOD and LOQ for the standard at high concentrations were 0.76 and 2.30 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy was between 99.77 and 112.14%. The intra- and inter-day precisions for all concentrations from both standards did not exceed 8.57% and 10.69%, respectively. The recovery for all concentrations was between 92.45 and 105.52%. The validated method for determination of NAC in chicken plasma can be applied in future pharmacokinetic studies in chickens without dilution of samples and their repeated analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena Roydeva
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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2
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Coppo L, Scheggi S, DeMontis G, Priora R, Frosali S, Margaritis A, Summa D, Di Giuseppe D, Ulivelli M, Di Simplicio P. Does Risk of Hyperhomocysteinemia Depend on Thiol-Disulfide Exchange Reactions of Albumin and Homocysteine? Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:920-958. [PMID: 36352822 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Increased plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy; mild-moderate hyperhomocysteinemia: 15-50 μM tHcy) are considered an independent risk factor for the onset/progression of various diseases, but it is not known about how the increase in tHcy causes pathological conditions. Recent Advances: Reduced homocysteine (HSH ∼1% of tHcy) is presumed to be toxic, unlike homocystine (∼9%) and mixed disulfide between homocysteine and albumin (HSS-ALB; homocysteine [Hcy]-albumin mixed disulfide, ∼90%). This and other notions make it difficult to explain the pathogenicity of Hcy because: (i) lowering tHcy does not improve pathological outcomes; (ii) damage due to HSH usually emerges at supraphysiological doses; and (iii) it is not known why tiny increments in plasma concentrations of HSH can be pathological. Critical Issues: Albumin may have a role in Hcy toxicity, because HSS-ALB could release toxic HSH via thiol-disulfide (SH/SS) exchange reactions in cells. Similarly, thiol-disulfide exchange processes of reduced albumin (albumin with free SH group of Cys34 [HS-ALB]) or N-homocysteinylated albumin are plausible alternatives for initiating Hcy pathological events. Adverse effects of albumin and other data reviewed here suggest the hypothesis of a role of albumin in Hcy toxicity. Future Directions: HSS-ALB might be involved in disruption of the antioxidant/oxidant balance in critical tissues (brain, liver, kidney). Since homocysteine-albumin mixed disulfide is a possible intermediate of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, we suggest that homocysteinylated albumin could be a new pathological factor, and that studies on the redox role of albumin and mixed disulfide production via thiol-disulfide exchange reactions could offer new therapeutic insights for reducing Hcy toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Coppo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Scheggi
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Graziella DeMontis
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaella Priora
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Frosali
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Margaritis
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Summa
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Danila Di Giuseppe
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Ulivelli
- Department of Surgery, Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Simplicio
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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3
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Kim MT, Lechmann M, Rajan S, Shivva V, Lee A, Chen Y, Weis DD. In Vivo Reoxidation Kinetics of Free Thiols in Multiple Domains of IgG1 Antibodies in Rats. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1989-1996. [PMID: 33617870 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While free thiols in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been extensively characterized by in vitro studies to probe its effect on antibody function and stability, their in vivo biotransformation has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, a panel of five recombinant IgG1 mAbs with elevated free thiols in the VH, VL, and CH2 domains were intravenously administered into Wistar rats. In vivo biotransformation of thirty-five free thiol sites in total (7 disulfide pairs in VL, CL, VH, CH1, HH, CH2, CH3 domains across the 5 mAbs) were monitored using a denaturing differential isotopic tagging procedure on immunopurified timepoints followed by LC-MS of tryptic digests. The free thiol levels in two VH domain and one CH2 domain disulfide sites decreased in vivo following first order kinetics. Free thiol levels of the remaining 32 sites were remarkably stable in vivo. Further analytical characterization highlighted a positive association between a free thiol's solvent accessibility and a free thiol's reoxidation propensity. The data and discussion presented here shed valuable insights into the in vivo fate of free thiols in several recombinant IgG1s and its implications for free thiols as a product quality attribute in therapeutic mAb products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kim
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sharmila Rajan
- Department of Preclinical and Translation Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vittal Shivva
- Department of Preclinical and Translation Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aron Lee
