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Ferrall-Fairbanks MC, Dhawan A, Johnson B, Newman H, Volpe V, Letson C, Ball M, Hunter AM, Balasis ME, Kruer T, Ben-Crentsil NA, Kroeger JL, Balderas R, Komrokji RS, Sallman DA, Zhang J, Bejar R, Altrock PM, Padron E. Progenitor Hierarchy of Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia Identifies Inflammatory Monocytic-Biased Trajectory Linked to Worse Outcomes. Blood Cancer Discov 2022; 3:536-553. [PMID: 36053528 PMCID: PMC9627238 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloblast expansion is a hallmark of disease progression and comprises CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). How this compartment evolves during disease progression in chronic myeloid neoplasms is unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and high-parameter flow cytometry, we show that chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) CD34+ HSPC can be classified into three differentiation trajectories: monocytic, megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP), and normal-like. Hallmarks of monocytic-biased trajectory were enrichment of CD120b+ inflammatory granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP)-like cells, activated cytokine receptor signaling, phenotypic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) depletion, and adverse outcomes. Cytokine receptor diversity was generally an adverse feature and elevated in CD120b+ GMPs. Hypomethylating agents decreased monocytic-biased cells in CMML patients. Given the enrichment of RAS pathway mutations in monocytic-biased cells, NRAS-competitive transplants and LPS-treated xenograft models recapitulated monocytic-biased CMML, suggesting that hematopoietic stress precipitates the monocytic-biased state. Deconvolution of HSPC compartments in other myeloid neoplasms and identifying therapeutic strategies to mitigate the monocytic-biased differentiation trajectory should be explored. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings establish that multiple differentiation states underlie CMML disease progression. These states are negatively augmented by inflammation and positively affected by hypomethylating agents. Furthermore, we identify HSC depletion and expansion of GMP-like cells with increased cytokine receptor diversity as a feature of myeloblast expansion in inflammatory chronic myeloid neoplasms. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 476.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Ferrall-Fairbanks
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Abhishek Dhawan
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Hannah Newman
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Virginia Volpe
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher Letson
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Markus Ball
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Anthony M. Hunter
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria E. Balasis
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Traci Kruer
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Jodi L. Kroeger
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Rami S. Komrokji
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - David A. Sallman
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rafael Bejar
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla, California
| | - Philipp M. Altrock
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Germany
| | - Eric Padron
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.,Corresponding Author: Eric Padron, Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33617. Phone: 18137458264; E-mail:
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2
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Russkamp NF, Myburgh R, Kiefer JD, Neri D, Manz MG. Anti-CD117 immunotherapy to eliminate hematopoietic and leukemia stem cells. Exp Hematol 2021; 95:31-45. [PMID: 33484750 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Precise replacement of diseased or dysfunctional organs is the goal of regenerative medicine and has appeared to be a distant goal for a long time. In the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, this goal is now becoming tangible as gene-editing technologies and novel conditioning agents are entering the clinical arena. Targeted immunologic depletion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are at the very root of the hematopoietic system, will enable more selective and potentially more effective hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological diseases. In contrast to current conditioning regimes based on ionizing radiation and chemotherapy, immunologic conditioning will spare mature hematopoietic cells and cause substantially less inflammation and unspecific collateral damage to other organs. Biological agents that target the stem cell antigen CD117 are the frontrunners for this purpose and have exhibited preclinical activity in depletion of healthy HSCs. The value of anti-CD117 antibodies as conditioning agents is currently being evaluated in early clinical trials. Whereas mild, antibody-based immunologic conditioning concepts might be appropriate for benign hematological disorders in which incomplete replacement of diseased cells is sufficient, higher efficacy will be required for treatment and elimination of hematologic stem cell malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engaging and activating antibodies (TEAs), or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells might offer increased efficacy compared with