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Li CJ, Zheng Y, Gan Y, Du Z, Cai X, Li Y, Wang W, Jiang T, Zhang Q, Niu L, Tao TJ, Hou WK. Mental health of primary health care physicians and nurses following prolonged infection control rules: a national survey in China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1392845. [PMID: 39247229 PMCID: PMC11377233 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1392845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the prevalence and correlates of probable mental health disorders, including psychological distress, somatization, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety (PHO), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and insomnia among Chinese primary health care (PHC) physicians and nurses amid the post-pandemic period in 2022. Method Region-stratified sampling was conducted to recruit a national sample of 4,246 respondents from 31 July 2022 to 12 August 2022. A total of 692 primary healthcare institutions were identified in 30 provincial-level administrative regions of China. An online questionnaire was used for assessing probable mental health disorders using Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and sleeping problems using Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Data on demographics and work were also collected. Bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were conducted to identify significant correlates of probable mental health disorders. Results A total of 4,246 valid questionnaires were identified. Results showed that relative to the prevalence of probable mental health disorders among health care workers at the early stage of the pandemic in China, there was an overall decreased prevalence except for somatization, PHO, and OCD among the current PHC physicians and nurses. Multiple logistic regressions showed that significant risk factors of common probable mental health disorders, namely psychological distress, SOM, DEP, ANX, PHO, OCD, PTSD, and insomnia, were female gender, multimorbidity, history of psychiatric disorders, quarantine experience, never asking anyone for help, and overtime work. Conclusion Attention should be given to preexisting psychiatric and multimorbid conditions, social support, and work-related stressors. Regular assessment and psychological interventions are needed to enhance the mental health of PHC professionals even after public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Jingru Li
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- Shouyilu Street Community Health Service Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Gan
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaohui Du
- Department of Administrative Management, Shanggang Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemin Cai
- Department of Administrative Management, Laoshan Community Health Service Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Administrative Management, Jinsong Community Health Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Administrative Management, Xinhua Shaocheng Community Health Service Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianwu Jiang
- Department of Administrative Management, Tianshui Wulin Street Community Health Service Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Administrative Management, Jiexin Village Community Health Service Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Niu
- Department of Administrative Management, Xinglin Street Community Health Service Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tiffany Junchen Tao
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Kai Hou
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhou T, Dong X, Zhang L, Chen W, Zhang X, Zhang J, Chen J. 'Breakdown and healing' - adaptation experiences of postpartum nurses returning to work: a descriptive phenomenological study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:523. [PMID: 39085901 PMCID: PMC11289917 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoting the work adaptation of nurses returning to work after childbirth is key to improving their physical and mental health and ensuring the quality of nursing care. Although postpartum nurses have reported high work stress and poor adaptation after returning to work, little is known regarding the experiences, problems and further needs. This study aimed to explore the adaptation experiences of postpartum nurses returning to work. METHODS This was a qualitative study with descriptive phenomenological approach. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted between March and May 2023 in four tertiary hospitals in Changsha, mainland China, which were selected using convenience sampling. A total of 16 postpartum nurses returning to work within one year were recruited using purposive sampling and maximum variation sampling. The interviews were analysed using the Colaizzi's 7-step method. RESULTS 'Breakdown and healing' is a strong thread in postpartum nurses' work adaptation. It links 13 subthemes in the interview data, which can be grouped under three overarching themes: (a) changes and challenges of multiple roles; (b) self-coping and social support; and (c) further needs after returning to work. The phrase 'breakdown and healing' reflects the mutual relationship between stress and coping among postpartum nurses. The changes and challenges associated with being required to fulfil multiple roles of mothers, wives and nurses make the subjects feel on the verge of 'breakdown'. When returning to work, most of them move slowly towards 'healing' through positive self-management and support from their partners, families, supervisors and colleagues. Moreover, their ongoing demands and unsolved problems - such as their desire for a workplace that is friendly and serves their needs - were generated by the constant process of 'breakdown and healing'. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how postpartum nurses returning to work perceive adaptation experiences is essential for nursing managers, who can use the findings to implement targeted measures to shorten postpartum nurses' maladaptation period after returning to work and promote their work adaptation. This study underscores the critical importance of personalized return-to-work training, flexible work arrangements, support from colleagues and managers, well-established maternal facilities and services, and targeted policy efforts in enhancing postpartum nurses' work adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianji Zhou
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, No.172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China