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Ayalew L, D'Souza AD, Chen Y, Kim MT. Identification and quantitation of hinge cysteinylation on endogenous IgG2 antibodies from human serum. MAbs 2020; 12:1854923. [PMID: 33317401 PMCID: PMC7755172 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1854923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs when a cysteine residue on a protein forms a disulfide bond with a terminal cysteine molecule. This PTM has been found in the hinge region of several recombinant therapeutic IgG2 antibodies, but the impact of cysteinylation on the safety and immunogenicity of therapeutics remains unclear. In this study, we characterized recombinant and endogenous IgG2 antibodies to quantify their levels of hinge cysteinylation, if present. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify and quantify hinge cysteinylation in endogenous IgG2 antibodies from healthy human serum. We used anti-IgG2 immunopurification of human serum to specifically enrich for endogenous IgG2 antibodies, and then subjected the resulting samples to Lys-C peptide mapping coupled with targeted mass spectrometry techniques. Using this analytical workflow, we found that all healthy human serum samples tested (N = 10) contained quantifiable levels of hinge cysteinylation (0.8 ± 0.3%) in their endogenous human IgG2s (IgG2-A isoform). These findings demonstrate that hinge cysteinylation in therapeutic IgG2s, at least up to a certain level, is well tolerated in humans and pose minimal safety or immunogenicity risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luladey Ayalew
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alicia D D'Souza
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kim
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Liu K, Shang H, Kong X, Lin W. A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for biothiol detection and application in in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3836-3841. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift was developed for biothiol detection and application in in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyin Liu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Huiming Shang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Xiuqi Kong
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
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Jakubowski H. Quantification of urinary S- and N-homocysteinylated protein and homocysteine-thiolactone in mice. Anal Biochem 2016; 508:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Ulivelli M, Priora R, Di Giuseppe D, Coppo L, Summa D, Margaritis A, Frosali S, Bartalini S, Martini G, Cerase A, Di Simplicio P. Homocysteinemia control by cysteine in cerebral vascular patients after methionine loading test: evidences in physiological and pathological conditions in cerebro-vascular and multiple sclerosis patients. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1477-89. [PMID: 26969256 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity risk of hyperhomocysteinemia is prevented through thiol drug administration which reduces plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations by activating thiol exchange reactions. Assuming that cysteine (Cys) is a homocysteinemia regulator, the hypothesis was verified in healthy and pathological individuals after the methionine loading test (MLT). The plasma variations of redox species of Cys, Hcy, cysteinylglycine, glutathione and albumin (reduced, HS-ALB, and at mixed disulfide, XSS-ALB) were compared in patients with cerebral small vessels disease (CSVD) (n = 11), multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 11) at 2-4-6 h after MLT. In MLT-treated subjects, the activation of thiol exchange reactions provoked significant changes over time in redox species concentrations of Cys, Hcy, and albumin. Significant differences between controls and pathological groups were also observed. In non-methionine-treated subjects, total Cys concentrations, tHcy and thiol-protein mixed disulfides (CSS-ALB, HSS-ALB) of CSVD patients were higher than controls. After MLT, all groups displayed significant cystine (CSSC) increases and CSS-ALB decreases, that in pathological groups were significantly higher than controls. These data would confirm the Cys regulatory role on the homocysteinemia; they also explain that the Cys-Hcy mixed disulfide excretion is an important point of hyperhomocysteinemia control. Moreover, in all groups after MLT, significant increases in albumin concentrations, named total albumin (tALB) and measured as sum of HS-ALB (spectrophometric), and XSS-ALB (assayed at HPLC) were observed. tALB increases, more pronounced in healthy than in the pathological subjects, could indicate alterations of albumin equilibria between plasma and other extracellular spaces, whose toxicological consequences deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ulivelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaella Priora
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Danila Di Giuseppe
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Summa
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonios Margaritis
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Frosali
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sabina Bartalini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martini
- Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cerase
- Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Simplicio
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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8
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The control of hyperhomocysteinemia through thiol exchange mechanisms by mesna. Amino Acids 2013; 46:429-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Abstract
