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Wang W, Zhang H. A Scoping Review of Parenting Programs for Preventing Violence Against Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2173-2188. [PMID: 37947081 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231207887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children affects their well-being globally, with a greater burden in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This scoping review aimed to summarize the available evidence on parenting programs for reducing violence against children in LMICs and identify knowledge gaps in this area. Six English databases and gray literature were systematically searched to identify studies in LMICs that examined the efficacy of parenting programs to prevent violence against children, before April 15, 2023. A total of 4,183 independent studies were identified, of which 31 met the inclusion criteria. The majority were conducted in Africa and Asia, delivered by trained local community/childcare workers and lay workers, and targeted younger children aged <10 years. Although the core modules varied in terms of number of group sessions and age of the children, the majority emphasized the importance of building a positive relationship with children and nonviolent discipline strategies. The vast majority demonstrated intervention efficacy in reducing general maltreatment and physical and emotional abuse, and improving positive parenting. Ineffective programs for violence tended to be characterized by self-designed programs, small sample sizes, and low corporal punishment levels in the baseline assessment. In conclusion, parenting programs are promising for preventing and reducing the risk factors for violence in LMICs. Future intervention studies should expand to low-income countries outside Eastern Africa with more trials targeting older children, utilizing direct observational assessments, designing core modules relevant to child neglect, involving more male caregivers, and conducting long-term follow-up assessments.
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Jocson RM, Alampay LP, Lachman JM, Reyes JC, Mamauag BL, Maramba DHA, Eagling-Peche S, Han Q, Calderon F. Feasibility and acceptability of a digital parent group chat intervention to prevent child and adolescent maltreatment in the Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38840552 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of MaPaChat, a parent support intervention delivered using Viber group chat to caregivers in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Forty caregivers of children aged 4-17 from predominantly low-income households participated in a culturally adapted version of the Parenting for Lifelong Health ParentChat programme. Feasibility was assessed by enrolment, attendance, and dropout rates. Semi-structured interviews with caregivers and programme facilitators explored programme acceptability. A single-group pre-post design was used to explore changes in child maltreatment, positive parenting, parenting stress, and other secondary outcomes. The mean attendance rate was 82% and the dropout rate was 10%. Caregivers and facilitators found the programme helpful in enhancing parenting knowledge and skills and were satisfied with the programme delivery using Viber group chat but also reported experiencing technological challenges. Pre-post comparisons suggested that the intervention has potential in reducing physical and emotional abuse and associated risk factors. The findings suggest that a parenting intervention delivered over digital group chat by trained community service providers may be a feasible and acceptable way to support caregivers in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Jocson
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Liane Peña Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jennel C Reyes
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Bernice Landoy Mamauag
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
- Division of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Philippines
| | | | | | - Qing Han
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francisco Calderon
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Hutchings J, Ferdinandi I, Janowski R, Ward CL, McCoy A, Lachman J, Gardner F, Williams ME. Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children in Montenegro: Preliminary Outcomes, Dissemination, and Broader Embedding of the Program. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s11121-024-01682-x. [PMID: 38758458 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-024-01682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The quality of parenting program implementation significantly affects the extent to which a program is delivered effectively as well as the likelihood of it becoming embedded in everyday services. The group based Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children (PLH-YC) program for parents of children aged 2-9 years was developed specifically for implementation in low- and middle-income contexts, has been tested in five randomized trials, and incorporates a number of strategies to encourage fidelity of delivery. This paper reports on the introduction of PLH-YC to Montenegro, including initial work to engage government agencies and service providers, adapt the program and, following initial evidence of effectiveness, implement strategies to promote effective delivery and embed the program. Following program adaptation and initial facilitator training, eight groups were run, supported with resources and supervision and independently evaluated. The successful pilot