naked antibodies and yet higher tolerability and safety compared with current genotoxic conditioning approaches. Here, we summarize the current state regarding immunologic conditioning concepts for the treatment of HSC disorders and outline potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman F Russkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renier Myburgh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Kiefer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Anti-human CD117 CAR T-cells efficiently eliminate healthy and malignant CD117-expressing hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 2020; 34:2688-2703. [PMID: 32358567 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) initiating and sustaining cells maintain high cell-surface similarity with their cells-of-origin, i.e., hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and identification of truly distinguishing leukemia-private antigens has remained elusive to date. To nonetheless utilize surface antigen-directed immunotherapy in AML, we here propose targeting both, healthy and malignant human HSPC, by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells with specificity against CD117, the cognate receptor for stem cell factor. This approach should spare most mature hematopoietic cells and would require CAR T termination followed by subsequent transplantation of healthy HSPCs to rescue hematopoiesis. We successfully generated anti-CD117 CAR T-cells from healthy donors and AML patients. Anti-CD117 CAR T-cells efficiently targeted healthy and leukemic CD117-positive cells in vitro. In mice xenografted with healthy human hematopoiesis, they eliminated CD117-expressing, but not CD117-negative human cells. Importantly, in mice xenografted with primary human CD117-positive AML, they eradicated disease in a therapeutic setting. Administration of ATG in combination with rituximab, which binds to the co-expressed CAR T-cell transduction/selection marker RQR8, led to CAR T-cell depletion. Thus, we here provide the first proof of concept for the generation and preclinical efficacy of CAR T-cells directed against CD117-expressing human hematopoietic cells.
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4
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Chen PY, Chen YT, Gao WY, Wu MJ, Yen JH. Nobiletin Down-Regulates c-KIT Gene Expression and Exerts Antileukemic Effects on Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13423-13434. [PMID: 30507186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nobiletin, a dietary citrus flavonoid, has been reported to possess several biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antileukemic effects of nobiletin and its underlying mechanisms on human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. We demonstrated that nobiletin (0-100 μM) significantly reduced cell viability from 100.0 ± 9.6% to 31.1 ± 2.8% in human AML THP-1 cell line. Nobiletin arrested cell cycle progression in G1 phase and induced myeloid cell differentiation in human AML cells. Microarray analysis showed that mRNA expression of the c- KIT gene, a critical proto-oncogene associated with leukemia progression, was dramatically reduced in nobiletin-treated AML cells. Furthermore, we verified that AML cells treated with nobiletin (40 and 80 μM) for 48 h markedly suppressed c-KIT mRNA expression (from 1.00 ± 0.07-fold to 0.62 ± 0.08- and 0.30 ± 0.05-fold) and reduced the level of c-KIT protein expression (from 1.00 ± 0.11-fold to 0.60 ± 0.15- and 0.34 ± 0.05-fold) by inhibition of KIT promoter activity. The knockdown of c-KIT expression by shRNA attenuated cancer cell growth and induced cell differentiation. Moreover, we found that the overexpression of c-KIT abolished nobiletin-mediated cell growth inhibition in leukemia cells. These results indicate that nobiletin exerts antileukemic effects through the down-regulation of c-KIT gene expression in AML cells. Finally, we demonstrated that the combination of a conventional AML chemotherapeutic agent, cytarabine, with nobiletin resulted in more reduction of cell viability in AML cells. Our current findings suggest that nobiletin is a novel c-KIT inhibitor and may serve as a chemo-preventive or -therapeutic agent against human AML.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Flavones/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/physiopathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics , Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yun Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology , Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Tainan 717 , Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970 , Taiwan
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5
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Gao NA, Guo NJ, Yu WZ, Wang XX, Sun JR, Yu N, Liu RT, Liu XD, Liu ZY, Feng R. Synchronous occurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and acute myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2977-2980. [PMID: 27123049 PMCID: PMC4840780 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originate from the mesenchymal tissue of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of GIST is associated with the mutational activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase cluster of differentiation (CD)117 or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α. Overall, ~60% of GISTs occur in the stomach. Clinically, GISTs may coexist with various types of cancer, including liver cancer, pancreatic tumors and lymphoma, either synchronously or metachronously. The present study reports the case of a patient with the synchronous occurrence of a CD117-positive GIST and acute myeloid leukemia. A 69-year-old man was hospitalized for heart palpitations and dizziness, and was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by bone marrow aspiration and flow cytometry analysis. An abdominal computed tomograpy and gastroscopy revealed the presence of GIST. The patient received chemotherapy in combination with imatinib (400 mg/day), and the mass was removed 2 months later. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first reported case of the synchronous development of a CD117-positive GIST and AML. Additional studies are required in order to understand the association between GIST and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Gao