- Cardiovascular Surgeon Department, Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Teaching & Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangling Dong
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, No.172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China
- Cardiovascular Surgeon Department, Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Teaching & Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Cardiovascular Surgeon Department, Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Teaching & Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, No.172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Teaching & Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, No.172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, No.172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Nursing of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
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Zhan N, Xu Y, Pu J, Wang W, Xie Z, Huang H. The interaction between mental resilience and insomnia disorder on negative emotions in nurses in Guangdong Province, China. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1396417. [PMID: 39176229 PMCID: PMC11339876 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1396417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the current status of psychological resilience, insomnia and negative emotions among nurses in Guangdong Province, China. And to explore the effects of the interaction between psychological resilience and insomnia on negative emotions. Methods A cross-sectional survey method was used to select 1874 nurses in Guangdong Province from February 2023 to April 2023 for the survey. The Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale (PRS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21)were used in this study. We use SPSS 26.0 for statistical analysis. A simple effect analysis was established to analyze the association between psychological resilience, insomnia and negative emotions by using psychological resilience, insomnia and the interaction term. Results The overall PRS and ISI scores were (59.79 ± 17.29) and (9.83 ± 5.97). The scores of DASS-21 each dimension were (8.19 ± 9.02) for depression emotion,(7.93 ± 7.66) for anxiety emotion and (10.58 ± 9.77) for stress emotion. The results of the interaction effect analysis indicated that psychological resilience and insomnia exhibited statistically significant differences in the between-subjects effect test for depression emotion (r2 = 0.136, P<0.01), anxiety emotion (r2 = 0.127, P<0.01), and stress emotion (r2 = 0.142, P<0.01). Conclusion The nurses exhibited moderate levels of psychological resilience. Most of them have varying degrees of insomnia, with majority being classified as mild insomnia. Additionally, they demonstrated varying degrees of negative emotions. There was a negative correlation between psychological resilience and insomnia. Psychological resilience was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety and stress emotions. Insomnia was positively correlated with depression, anxiety and stress emotions. Furthermore, the interaction between psychological resilience and insomnia had an effect on all three dimensions of negative emotions. Consequently, hospital administrators may implement efficacious intervention strategies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and improving workplace climate in a timely manner according to the different psychological tolerance and severity of insomnia of nurses in order to reduce the occurrence of negative emotions among nurses and improve their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Zhan
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Xu
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Pu
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Waner Wang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanghao Xie
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Huigen Huang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang Z, Chen H, Li X, Chen S, Wang Z, Yang J, Chen Z, Wang X, Tian Y, Zhou J. Differences in the depression and burnout networks between doctors and nurses: evidence from a network analysis. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1668. [PMID: 38909182 PMCID: PMC11193897 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated a strong association between depression and job burnout among healthcare professionals, but the results have been inconsistent, and there is a lack of in-depth exploration of such a relationship among different healthcare professions. The present study aims to investigate the interrelationships between depression and burnout among Chinese healthcare professionals and whether there are differences in the networks of these symptoms between doctors and nurses. METHODS The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire were employed to assess job burnout and depression among 3,684 healthcare professionals. The translation has been refined to ensure accuracy and academic suitability. Subsequently, network analysis was conducted on 2,244 participants with a higher level of job burnout to identify core symptoms and explore the associations between job burnout and depression. RESULTS The present study showed a network association between lack of interest and pleasure in things and being exhausted from work, excessive tiredness facing work, tendency to collapse at work, and lack of passion for work than before among healthcare professionals, as well as a notable difference in the network association between lack of interest and pleasure in things and lack of passion for work than before between nurses and doctors. CONCLUSIONS The depression-burnout network structures differ between doctors and nurses, highlighting the need for targeted intervention measures for both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xuting Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Shurui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zengyu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yusheng Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.139, Renmin Road Central, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Ding W, Wang MZ, Zeng XW, Liu ZH, Meng Y, Hu HT, Zhang Y, Guan YG, Meng FG, Zhang JG, Wang S. Mental health and insomnia problems in healthcare workers after the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14:704-714. [PMID: 38808084 PMCID: PMC11129153 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i5.