led to program training accreditation by national professional agencies and a series of steps to successfully further embed it into routine settings in Montenegro, including by recognizing the program in national policy documents. This led to further facilitator trainings, now numbering 97 facilitators and the certification of ten coaches and two trainers. By the end of 2023, 1278 parents, across 13 municipalities (half of all municipalities in Montenegro) and a range of service providers, have received the program. The paper describes the project phases and key fidelity components that underpinned the successful introduction and embedding of the program in Montenegro. The plan has resulted in Montenegro having its own domestic resources to continue to implement the program effectively and further plan for widespread dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Hutchings
- Centre for Evidence-Based Early Intervention, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
| | - Ida Ferdinandi
- UNICEF Country Office in Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Roselinde Janowski
- Department of Psychology, and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology, and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jamie Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Baerecke L, Ornellas A, Wamoyi J, Wambura M, Klapwijk J, Chetty AN, Simpson A, Janowski R, de Graaf K, Stern D, Clements L, Te Winkel E, Christine L, Mbosoli G, Nyalali K, Onduru OG, Booij A, Mjwara SN, Tsoanyane S, Mshana G, Mwakitalu ME, Melendez-Torres GJ, Calderon F, Awah I, Green O, Vallance I, Somefun O, Gardner F, Sherr L, Martin M, Lachman JM, Cluver LD. A hybrid digital parenting programme to prevent abuse of adolescents in Tanzania: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:119. [PMID: 38351094 PMCID: PMC10863242 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based parenting programmes have strong evidence in preventing and mitigating violence, but in-person programmes are challenging to deliver at scale. ParentApp is an open-source, offline-first app-based adaptation of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Parents and Teens programme to promote playful and positive parenting, reduce risks for sexual violence victimisation, and prevent violence against adolescents. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ParentApp compared to an attention-control group. METHODS This study is a two-arm pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial to test whether ParentApp reduces adolescent physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual violence risks and victimisation at 1 month and 12 months post-intervention. Caregivers of adolescents aged 10-17 years and their adolescent children (N = 2400 caregiver-adolescent dyads) will be recruited in urban and peri-urban communities in the Mwanza region of Tanzania. A total of 80 study clusters will be stratified and randomised (1:1) to the intervention group, who will receive ParentApp with support through a WhatsApp group, or to an attention-control group, who will receive a water, sanitation, and hygiene app. Quantitative data will be collected through outcomes questionnaires with caregivers and adolescents, administered at baseline, 4 months post-baseline, and 16 months post-baseline, as well as through routine implementation data and ParentApp engagement data. Qualitative data will be collected through individual interviews and focus groups with caregivers, adolescents, and implementing partner staff. DISCUSSION App-based interventions have the potential to expand access to evidence-based parenting support, but currently lack rigorous evidence in low- and middle-income countries. This is the first known randomised control trial of a hybrid digital parenting programme to prevent the abuse of adolescents in low- and middle-income settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered on the Open Science Framework on 14 March 2023, registration: OSF.IO/T9FXZ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Baerecke
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Abigail Ornellas
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joyce Wamoyi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mwita Wambura
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jonathan Klapwijk
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angelique N Chetty
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ashlin Simpson
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roselinde Janowski
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristen de Graaf
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Stern
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS) International, Reading, UK
| | - Lily Clements
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS) International, Reading, UK
| | - Esmee Te Winkel
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS) International, Reading, UK
| | - Laetitia Christine
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences (INNODEMS), Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Gervas Mbosoli
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Kija Nyalali
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Onduru Gervas Onduru
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Anna Booij
- Clowns Without Borders South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Gerry Mshana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Francisco Calderon
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isang Awah
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ohad Green