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Jinan, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China; Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Nong-Jian Guo
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Jinan, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Zheng Yu
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Xia Wang
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Sun
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Tong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-Yan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Hematology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
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Szatkowski D, Hellmann A. The overexpression of KIT proto-oncogene in acute leukemic cells is not necessarily caused by the gene mutation. Acta Haematol 2014; 133:116-23. [PMID: 25247397 DOI: 10.1159/000360214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
KIT is detected in a variety of cells, also in acute leukemia. Inhibition of wild-type KIT is not always satisfactory. The aim of this work was to evaluate the frequency of the most common KIT mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and determine the correlation between mutation and expression level. Samples were obtained from 75 patients with AL. CD117 presence was shown in 45 of 51 patients with AML and in 1 of 16 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Asp816Val mutation was found in 3.5% of cases of AML and Val560Gly mutation in 1 sample with acute biclonal leukemia. Other genetic changes were found in 15 of 57 samples with AML: polymorphisms Met541Leu in 14% of cases, Lys546Lys in 7% and 1 case of acute biclonal leukemia, Ile798Ile in 5.3% of cases, Met541Leu in 1 acute biphenotypic leukemia and in 6.3% of ALL. Polymorphism Lys546Lys was also shown in 1 case of acute biclonal leukemia. Nonsilent genetic changes were detected in a total of 23% cases with core binding factor leukemia. There was no statistical significance between KIT expression and genetic changes. There was no correlation between the incidence and types of KIT mutations and its expression on cells in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Szatkowski
- Department of Haematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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7
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Chopra A, Bakhshi S, Pramanik SK, Pandey RM, Singh S, Gajendra S, Gogia A, Chandramohan J, Sharma A, Kumar L, Seth R, Rai S, Kumar R. Immunophenotypic analysis of T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A CD5-based ETP-ALL perspective of non-ETP T-ALL. Eur J Haematol 2014; 92:211-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Chopra
- Department of Laboratory Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | | | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatatistics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Saroj Singh
- Department of Laboratory Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Smeeta Gajendra
- Department of Laboratory Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Ajay Gogia
- Department of Medical Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Jagan Chandramohan
- Department of Laboratory Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Rachna Seth
- Department of Pediatrics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Sandeep Rai
- Department of Laboratory Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Rajive Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
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El Rassi F, Arellano M. Update on optimal management of acute myeloid leukemia. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2013; 7:181-97. [PMID: 23997579 PMCID: PMC3748090 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s8528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents a malignant accumulation of immature myeloid cells in the marrow, presenting with impaired hematopoiesis and its attendant complications, including bleeding, infection, and organ infiltration. Chromosomal abnormalities remain the most powerful predictors of AML prognosis and help to identify a subgroup with favorable prognosis. However, the majority of AML patients who are not in the favorable category succumb to the disease. Therefore, better efforts to identify those patients who may benefit from more aggressive and investigational therapeutic approaches are needed. Newer molecular markers aim at better characterizing the large group of intermediate-risk patients and to identify newer targets for therapy. A group that has seen little improvement over the years is the older AML group, usually defined as age ≥ 60. Efforts to develop less intensive but equally efficacious therapy for this vulnerable population are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad El Rassi