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as worsening mental health problems and insomnia. These problems can persist for a long period, even after the pandemic. However, less is known about this topic. AIM To analyze mental health, insomnia problems, and their influencing factors in HCWs after the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This multicenter cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted from June 1, 2023 to June 30, 2023, which was a half-year after the end of the COVID-19 emergency. Region-stratified population-based cluster sampling was applied at the provincial level for Chinese HCWs. Symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia were evaluated by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Insomnia Severity Index. Factors influencing the symptoms were identified by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 2000 participants were invited, for a response rate of 70.6%. A total of 1412 HCWs [618 (43.8%) doctors, 583 (41.3%) nurses and 211 (14.9%) nonfrontline], 254 (18.0%), 231 (16.4%), and 289 (20.5%) had symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia, respectively; severe symptoms were found in 58 (4.1%), 49 (3.5%), and 111 (7.9%) of the participants. Nurses, female sex, and hospitalization for COVID-19 were risk factors for anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms; moreover, death from family or friends was a risk factor for insomnia symptoms. During the COVID-19 outbreak, most [1086 (76.9%)] of the participating HCWs received psychological interventions, while nearly all [994 (70.4%)] of them had received public psychological education. Only 102 (7.2%) of the HCWs received individual counseling from COVID-19. CONCLUSION Although the mental health and sleep problems of HCWs were relieved after the COVID-19 pandemic, they still faced challenges and greater risks than did the general population. Identifying risk factors would help in providing targeted interventions. In addition, although a major proportion of HCWs have received public psychological education, individual interventions are still insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of Public Health, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min-Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xian-Wei Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liu
- Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui-Ting Hu
- Department of Neurology, Heze Mudan People’s Hospital, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yu-Guang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fan-Gang Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
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Yu Q, Huang C, Tian Y, Yang J, Li X, Ning M, Chen Z, Du J, He J, Li Y. Factors associated with clinical nurse's mental health: a qualitative study applying the social ecological model. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:330. [PMID: 38755588 PMCID: PMC11097552 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of burnout, depression, and anxiety among Chinese nurses was 34%, 55.5%, and 41.8% respectively. Mental health problems have significant impacts on their personal well-being, work performance, patient care quality, and the overall healthcare system. Mental health is influenced by factors at multiple levels and their interactions. METHODS This was a descriptive qualitative study using phenomenological approach. We recruited a total of 48 nurses from a tertiary hospital in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. Data were collected through focus group interviews. Audio-recorded data were transcribed and inductively analysed. RESULTS Four major themes with 13 subthemes were identified according to the social ecological model: (1) individual-level factors, including personality traits, sleep quality, workplace adaptability, and years of work experience; (2) interpersonal-level factors, encompassing interpersonal support and role conflict; (3) organization-level factors, such as organizational climate, organizational support, career plateau, and job control; and (4) social-level factors, which included compensation packages, social status, and legislative provision and policy. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted factors influencing nurses' mental health. Recognizing the interconnectedness of individual, interpersonal, organizational, and social elements is essential for developing targeted interventions and comprehensive strategies to promote and safeguard the mental well-being of nurses in clinical settings. TRIAL AND PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The larger study was registered with Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2300072142 (05/06/2023) https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=192676 . REPORTING METHOD This study is reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chongmei Huang
- School of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Nursing, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Yusheng Tian
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuting Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Ning
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zengyu Chen
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Du
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqing He
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Xu B, So WK, Choi KC, Huang Y, Liu M, Qiu L, Tan J, Tao H, Yan K, Yang F. Financial toxicity and its risk factors among patients with cancer in China: A nationwide multisite study. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2024; 11:100443. [PMID: 38665637 PMCID: PMC11039943 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjon.2024.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective We assessed financial toxicity (FT) among Chinese patients with cancer and investigated associated risk factors guided by a multilevel conceptual framework. Methods Applying multistage stratified sampling, we selected six tertiary and six secondary hospitals across three economically diverse provinces in China. From February to October 2022, 1208 patients with cancer participated. FT was measured using the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST), with 28 potential risk factors identified at multilevel. Multiple regression analysis was used for risk factor identification. Results FT prevalence was 82.