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Haruv Institute, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inge Vallance
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oluwaseyi Somefun
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mackenzie Martin
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Parenting for Lifelong Health, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucie D Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Parenting for Lifelong Health, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zulkefly NS, Dzeidee Schaff AR, Zaini NA, Mukhtar F, Dahlan R. A pilot randomized control trial on the feasibility, acceptability, and initial effects of a digital-assisted parenting intervention for promoting mental health in Malaysian adolescents. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241249572. [PMID: 38665881 PMCID: PMC11044793 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241249572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Online parenting interventions for enhancing child development, specifically mental health is relatively new in Malaysia. This pilot study tests the feasibility, acceptability, and initial effects of a universal digital-assisted parenting intervention (DaPI) in promoting mental health in adolescents by improving parental behaviors and self-efficacy. Methods A two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted. Twenty-four mothers of adolescent aged 10 to 14 years from a non-clinical sample were recruited online and randomly allocated into two groups (intervention [DaPI] and waitlist-control [WLC]). Eight weekly sessions were delivered online via technological devices. Feasibility outcomes were based on the participants' engagement in DaPI and study retention. Primary (parental behaviors and self-efficacy) and secondary (adolescent mental health) outcomes were assessed using an online survey at baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1), and 1-month follow-up (T2). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and an intention-to-treat approach. Results The DaPI was well received by the mothers. Retention was high (81.8%) in both groups and intervention adherence was excellent (91.6%). Within-group analyses showed a significant decrease in physical control at T2 and an increase in parental self-efficacy at T1 and T2 among the DaPI mothers. No significant differences were observed in adolescents' mental health at any time point. As for the WLC group, there were no significant differences in all the outcome variables across the three assessment moments. Between groups analyses revealed DaPI mothers had significant differences in proactive parenting at T1, and in positive reinforcement and lax control at T2. There were no significant differences in adolescents' mental health between the groups at any time point. Discussion The DaPI is feasible and acceptable in the Malaysian context. Findings show promise regarding the initial effects of the DaPI. However, a larger RCT is needed to determine its effectiveness in promoting mental health of adolescents. Trial registration https://www.irct.ir/; identifier: IRCT20211129053207N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Sheereen Zulkefly
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anis Raihan Dzeidee Schaff
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Arfah Zaini
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Firdaus Mukhtar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahima Dahlan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhang H, Wang W, Lachman JM. The efficacy of an evidence-based parenting program in preventing child maltreatment in mainland China. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 147:106544. [PMID: 38006633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of online parenting programs for preventing child maltreatment in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the online Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children (PLH-YC) program in preventing child maltreatment among Chinese families specifically. METHODS A quasi-experiment was conducted, wherein 274 parents with children aged 2-9 years were assigned to either the online PLH-YC group (n = 135) or a waitlist control group (n = 139). Data were collected at baseline and one week after intervention. A difference-in-differences (DiD) design with propensity score weighting was used to estimate the between-group difference for child maltreatment as well as the associated risk and protective factors. RESULTS Compared to the parents in the control group, parents in the online PLH-YC intervention reported a significant reduction in the occurrence of corporal punishment (b = -1.21; 95 % CI [-2.37, -0.03]), emotional abuse (b = -3.09; 95 % CI [-5.36, -0.82]), and general maltreatment (b = -4.94; 95 % CI [-8.86, -1.02]) as well as an increased frequency of positive parenting strategies (b = 6.46; 95 % CI [2.21, 10.72]). Additionally, parents with high levels of depressive symptoms were significantly more likely to drop out of the program, and those with lower education levels engaged in fewer sessions. CONCLUSION The online PLH-YC program can benefit families with young children by reducing the incidence of child maltreatment through improved positive parenting strategies. More randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-ups are required to further verify the accuracy of the results obtained in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Zhang
- Center for Studies of Sociological Theory and Method, Renmin University of China, P.R. China; Department of Social Work and Social Policy, Renmin University of China, P.R. China.