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Liang J, Wu YL, Chen BJ, Zhang W, Tanaka Y, Sugiyama H. The C-kit receptor-mediated signal transduction and tumor-related diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:435-43. [PMID: 23678293 PMCID: PMC3654492 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important member of tyrosine kinase family, c-kit receptor causes specific expression of certain genes, regulates cell differentiation and proliferation, resists cell apoptosis, and plays a key role in tumor occurrence, development, migration and recurrence through activating the downstream signaling molecules following interaction with stem cell factor (SCF). The abnormality of SCF/c-kit signaling pathway is closely related to some certain tumors. The discovery of c-kit receptor-targeted drugs has promoted clinical-related cancer's diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we review recent research progress on c-kit receptor-mediated signal transduction and its potential therapeutic application as a target in tumor-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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10
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Giantin M, Aresu L, Aricò A, Gelain ME, Riondato F, Martini V, Comazzi S, Dacasto M. Evaluation of tyrosine-kinase receptor c-KIT (c-KIT) mutations, mRNA and protein expression in canine leukemia: might c-KIT represent a therapeutic target? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:325-32. [PMID: 23375718 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine-kinase receptor c-KIT (c-KIT) plays an important role in proliferation, survival and differentiation of progenitor cells in normal hematopoietic cells. In human hematological malignancies, c-KIT is mostly expressed by progenitor cell neoplasia and seldom by those involving mature cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are actually licensed for the first- and second-line treatment of human hematologic disorders. Aim of the present study was to evaluate c-KIT mRNA and protein expression and complementary DNA (cDNA) mutations in canine leukemia. Eleven acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) and 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were enrolled in this study. The amounts of c-KIT mRNA and protein were determined, in peripheral blood samples, by using quantitative real time RT-PCR, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, respectively. The presence of mutations on c-KIT exons 8-11 and 17 were investigated by cDNA sequencing. Higher amounts of c-KIT mRNA were found in ALL/AUL compared to CLL, and this latter showed a lower pattern of gene expression. Transcriptional data were confirmed at the protein level. No significant gain-of-function mutations were ever observed in both ALL/AUL and CLL. Among canine hematological malignancies, ALL/AUL typically show a very aggressive biological behavior, partly being attributable to the lack of efficacious therapeutic options. The high level of c-KIT expression found in canine ALL/AUL might represent the rationale for using TKIs in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giantin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, viale Università 16, Agripolis-Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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11
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Rulina AV, Spirin PV, Prassolov VS. Activated leukemic oncogenes AML1-ETO and c-kit: role in development of acute myeloid leukemia and current approaches for their inhibition. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1650-66. [PMID: 21417999 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910130092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant blood disease caused by different mutations that enhance the proliferative activity and survival of blood cells and affect their differentiation and apoptosis. The most frequent disorders in AML are translocations between chromosomes 21 and 8 leading to production of a chimeric oncogene, AML1-ETO, and hyperexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT. Mutations in these genes often occur jointly. The presence in cells of two activated oncogenes is likely to trigger their malignization. The current approaches for treatment of oncologic diseases (bone marrow transplantation, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) have significant shortcomings, and thus many laboratories are intensively developing new approaches against leukemias. Inhibiting expression of activated leukemic oncogenes based on the principle of RNA interference seems to be a promising approach in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rulina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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12
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Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a difficult disease to treat. Novel treatment strategies, including molecular targeted therapy, are being explored. The c-kit receptor represents a potential therapeutic target for AML. The receptor is expressed on more than 10% of blasts in 64% of patients with de novo AML and 95% of those with relapsed AML. It mediates proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects in AML. This review discusses the biology of c-kit in normal and malignant hematopoiesis and the recent clinical trials targeting c-kit in AML.