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80.5%, 84.8%), with high FT (COST score ≤ 18.5) observed in 40.9% of participants (95% CI: 38.1%, 43.7%). Significant risk factors included younger age at cancer diagnosis, unmarried status, low annual household income, negative impact of cancer on participants' or family caregiver's work, advanced cancer stage, longer hospital stay for cancer treatment or treatment-related side effects, high perceived stress, poor emotional/informational support, lack of social medical insurance or having urban and rural resident basic medical insurance, lack of commercial medical insurance, tertiary hospital treatment, and inadequate cost discussions with healthcare providers (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Cancer-related FT is prevalent in China, contributing to disparities in cancer care access and health-related outcomes. The risk factors associated with cancer-related FT encompasses multilevel, including patient/family, provider/practice, and payer/policy levels. There is an urgent need for collective efforts by patients, healthcare providers, policymakers, and insurers to safeguard the financial security and well-being of individuals affected by cancer, promoting health equities in the realm of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xu
- School of Nursing, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Winnie K.W. So
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Chow Choi
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- The Nursing Department of the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mei Liu
- The Infection Control Department of Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lanxiang Qiu
- The Nursing Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianghong Tan
- The Nursing Department of Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Hua Tao
- The Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keli Yan
- The Internal Medicine Nursing Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Yang
- The Nursing Department of Nanjing Pukou People's Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Liu C, Li S, Zhou J, Zhang M, Chen H. Relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health of Chinese nurses: The mediating effects of psychological capital and burnout. Nurs Open 2024; 11:e2136. [PMID: 38488419 PMCID: PMC10941571 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between fear of COVID-19 and mental health of nurses and the effects of psychological capital and burnout in this relation. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS The online surveys were conducted among mainland Chinese nurses. Participants (n = 445; average age 32.89 ± 6.76 years) completed an online-questionnaire based on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Psychological Capital Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Professionals Scale and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey. Data analysis was conducted by Pearson's correlation analysis, Harman single-factor test and the bootstrap method for mediating effect testing. RESULTS (1) The study demonstrated a significant direct effect of fear of COVID-19 on nurses' mental health, as well as on mediating factors such as burnout and psychological capital. (2) Regression analyses confirmed that while psychological capital bolstered mental health, burnout undermined it, with fear of COVID-19 further imposing a negative influence. (3) Fear of COVID-19 exerted an effect on the mental health of nurses by the independent and chain intermediary functions of psychological capital and burnout, resulting in a total mediating effect of -0.233.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative MedicineThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative MedicineThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative MedicineThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of NursingThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative MedicineThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
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Miao C, Liu C, Zhou Y, Chung JWY, Zou X, Tan W, Ma Y, Luo Q, Chen J, Wong TKS. Latent profiles of nurses' subjective well-being and its association with social support and professional self-concept. Nurs Open 2024; 11:e2146. [PMID: 38532303 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify latent profiles of nurses' subjective well-being (SWB) and explore its association with social support and professional self-concept. DESIGN This study used an online survey and cross-sectional latent profile analysis design. METHODS A total of 1009 nurses from 30 hospitals in Guangdong Province, China, were selected using convenience sampling. An online questionnaire survey comprising the following scales was distributed: Index of Well-Being, Nurses' Professional Self-concept Questionnaire and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Nurses' SWB was examined and categorized into profiles using nine Index of Well-being items as explicit variables and ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed to explore factors related to the distinct categories. RESULTS Nurses' SWB was divided into four latent profiles: extremely low, low, moderate and high. Regression analysis showed that social support and professional self-concept influenced SWB. There were statistically significant differences in age, title, working years, social support and professional self-concept among nurses in the different well-being categories. Ordered logistic regression analysis showed that social support and professional self-concept are associated with different SWB profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyuan Miao
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunqin Liu
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joanne W Y Chung
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiaofang Zou
- Department of Nursing, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenying Tan
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ma
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Luo
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Kwok Shing Wong