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Center for Studies of Sociological Theory and Method, Renmin University of China, P.R. China; Department of Social Work and Social Policy, Renmin University of China, P.R. China
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Center for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Schafer M, Lachman JM, Gardner F, Zinser P, Calderon F, Han Q, Facciola C, Clements L. Integrating intimate partner violence prevention content into a digital parenting chatbot intervention during COVID-19: Intervention development and remote data collection. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1708. [PMID: 37667352 PMCID: PMC10476288 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health issue which experienced a sharp incline during the onset of COVID-19. Increases in other forms of violence, such as violence against children (VAC), have also been linked to the pandemic, and there have been calls for greater prevention efforts that tackle both forms of violence concurrently. The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the urgent need for evidence-based and scalable violence prevention interventions that target multiple forms of family violence. Parenting programmes have shown promising results in preventing various forms of family violence, including IPV and VAC, and have recently experienced an expansion in delivery, with digital intervention formats growing. This paper describes the development and evaluation of the IPV prevention content designed and integrated into ParentText, a chatbot parenting intervention adapted from Parenting for Lifelong Health programmes. METHODS The ParentText IPV prevention content was developed using the Six Steps in Quality Intervention Development (6SQuID) framework. This involved targeted literature searches for key studies to identify causal factors associated with IPV and determining those with greatest scope for change. Findings were used to develop the intervention content and theory of change. Consultations were held with academic researchers (n = 5), practitioners (n = 5), and local community organisations (n = 7), who reviewed the content. A formative evaluation was conducted with parents in relationships (n = 96) in Jamaica to better understand patterns in user engagement with the intervention and identify strategies to further improve engagement. RESULTS Using the 6SQuID model, five topics on IPV prevention were integrated into the ParentText chatbot. Text-messages covering each topic, including additional materials such as cartoons and videos, were also developed. The formative evaluation revealed an average user-engagement length of 14 days, 0.50 chatbot interactions per day, and over half of participants selected to view additional relationship content. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a unique contribution as the first to integrate IPV prevention content into a remotely delivered, digital parenting intervention for low-resource settings. The findings from this research and formative evaluation shed light on the promising potential of chatbots as scalable and accessible forms of violence prevention, targeting multiple types of family violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Schafer
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances Gardner
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Zinser
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Calderon
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Han
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Sahay A, Dervišević E, Perova E. Conditional cash transfers and violence against women - Does the type of violence matter? Soc Sci Med 2023; 333:116136. [PMID: 37567018 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
While there is scholarly consensus that cash transfer programs can reduce intimate partner violence (IPV), there is little evidence on the effect on other forms of violence against women (VAW). This study uses a regression discontinuity design to examine the effects of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program in the Philippines on three types of VAW: (i) IPV, (ii) domestic violence excluding IPV (such as own and husband's relatives), and (iii) violence outside home. Although the study finds no significant impacts on IPV or violence outside of home, it reports a measurable decline in emotional domestic violence. Suggestive evidence indicates that the impact could be driven by an increase in household wellbeing, and women's empowerment, bargaining power, and social capital. This evidence confirms the potential of CCT programs to mitigate VAW beyond IPV, such as domestic violence. At the same time, the study suggests that CCT programs' design and context in which they operate may affect their ability to mitigate IPV.
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Landon B, Thomas ED, Orlando L, Evans R, Murray T, Mohammed L, Noel J, Isaac R, Waechter R. Spare the rod, spoil the child: measurement and learning from an intervention to shift corporal punishment attitudes and behaviors in Grenada, West Indies. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1127687. [PMID: 37744480 PMCID: PMC10512176 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1127687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Childrearing practices in the Caribbean and other postcolonial states have long been associated with corporal punishment and are influenced by expectations of children for respectfulness and obedience. Evidence across settings shows that physical punishment of young children is both ineffective and detrimental. Saving Brains Grenada (SBG) implemented a pilot study of an intervention based on the Conscious Discipline curriculum that aimed to build adult caregivers' skills around non-violent child discipline. We hypothesized that attitudes towards corporal punishment would shift to be negative as adults learned more positive discipline methods, and that child neurodevelopment would correspondingly improve. This report reviews the impact of monitoring and evaluation on the design and implementation of the intervention. Study 1 presents findings from the pilot study. Despite positive