AIM To study whether patients with organic acidaemias have altered glutathione (GSH) levels and thiol redox status. Previously, organic acidaemias have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, suggesting an increased need for antioxidant protection. Furthermore, dietary protein restriction may impair GSH synthesis in these diseases. METHODS In children with organic acidaemias, cysteine (CYSH) and GSH concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes as well as erythrocyte GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, GSH S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were studied. In addition, GSH and CYSH concentrations were measured in human fibroblasts exposed to organic acids. RESULTS Patients with organic acidaemias had lower plasma GSH concentration than their controls. A greater fraction of GSH and CYSH in the patients' plasma was oxidized, suggesting decreased GSH synthesis and increased consumption. CONCLUSION Patients with organic acidaemias may have a relative GSH deficiency. With further research, these results could also have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Salmi
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Ferin R, Pavão ML, Baptista J. Methodology for a rapid and simultaneous determination of total cysteine, homocysteine, cysteinylglycine and glutathione in plasma by isocratic RP-HPLC. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 911:15-20. [PMID: 23217300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the plasma aminothiols levels can be considered as important biomarkers for the diagnosis and screening of several human disorders, namely cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to optimize a rapid, sensitive and accurate RP-HPLC methodology with fluorescence detection, for the simultaneous determination of the total concentrations of cysteine, homocysteine, cysteinylglycine and glutathione in blood plasma, as well as its application to the evaluation of those thiols levels in plasma of a group of Azorean subjects. Aminothiols were reduced with tri-n-butylphosphine and derivatized with a thiol-specific fluorogenic reagent ammonium 7-fluorobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-sulphonate. The thiols adducts were separated by an isocratic elution on a Platinum EPS C18 analytical column (53mm×7mm I.D., 3μm) using a phosphate buffer containing 4% of acetonitrile as a mobile phase. Results indicated an excellent linearity for all the analytes over their respective concentration ranges with correlation coefficients (r(2)) ≥0.99. The LOD for the four plasma thiols was lower than 0.10μmol/L, while LOQ varied from 0.5 to 15μmol/L. For both intra- and inter-day precision, the RSD (%) values were lower than 1.9%, and the CV (%) values were found under 0.5%. The recovery ranged from 92% to 100% indicating a high degree of the method's accuracy. This method allows a simultaneous, complete analysis of the four plasma aminothiols and the internal standard in 6min. By reducing the total run time, a larger number of analysis can be performed daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ferin
- Department of Technological Sciences and Development, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
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11
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Tao Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang X, Yang N. Simultaneous determination of cysteine, ascorbic acid and uric acid by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Celi P. Oxidative Stress in Ruminants. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-071-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The study of oxidative stress is a relatively young field of research in ruminant medicine. Oxidative stress results from increased exposure to or production of oxidants, or from decreased dietary intake, de novo synthesis or increased turnover of antioxidants. The understanding of the role of oxidants and antioxidants in physiological and pathological conditions is rapidly increasing. Oxidative stress is an active field of research in veterinary medicine and has been implicated in numerous disease processes including sepsis, mastitis, acidosis, ketosis, enteritis, pneumonia, respiratory, and joint diseases. Compared to human medicine, only a limited number of conditions have been investigated in regard to the effects of oxidative stress in ruminants. Studies in cattle have been sporadic and mainly with mastitis, pneumonia, and retained placenta. More recently, studies have been focused on metabolic diseases that affect dairy cows during the peripartum period. Numerous and rapidly evolving methodologies for evaluating oxidative stress are available to researchers and clinicians, each with their own distinct advantages and disadvantages. Differences in models and methodologies make it difficult to make meaningful comparisons, even for studies that seem quite similar superficially. With this in mind, it is the goal of this review to discuss the advantages and shortfalls of different methodologies commonly used to measure oxidative stress and damage in ruminants. Clarity of understanding of the pathophysiology of oxidative stress in ruminants will allow the design of specific antioxidant therapies. Future research should focus on the establishment of a reference panel of biomarker of oxidative stress to be used in ruminant medicine. To help accelerate practical applications, we propose the development of an oxidative stress index as an approach in ruminant and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Celi P, Trana AD, Claps S. Effects of plane of nutrition on oxidative stress in goats during the peripartum period. Vet J 2010; 184:95-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Głowacki R, Bald E. Determination of N-Acetylcysteine and Main Endogenous Thiols in Human Plasma by HPLC with Ultraviolet Detection in the Form of Their S-Quinolinium Derivatives. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903249666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Głowacki