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Hong Kong Nang Yan College of Higher Education, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Yang Z, Huang H, Li G. Status and influencing factors of work stress among nurse managers in western China: a cross-sectional survey study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:68. [PMID: 38267991 PMCID: PMC10807054 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Due to the nature of their work, nurses are more prone to experiencing psychological consequences than other healthcare workers. However, evidence on the emotional burden of nurse managers in China is limited. Furthermore, perceived organizational support has been approved that can affect mental health outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the status quo and influencing factors of nurse managers' work stress, and their possible relationship with perceived organizational support, which could further provide more countermeasures to safeguard their health. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey of 21 secondary and tertiary hospitals was conducted in a city in Sichuan province, Southwest China, using a convenience sampling method between October and November 2022. Data were collected using the general information questionnaire, the Chinese version of the Stress Overload Scale (SOS) and the perceived Organizational Support Scale (POSS). SPSS 23.0 was applied to analyze the data. RESULTS In total, 380 participants completed the survey. The median scores (interquartile range [IQR]) for SOS and POSS were 60.50 (50.00, 70.75) and 51.00 (44.00, 55.00), respectively. The work stress of the nurse managers was negatively correlated with perceived organizational support (P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age older than 40 years, from secondary hospitals, working in emergency or pediatric wards, and professional qualification of supervisor nurse or deputy supervisor nurse, and the scores of POSS less than 51 significantly influenced the work stress of the nurse managers. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that nurse managers are more prone to work stress, and organizational support can effectively reduce this stress. Governments and hospital administrators should pay more attention to providing comprehensive strategies based on various risk factors to protect and promote psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Yang
- School of Nursing, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Nursing Department of Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.12, Changjia Alley, Jingzhong Street, Fucheng District, 621000, Mianyang, China
| | - Huaping Huang
- Nursing Department of Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.12, Changjia Alley, Jingzhong Street, Fucheng District, 621000, Mianyang, China
| | - Guirong Li
- Nursing Department of Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.12, Changjia Alley, Jingzhong Street, Fucheng District, 621000, Mianyang, China.
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11
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苏 思, 宫 艺, 赵 逸, 倪 舒, 师 乐, 鲍 彦, 陆 林. [Challenges of and Responses to Mental Health Problems in the Post-COVID-19 Era]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2023; 54:217-222. [PMID: 36949675 PMCID: PMC10409176 DOI: 10.12182/20230260301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Since the first outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), prevention and control of the pandemic remains a grim issue because of the continuous emergence of new variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing COVID-19, and the constant emergence of new domestic outbreaks. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental and psychological problems have increased significantly among different populations, including patients of COVID-19 and their families, health workers, college students, adolescents, children, and even the general population. At present, the COVID-19 epidemic situation in China is rather complicated. The general population is confronted with a variety of challenges, including the threat of infection or reinfection, lower efficiency in study and work, and reduced incomes, and is hence experiencing many mental health problems related to the epidemic situation. Therefore, the relevant governmental departments and health institutions in China have attached high importance to the mental health issue in the process of implementing pandemic control measures of COVID-19. Close collaboration to implement the required epidemic prevention and control measures, improvements in the mental health services for public health emergencies in China, and commitment to the protection of the mental health and well-being of the people in the post-pandemic era have become the top priorities for now. Based on a review of the mental health problems related to COVID-19 pandemic, we suggested strategies to deal with mental health problems in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- 思贞 苏
- 北京大学第六医院,北京大学精神卫生研究所,国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学),国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心 (北京 100191)Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the National Health Commission (Peking University), and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 艺邈 宫
- 北京大学第六医院,北京大学精神卫生研究所,国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学),国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心 (北京 100191)Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the National Health Commission (Peking University), and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 逸苗 赵
- 北京大学第六医院,北京大学精神卫生研究所,国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学),国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心 (北京 100191)Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the National Health Commission (Peking University), and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing 100191, China
- 北京大学前沿交叉学科研究院,北大-清华生命科学联合中心 (北京 100191) Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 舒羽 倪
- 北京大学第六医院,北京大学精神卫生研究所,国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学),国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心 (北京 100191)Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the National Health Commission (Peking University), and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing 100191, China
- 北京大学前沿交叉学科研究院,北大-清华生命科学联合中心 (北京 100191) Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 乐 师
- 北京大学第六医院,北京大学精神卫生研究所,国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学),国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心 (北京 100191)Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the National Health Commission (Peking University), and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 彦平 鲍
- 北京大学第六医院,北京大学精神卫生研究所,国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学),国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心 (北京 100191)Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the National Health Commission (Peking University), and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing 100191, China