gains in neurodevelopmental outcomes among children in the intervention compared to controls, attitudes towards corporal punishment and reported use of it did not change. Additionally, several internal conflicts in the measures used to assess corporal punishment behaviors and attitudes were identified. Study 2 is a response to learning from Study 1 and highlights the importance for monitoring and evaluation to be data-informed, adaptive, and culturally appropriate. In Study 2, the SBG research team conducted cognitive interviews and group discussions with stakeholders to assess the content and comprehensibility of the Attitudes Towards Corporal Punishment Scale (ACP). This yielded insights into the measurement of attitudes towards corporal punishment and related parenting behavior, and prompted several revisions to the ACP. To accurately evaluate the intervention's theory of change and its goal to reduce violence against children, reliable and appropriate measures of attitudes towards corporal punishment and punishment behaviors are needed. Together, these two studies emphasize the value of continuous monitoring, evaluation, and learning in the implementation, adaptation, evaluation, and scaling of SBG and similar early childhood development interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Landon
- Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George’s, Grenada
- Psychological Services Center, St. George's University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | | | - Lauren Orlando
- Department of Public Health, St. George's University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Roberta Evans
- Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Toni Murray
- Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Lauren Mohammed
- Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Jesma Noel
- Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Rashida Isaac
- Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Randall Waechter
- Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George’s, Grenada
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George’s, Grenada
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Jocson RM, Alampay LP, Lachman JM, Maramba DHA, Melgar ME, Ward CL, Madrid BJ, Gardner F. Pre-post Mixed Methods Study of a Parent and Teen Support Intervention to Prevent Violence Against Adolescents in the Philippines. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:102-109. [PMID: 37086250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the feasibility of a culturally adapted parenting intervention (MaPa Teens) within the national cash transfer system to reduce violence against adolescents, the first such program in the Philippines. METHODS Thirty caregiver-adolescent dyads who were beneficiaries of a government conditional cash transfer program participated in a pilot of a locally adapted version of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Parents and Teens program. Primary outcomes of reducing child maltreatment and associated risk factors were evaluated using a single-group, pre-post design. Focus group discussions explored the perceptions of participants and facilitators regarding program acceptability and feasibility. RESULTS Significant and moderate reductions were reported in overall child maltreatment and physical abuse (caregiver and adolescent reports) and in emotional abuse (adolescent report). There were significant reductions in neglect, attitudes supporting punishment, parenting stress, parental and adolescent depressive symptoms, parent-child relationship problems, and significant improvement in parental efficacy in managing child behavior. Adolescents reported reduced behavior problems, risk behavior, and witnessing of family violence. Participants valued learning skills using a collaborative approach, sustained their engagement between sessions through text messages and phone calls, and appreciated the close interaction with caring and skilled facilitators. Program areas of improvement included addressing barriers to attendance, increasing adolescent engagement, and revising the sexual health module. DISCUSSION The study provides preliminary support for the effectiveness and feasibility of the program in reducing violence against Filipino adolescents. Findings suggest potential adaptations of the program, and that investment in more rigorous testing using a randomized controlled trial would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Jocson
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Liane Peña Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marika E Melgar
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Bernadette J Madrid
- Child Protection Unit, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Pereira A, Akaligaung AJ, Aborigo R, Peterman A, Palermo T, Barrington C. 'Joy, not sorrow': Men's perspectives on gender, violence, and cash transfers targeted to women in northern Ghana. SSM. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN HEALTH 2023; 3:100275. [PMID: 38371898 PMCID: PMC10871712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that cash transfers can decrease intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, although most research has focused on women's perspectives and experiences, with less attention to men. We analyzed data from four focus group discussions with male partners of women who participated in the Ghana Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) 1000 cash transfer program. We elicited men's perceptions of poverty, relationship dynamics, IPV and cash transfers targeted to their wives using thematic analysis. Men largely viewed the effects of the cash transfer as positive - they felt decreased provider role strain when women used the cash to cover household expenses such as food and school fees. Men also indicated that they felt respected when women used the cash to cover sudden expenses, such as funeral costs, thus preventing the need to borrow from community members and exposing their inability to fulfill provider roles. These feelings of relief and respect helped improve men's overall wellbeing, their marital relationships and reduced the potential for IPV. Despite these positive results, men revealed that they still expected to be informed and consulted about the transfer and its expenditure, and felt disrespected when women did not do so, thus heightening the potential for household conflict. Further research and innovation in programming is needed to integrate gender transformative strategies into cash transfer programs, explicitly aimed at changing gender norms to enhance and sustain beneficial impacts on gender relations and IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Pereira
- Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | - Amber Peterman
- Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Tia Palermo
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Division of Health Services Policy and Practice, University at Buffalo, USA
| | - Clare Barrington
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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12
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Martin M, Lachman JM, Murphy H, Gardner F, Foran H. The development, reliability, and validity of the Facilitator Assessment Tool: An implementation fidelity measure used in Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children. Child Care Health Dev 2023; 49:591-604. [PMID: 36316789 PMCID: PMC10946966 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children (PLH-YC) programme aims to reduce violence against children and child behaviour problems among families in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although the programme has been tested in four randomised controlled trials and delivered in over 25 countries, there are gaps in understanding regarding the programme's implementation fidelity and, more generally, concerning the implementation fidelity of parenting programmes in LMICs. AIMS This study aims to address these gaps by examining the psychometric properties of the PLH-YC-Facilitator Assessment Tool (FAT)-an observational tool used to measure the competent adherence of PLH-YC facilitators. Examining the psychometric properties of the FAT is important in order to determine whether there is an association between facilitator competent adherence and programme outcomes and, if correlated, to improve facilitator performance. It is also important to develop the implementation literature among parenting interventions in LMICs. METHODS The study examined the content validity, intra-rater reliability, and inter-rater reliability of the FAT. Revision of the tool was based on consultation with programme trainers, experts, and assessors. A training curriculum and assessment manual was created. Assessors were trained in Southeastern Europe and their assessments of facilitator delivery were analysed as part of a large-scale factorial experiment (N = 79 facilitators). RESULTS The content validity process with PLH-YC trainers, experts, and assessors resulted in substantial improvements to the tool. Analyses of percentage agreements and intraclass correlations found that, even with practical challenges, assessments were completed with adequate yet not strong intra- and inter-rater reliability. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the literature on the implementation of parenting programmes in LMICs. The study found that the FAT appears to capture its intended constructs and can be used with an acceptable degree of consistency. Further research on the tool's reliability and validity-specifically, its internal consistency, construct validity, and predictive validity-is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Martin
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jamie M. Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Hugh Murphy
- Institute for PsychologyAlpen‐Adria‐University KlagenfurtKlagenfurtAustria
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Heather Foran
- Institute for PsychologyAlpen‐Adria‐University KlagenfurtKlagenfurtAustria
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13
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Lachman JM, Juhari R, Stuer F, Zinser P, Han Q, Gardner F, McCoy A, Yaacob SN, Kahar R, Mansor M, Madon Z, Arshat Z, Nadzri FZM, Aftar NFA, Landers C. "Before I was like a Tarzan. But now, I take a pause": mixed methods feasibility study of the Naungan Kasih parenting program to prevent violence against children in Malaysia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:241. [PMID: 36737719 PMCID: PMC9898888 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite impressive strides in health, social protection, and education, children continue to experience high rates of child maltreatment in Malaysia. This mixed-methods study assessed the feasibility of a five-session, social learning-based parenting program delivered by government staff in a community setting to reduce violence against children. METHODS Parents of children from birth to 17 years were recruited from two communities near Kuala Lumpur to participate in the government-run program called the Naungan Kasih Positive Parenting Program ("Protecting through Love" in Bahasa Melayu). Quantitative data from female caregivers (N = 74) and children ages 10-17 (N = 26) were collected along with qualitative interviews and focus groups with parents, children, and facilitators. The primary outcome was child maltreatment with secondary outcomes including neglect, positive parenting, acceptability of corporal punishment, harsh parenting, positive discipline, and child behavior problems. Multilevel Poisson regression and multilevel linear regression were conducted to compare baseline and post-test outcomes. Qualitative interviews and focus groups examined how participants experienced the program utilizing a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS Quantitative analyses found pre-post reductions in overall child maltreatment, physical abuse, emotional abuse, attitudes supporting corporal punishment, parent sense of inefficacy, and child behavior problems. There were no reported changes on positive and harsh parenting, parental mental health, and marital satisfaction, nor were there any other significant changes reported by children. Qualitative findings suggested that the program had tangible benefits for female caregivers involved in the program, with the benefits extending to their family members. CONCLUSIONS This feasibility study is one of the few studies in Southeast Asia that examined the feasibility and initial program impact of a parenting program delivered by government staff to families with children across the developmental spectrum from birth to 17 years. Promising results suggest that the program may reduce child maltreatment across a range of child ages. Findings also indicate areas for program improvement prior to further delivery and testing, including additional training and content on sexual and reproductive health, parenting children with disabilities, and online child protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Lachman