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry , University of Łódź , Łódź, Poland
| | - E. Bald
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry , University of Łódź , Łódź, Poland
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16
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Regulation of redox forms of plasma thiols by albumin in multiple sclerosis after fasting and methionine loading test. Amino Acids 2009; 38:1461-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Chiang NC, Chiang CK, Lin ZH, Chiu TC, Chang HT. Detection of aminothiols through surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using mixed gold nanoparticles. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3063-3068. [PMID: 19705381 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have employed mixtures of two differently sized (average diameters: 3.5 and 14 nm) gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as selective probes and matrices for the determination of aminothiols using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). When using 38 and 150 pM solutions of the 3.5- and 14-nm Au NPs, respectively, as the probe and matrix, SALDI-MS provided limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of 2, 20, and 44 nM for 1.0 mL solutions of glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), and homocysteine, respectively. The signal intensities of these analytes varied by less than 20% for SALDI-MS analyses recorded over 50 sample spots; in contrast, they varied by as much as 60% when using a conventional matrix (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid). We validated the practicality of this approach - with its advantages of sensitivity, reproducibility, rapidity, and simplicity - through the analysis of GSH in MCF-7 cell lysates and Cys in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Chen Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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18
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Simultaneous analysis of multiple aminothiols in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Summa D, Spiga O, Bernini A, Venditti V, Priora R, Frosali S, Margaritis A, Di Giuseppe D, Niccolai N, Di Simplicio P. Protein-thiol substitution or protein dethiolation by thiol/disulfide exchange reactions: the albumin model. Proteins 2009; 69:369-78. [PMID: 17607746 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dethiolation experiments of thiolated albumin with thionitrobenzoic acid and thiols (glutathione, cysteine, homocysteine) were carried out to understand the role of albumin in plasma distribution of thiols and disulfide species by thiol/disulfide (SH/SS) exchange reactions. During these experiments we observed that thiolated albumin underwent thiol substitution (Alb-SS-X+RSH<-->Alb-SS-R+XSH) or dethiolation (Alb-SS-X+XSH<-->Alb-SH+XSSX), depending on the different pK(a) values of thiols involved in protein-thiol mixed disulfides (Alb-SS-X). It appeared in these reactions that the compound with lower pK(a) in mixed disulfide was a good leaving group and that the pK(a) differences dictated the kind of reaction (substitution or dethiolation). Thionitrobenzoic acid, bound to albumin by mixed disulfide (Alb-TNB), underwent rapid substitution after thiol addition, forming the corresponding Alb-SS-X (peaks at 0.25-1 min). In turn, Alb-SS-X were dethiolated by the excess nonprotein SH groups because of the lower pK(a) value in mixed disulfide with respect to that of other thiols. Dethiolation of Alb-SS-X was accompanied by formation of XSSX and Alb-SH up to equilibrium levels at 35 min, which were different for each thiol. Structures by molecular simulation of thiolated albumin, carried out for understanding the role of sulfur exposure in mixed disulfides in dethiolation process, evidenced that the sulfur exposure is important for the rate but not for determining the kind of reaction (substitution or dethiolation). Our data underline the contribution of SH/SS exchanges to determine levels of various thiols as reduced and oxidized species in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Summa
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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20
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Johnson JM, Strobel FH, Reed M, Pohl J, Jones DP. A rapid LC-FTMS method for the analysis of cysteine, cystine and cysteine/cystine steady-state redox potential in human plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 396:43-8. [PMID: 18634771 PMCID: PMC2601569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The steady-state redox potential of the cysteine/cystine couple in human plasma provides a measure of oxidative stress, yet available assays are limited by either specificity or speed of assay. METHOD The present study evaluated the use of LC-FTMS for identification based on accurate mass combined with quantification by stable isotopic dilution to rapidly determine cysteine and cystine concentration and cysteine/cystine steady-state redox potential in human plasma. RESULTS A simple extraction procedure followed by a rapid LC separation eluted cysteine in 4 min and cystine in 1.5 min with simultaneous measurement of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG). A study of five young (mean age=25.7) subjects and 5 older (mean age=67.8 y) subjects showed an increased oxidation with age. CONCLUSIONS The analysis by LC-FTMS is suitable for high-throughput analysis of plasma cysteine, cystine and cysteine/cystine steady-state redox potential as clinical measures of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Matthew Reed