- 北京大学前沿交叉学科研究院,北大-清华生命科学联合中心 (北京 100191) Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 林 陆
- 北京大学第六医院,北京大学精神卫生研究所,国家卫生健康委员会精神卫生学重点实验室(北京大学),国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心 (北京 100191)Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the National Health Commission (Peking University), and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing 100191, China
- 北京大学前沿交叉学科研究院,北大-清华生命科学联合中心 (北京 100191) Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- 北京大学中国药物依赖性研究所 (北京 100191)National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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12
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Yang D, Fang G, Fu D, Hong M, Wang H, Chen Y, Ma Q, Yang J. Impact of work-family support on job burnout among primary health workers and the mediating role of career identity: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1115792. [PMID: 36908407 PMCID: PMC9998699 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1115792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In China, medical workers in the primary sector shoulder the task of providing people with the basic medical and public health services, and are the "gatekeepers" of the public health. This study aims to analyze the current situation of job burnout among primary health workers of China, and shed light on the effect of work-family support and career identity on job burnout among them and their relationships. This may provide a new perspective for primary health care institutions and health administrative departments so as to formulate policies to "attract, retain and stabilize" primary health workers. Methods A multi-stage sampling method was adopted to select 8,135 primary health workers from 320 primary health care institutions in a province of central China. A descriptive statistical analysis, univariate analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and mediation effect analysis were applied to analyze the effects of work-family support and career identity on job burnout among primary health workers as well as the mediating role of career identity. Results Among 8,135 primary health workers, 4,911 (60.4%) participants had mild to moderate levels of job burnout, 181 (2.2%) participants had severe job burnout, and the burnout detection rate is 62.6%. Work-family support was negatively correlated with job burnout (r = -0.46, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with career identity (r = 0.42, p < 0.01). Work-family support (β = -0.346, p < 0.01) and career identity (β = -0.574, p < 0.01) were negative predictors of job burnout respectively. In addition, career identity had a mediating effect between work-family support and job burnout, with the mediating effect contributing 33.7% to the overall effect. Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrate that work-family support is a protective factor against job burnout in primary health workers and reveal that career identity is a critical mediating mechanism linking work-family support to burnout. We propose to reduce job burnout by strengthening work-family support (especially work support), enhancing career identity, increasing the number of primary health workers and reducing the workload of existing incumbents, which can provide important practical implications for the future prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diling Yang
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guixia Fang
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Danmin Fu
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyuan Hong
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qinglian Ma
- School of Marxism, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinxia Yang
- Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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13
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Zhang H. Valuing nurses' mental health and enhancing their psychological resilience. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 30:100643. [PMID: 36382145 PMCID: PMC9650710 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, SinoUnited Health, Shanghai, China
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14
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Peng P, Liang M, Wang Q, Lu L, Wu Q, Chen Q. Night shifts, insomnia, anxiety, and depression among Chinese nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic remission period: A network approach. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1040298. [PMID: 36544790 PMCID: PMC9760836 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic imposed a heavy workload on nurses with more frequent night shifts, which led to higher levels of insomnia, depression, and anxiety among nurses. The study aimed to describe the symptom-symptom interaction of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among nurses and to evaluate the impact of night shifts on mental distress via a network model. Methods We recruited 4,188 nurses from six hospitals in December 2020. We used the Insomnia Severity Index, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 to assess insomnia, depression, and anxiety, respectively. We used the gaussian graphical model to estimate the network. Index expected influence and bridge expected influence was adapted to identify the central and bridge symptoms within the network. We assessed the impact of night shifts on mental distress and compared the network structure based on COVID-19 frontline experience. Results The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia was 59, 46, and 55%, respectively. Nurses with night shifts were at a higher risk for the three mental disorders. "Sleep maintenance" was the central symptom. "Fatigue," "Motor," "Restlessness," and "Feeling afraid" were bridge symptoms. Night shifts were strongly associated with sleep onset trouble. COVID-19 frontline experience did not affect the network structure. Conclusion "Sleep maintenance," "Fatigue," "Motor," and "Restlessness" were important in maintaining the symptom network of anxiety, depression, and insomnia in nurses. Further interventions should prioritize these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Peng
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mining Liang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lulu Lu
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuxia Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Qiuxia Wu
| | - Qiongni Chen
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Qiongni Chen
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