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSocial and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland ,grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. Juhari
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - F. Stuer
- Maestral International, Minneapolis, USA
| | - P. Zinser
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Q. Han
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - F. Gardner
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - A. McCoy
- Peace Culture Foundation, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S. N. Yaacob
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - R. Kahar
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - M. Mansor
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Z. Madon
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Z. Arshat
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - F. Z. M. Nadzri
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - N. F. A. Aftar
- grid.265727.30000 0001 0417 0814Faculty of Psychology and Education, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - C. Landers
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
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Morello L, Caputi M, Scaini S, Forresi B. Parenting Programs to Reduce Recurrence of Child Maltreatment in the Family Environment: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013283. [PMID: 36293863 PMCID: PMC9603684 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Physical maltreatment is a public health issue affecting millions of children in their lifetime, with a high risk of recurrency. Although there are several parenting programs (PPs) available, existing reviews on their effectiveness in preventing physical abuse recurrences have many limitations. The current systematic review aims at (1) providing a summary of evidence on the effectiveness of behavioral/cognitive-behavioral PPs in preventing physical re-abuse; (2) extending previous reviews by including reduction of child maltreatment recurrence as the main outcome but also focusing on the effect of PPs on maltreatment risk, parent and child psychopathology, and parent-child relationship; and (3) including only RCT with at least one follow-up. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review was performed in the EBSCOhost and PUBMED databases. In total, 93 articles were identified, of which 8 were included in the review. Among them, three reported a significant reduction in recidivism rates and maltreatment risk, and five improvements in parent-child relationships. Although limitations arise from methodological heterogeneity across studies, there is some evidence that some brief and manualized cognitive behavioral PPs can reduce the recurrence of child physical maltreatment and improve parent-child relationships. More studies are needed to give further support to PP effectiveness in protecting children from recurrent maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Morello
- Child and Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcella Caputi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Weiss 21, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | - Simona Scaini
- Child and Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Forresi
- Child and Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milano, Italy
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Cuartas J, Baker-Henningham H, Cepeda A, Rey-Guerra C. The Apapacho Violence Prevention Parenting Program: Conceptual Foundations and Pathways to Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148582. [PMID: 35886432 PMCID: PMC9325014 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Violence against children (VAC) is a major global issue with long-lasting negative consequences on individuals and societies. The present study presents a review of the literature on drivers of VAC and the core components of evidence-based violence prevention programs. Moreover, it analyzes the existing services and social infrastructure in Colombia to rigorously inform the design of the Apapacho violence prevention parenting program for families with children younger than five targeted toward Colombia. Findings indicate that (1) VAC in Colombia is a multidimensional issue with roots at the individual, family, community, and society levels, (2) evidence-based violence prevention programs share a common set of content and delivery strategies that could inform the components of the Apapacho program, and (3) there is an urgent need for scalable and flexible violence prevention programs for families with young children in Colombia. Considering existing evidence, the Apapacho violence prevention parenting program will be designed using ecological, developmental, and neuroscience-informed perspectives. This article concludes by presenting the initial components of the theory of change and discussing future directions for the design of the Apapacho program and other violence prevention interventions in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuartas
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Helen Baker-Henningham
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK;
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Kingston BB11000, Jamaica
| | - Andrés Cepeda
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Catalina Rey-Guerra
- Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Boston College, Chesnut Hill, MA 02467, USA;
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