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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21
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Wronska-Nofer T, Nofer JR, Stetkiewicz J, Wierzbicka M, Bolinska H, Fobker M, Schulte H, Assmann G, von Eckardstein A. Evidence for oxidative stress at elevated plasma thiol levels in chronic exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) and coronary heart disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 17:546-553. [PMID: 17134958 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress in plasma may be promoted by plasma thiols such as homocysteine. However, other thiols such as glutathione may also exert antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo. To further investigate whether plasma thiols act as prooxidants or antioxidants, we compared plasma oxidative status in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and in subjects occupationally exposed to carbon disulfide (CS(2)). METHODS Fifty-five subjects chronically exposed to CS(2), 53 CHD patients, and 52 healthy controls were examined. To assess plasma oxidative status, concentrations of thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidative capacity (TAC), as well as ferritin and ceruloplasmin were determined. Antioxidative reserve was assessed by the determination of vitamine E, uric acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathion peroxidase. In addition, protein and non-protein plasma thiol levels were measured. RESULTS Patients in both groups had increased levels of plasma thiols as compared to controls: CS(2)-exposed subjects presented with increased levels of thiols associated with plasma proteins, whereas CHD patients presented with elevated total homocysteine and cysteine levels. TBARS were significantly increased and TAC was significantly decreased both in CS(2)-exposed subjects and in CHD patients. In addition decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidative enzyme inhibited by thiol-containing compounds, was noted in both groups. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that regardless of their metabolic origin increased thiols are associated with increased oxidative stress in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Wronska-Nofer
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Nofer Institute for Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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22
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Rafii M, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G, House JD, Fisher L, Pencharz PB. High-throughput and simultaneous measurement of homocysteine and cysteine in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2007; 371:71-81. [PMID: 17727809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Total homocysteine (tHcy) and cysteine (tCys) concentrations in biological fluids are routinely used in the clinical diagnosis of genetic and metabolic diseases, and this necessitates the development of rapid and sensitive methods for quantification. Liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to measure tHcy and tCys in 23 plasma and 21 urine samples from healthy adults and 14 urine samples from healthy children. The results were compared with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The coefficient of variation (CV) for the LC-MS/MS method ranged from 2.9% to 6.1% for the intraassay and 4.8% to 6.4% for the interassay. Mean recoveries were close to 100% for both plasma and urinary tHcy and tCys. The mean plasma tHcy and tCys concentrations in healthy adults were 8.62 and 261.40 micromol/L, respectively. The mean urinary tHcy and tCys in adults were 0.98 and 22.60 micromol/mmol creatinine, respectively. The mean urinary tHcy and tCys in children were 1.17 and 27.43 micromol/mmol creatinine, respectively. Bland-Altman difference plots of method comparison between LC-MS/MS and HPLC showed good agreement in plasma and urinary tHcy and tCys concentrations. Our method is suitable for rapid measurements, and the reported urinary values in children will help to develop a pediatric reference range for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroukh Rafii
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
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23
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Ghezzi P, Di Simplicio P. Glutathionylation pathways in drug response. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:398-403. [PMID: 17611156 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of protein function through post-translational modifications (PTM) can be important pharmacological target, and there are drugs developed to modulate specific PTM such as protein kinase or histone deacetylase inhibitors. We are still far behind in considering protein glutathionylation as pharmacological target as the biological consequences and role of this PTM are still unclear. We discuss the possible relevance of glutathionylation in diseases and its biases compared with other PTM. In particular, we discuss the different roles of glutathionylation in the context of redox regulation as opposed to that of oxidative stress, and the difficulties arising from the overlaps of these two concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ghezzi
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Mario Negri Institute, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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24
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Nolin TD, McMenamin ME, Himmelfarb J. Simultaneous determination of total homocysteine, cysteine, cysteinylglycine, and glutathione in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography: application to studies of oxidative stress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:554-61. [PMID: 17336168 PMCID: PMC1959569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, reproducible, and robust high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been validated for simultaneously determining total concentrations of the aminothiols homocysteine, cysteine, cysteinylglycine, and glutathione in human plasma. Plasma aminothiols are reduced via incubation with tris-(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine hydrochloride, followed by protein precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and derivatization with ammonium-7-fluorobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-sulfonic acid. Separation of aminothiols and the internal standard mercaptopropionylglycine is achieved using reversed-phase HPLC conditions and fluorescence detection. Excellent linearity is observed for all analytes over their respective concentration ranges with correlation coefficients (r) > 0.99. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were within +/-10%. This method utilizes an internal standard, employs phosphate buffered saline-based standards and quality controls, and demonstrates excellent plasma recovery and improved sensitivity. This assay is well suited for high-throughput quantitative determination of aminothiols in clinical studies, and is currently being used to support investigations of oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Nolin
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall Street, Portland, ME 04102, USA.
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25
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TANAKA M, KAMIYA Y, KAMIYA M, SHIOYA S, NAKAI Y. Antiradical function of sulfhydryl residues and oxidative stress markers in dairy cattle plasma. Anim Sci J 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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van de Poll MCG, Dejong CHC, Soeters PB. Adequate range for sulfur-containing amino acids and biomarkers for their excess: lessons from enteral and parenteral nutrition. J Nutr 2006; 136:1694S-1700S. [PMID: 16702341 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.6.1694s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The adequacy range of dietary requirements of specific amino acids in disease states is difficult to determine. In health, several techniques are available allowing rather precise quantification of requirements based on growth of the organism, rises in plasma concentration, or increases in the oxidation of marker amino acids during incremental administration of the amino acid under study. Requirements may not be similar in disease with regard to protein synthesis or with regard to specific functions such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species by compounds including glutathione. Requirements for this purpose can be assessed only when such a function can be measured and related to clinical outcome. There is apparent consensus concerning normal sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirements. WHO recommendations amount to 13 mg/kg per 24 h in healthy adults. This amount is roughly doubled in artificial nutrition regimens. In disease or after trauma, requirements may be altered for methionine, cysteine, and taurine. Although in specific cases of congenital enzyme deficiency, prematurity, or diminished liver function, hypermethionemia or hyperhomocysteinemia may occur, SAA supplementation can be considered safe in amounts exceeding 2-3 times the minimal recommended daily intake. Apart from some very specific indications (e.g., acetaminophen poisoning), the usefulness of SAA supplementation is not yet established. There is a growing body of data pointing out the potential importance of oxidative stress and resulting changes in redox state in numerous diseases including sepsis, chronic inflammation, cancer, AIDS/HIV, and aging. These observations warrant continued attention for the potential role of SAA supplementation. In particular, N-acetylcysteine remains promising for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel C G van de Poll
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht and Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), University Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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27
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Huang YF, Chang HT. Nile Red-Adsorbed Gold Nanoparticle Matrixes for Determining Aminothiols through Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:1485-93. [PMID: 16503598 DOI: 10.1021/ac0517646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the use of Nile Red-adsorbed gold nanoparticles (NRAuNPs) as selective probes and matrixes for the determination of aminothiols through surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). The binding of three aminothiols-glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), and homocysteine (HCys)-to the surfaces of these NRAuNPs induces their aggregation, which causes asubsequent changes in their color and fluorescence. Because arginine-a non-thiol amino acid-does not induce such aggregation, it is a straightforward process to use the NRAuNPs to selectively concentrate the aminothiols from a solution containing all four of these analytes; we were able to identify the three aminothiols in the precipitate, and arginine in the supernatant, directly through SALDI-MS measurements. Without using this preconcentration approach, the limits of detection (LODs) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were 1.0, 2.0, and 1.3 microM for GSH, Cys, and HCys, respectively. In comparison, selective concentration using the NRAuNPs provided LODs of 25, 54, and 34 nM, for the determinations of GSH, Cys, and HCys, respectively. NRAuNP matrixes provide a number of advantages over the use of conventional organic matrixes (e.g., 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid), such as ease of preparation, selectivity, sensitivity, and repeatability. We validated the applicability of our method through the analyses of GSH in red blood cells and of Cys in plasma; we believe that this approach has great potential for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Hansen JM, Go YM, Jones DP. Nuclear and mitochondrial compartmentation of oxidative stress and redox signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 46:215-34. [PMID: 16402904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New methods to measure thiol oxidation show that redox compartmentation functions as a mechanism for specificity in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Redox Western analysis and redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins provide means to quantify thiol/disulfide redox changes in specific subcellular compartments. Analyses using these techniques show that the relative redox states from most reducing to most oxidizing are mitochondria > nuclei > cytoplasm > endoplasmic reticulum > extracellular space. Mitochondrial thiols are an important target of oxidant-induced apoptosis and necrosis and are especially vulnerable to oxidation because of the relatively alkaline pH. Maintenance of a relatively reduced nuclear redox state is critical for transcription factor binding in transcriptional activation in response to oxidative stress. The new methods are applicable to a broad range of experimental systems and their use will provide improved understanding of the pharmacologic and toxicologic actions of drugs and toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hansen
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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29
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Włodek PJ, Smolenski OB, Chwatko G, Iciek MB, Miłkowski A, Bald E, Włodek L. Disruption of thiol homeostasis in plasma of terminal renal failure patients. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 366:137-45. [PMID: 16337615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present studies was to investigate the changes in concentrations of different forms of thiols in plasma of terminal renal failure patients before and after hemodialysis. METHODS Total concentrations of thiols, their free forms and the level of their mixed disulfides with proteins were determined with HPLC. RESULTS In terminal renal failure patients before dialysis, total concentrations of cysteine, homocysteine and cysteinylglycine and their free and protein-bound fractions increased while level of all such forms of glutathione dropped. A single dialysis session caused short-lasting return of concentrations of all forms of thiols to the level equal or close to the control group. The changes observed in non-dialyzed patients were similar to those observed in dialyzed patients before single dialysis procedure. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results showed severe disturbance of thiol homeostasis in plasma of terminal renal failure patients. The following changes have to be emphasized: (1) high level of free cysteine (cystine) fraction, (2) strong tendency of homocysteine to form mixed disulfides with proteins, (3) drop of glutathione level. These observations confirm a suggestion that atherogenic action of homocysteine can be a result of S-homocysteinylation and N-homocysteinylation reactions, whereas toxic action of cysteine can result from auto-oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław J Włodek
- Department of Nephrology, Rydygier Hospital, os. Złotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Cracow, Poland
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30
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Di Simplicio P, Frosali S, Priora R, Summa D, Cherubini Di Simplicio F, Di Giuseppe D, Di Stefano A. Biochemical and biological aspects of protein thiolation in cells and plasma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:951-63. [PMID: 15998250 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein thiolation is elicited by oxidation by different mechanisms and is involved in a variety of biological processes. Thiols, protein SH (PSH) and non-protein SH groups (NPSH, namely GSH), are in competition in all biological environments in the regulation of oxidant homeostasis because oxidants thiolate proteins, whereas GSH dethiolates them (e.g., GSSG + PSH --> GSSP + GSH). Although poorly investigated, the elimination of disulfides from thiolated proteins to regenerate critical PSH is important. These aspects are poorly known in cells, where glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin operate as enzymes or potential chaperones to accelerate dethiolation. On the contrary, studies with plasma or albumin have highlighted the importance of protein conformation in dethiolation processes and have clarified the reason why homocysteine (thiol with potential toxicity) is preferentially bound to albumin as protein-thiol mixed disulfide with respect to other NPSH. Here we provide an overview of protein thiolation/dethiolation processes, with an emphasis on recent developments and future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Di Simplicio
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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