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13
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Dixon DN, Izon DJ, Dagger S, Callow MJ, Taplin RH, Kees UR, Greene WK. TLX1/HOX11 transcription factor inhibits differentiation and promotes a non-haemopoietic phenotype in murine bone marrow cells. Br J Haematol 2007; 138:54-67. [PMID: 17555447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The TLX/HOX11 subfamily of divergent homeobox genes are involved in various aspects of embryogenesis and, in the case of TLX1/HOX11 and TLX3/HOX11L2, feature prominently as oncogenes in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. TLX1 possesses immortalising activity in a wide variety of blood cell lineages, however, the effect of this oncogene on haemopoietic cell differentiation has not been fully investigated. We therefore constitutively expressed TLX1 in murine bone marrow or fetal liver cells using retroviral transfer followed by transplantation and/or in vitro culture. TLX1 was found to dramatically alter haemopoiesis, promoting the emergence of a non-haemopoietic CD45(-) CD31(+) cell population while markedly inhibiting erythroid and granulocytic cell differentiation. To identify genetic programs perturbed by TLX1, a comparison of transcript profiles from J2E erythroid cells with and without enforced TLX1 expression was undertaken. This revealed a pattern of gene expression indicative of enhanced proliferation coupled to differentiation arrest. Of the genes identified, two, KIT and VEGFC, were found to be potential TLX1 targets based on transcriptional assays. These results demonstrate that TLX1 can act broadly to impair haemopoiesis and divert differentiation to an alternative fate. This may account for its ability to promote the pre-leukaemic state via perturbation of specific gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcelle N Dixon
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Miettinen M, Lasota J. KIT (CD117): a review on expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, and mutations and their clinicopathologic correlation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2006; 13:205-20. [PMID: 16082245 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000173054.83414.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD117 (KIT) is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase operating in cell signal transduction in several cell types. Normally KIT is activated (phosphorylated) by binding of its ligand, the stem cell factor. This leads to a phosphorylation cascade ultimately activating various transcription factors in different cell types. Such activation regulates apoptosis, cell differentiation, proliferation, chemotaxis, and cell adhesion. KIT-dependent cell types include mast cells, some hematopoietic stem cells, germ cells, melanocytes, and Cajal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and neoplasms of these cells are examples of KIT-positive tumors. Other KIT-positive normal cells include epithelial cells in skin adnexa, breast, and subsets of cerebellar neurons. KIT positivity has been variably reported in sarcomas such as angiosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and MFH; results of the last three are controversial. The variations in published data may result from incomplete specificity of some polyclonal antibodies, possibly contributed by too high dilutions. Also, KIT is expressed in pulmonary and other small cell carcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinoma, renal chromophobe carcinoma, thymic, and some ovarian and few breast carcinomas. A good KIT antibody reacts with known KIT positive cells, and smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts are negative. KIT deficiency due to hereditary nonsense/missense mutations leads to disruption of KIT-dependent functions such as erythropoiesis, skin pigmentation, fertility, and gastrointestinal motility. Conversely, pathologic activation of KIT through gain-of-function mutations leads to neoplasia of KIT-dependent and KIT-positive cell types at least in three different systems: mast cells/myeloid cells--mastocytosis/acute myeloid leukemia, germ cells--seminoma, and Cajal cells--gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib mesylate are the generally accepted treatment of metastatic GISTs, and their availability has prompted an active search for other treatment targets among KIT-positive tumors such as myeloid leukemias and small cell carcinoma of the lung, with variable and often nonconvincing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Miettinen
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Auewarakul CU, Lauhakirti D, Promsuwicha O, Munkhetvit C. C-kit receptor tyrosine kinase (CD117) expression and its positive predictive value for the diagnosis of Thai adult acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 2005; 85:108-12. [PMID: 16320053 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-005-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase in 195 Thai adult patients with acute leukemia and determined its specificity and predictive values for the diagnosis of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). CD117 was used to detect c-kit expression on CD45 and side-scatter-gated blast cells by flow cytometry. Of 163 AML cases, 67% expressed CD117. None of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) had CD117 expression, except one case of T-ALL. The majority of AML patients carrying t(8;21), inv(16), and t(15;17) had high CD117 expression. High proportion of AML cases without c-kit expressed monocytic markers. Significant associations between CD117 and CD34 (P<0.001), CD13 (P=0.006), CD7 (P=0.034), and CD19 (P<0.001) were found in AML cases. The calculated specificity of CD117 for the diagnosis of AML was 0.97, which was higher than CD13 (0.78) and CD33 (0.75) but comparable to MPO (0.97). The positive predictive value (PPV) of CD117 for AML was 0.99, with the negative predictive value of 0.35. In conclusion, the majority of Thai adult AML cases expressed c-kit. C-kit is infrequently expressed in ALL and appeared to be specific for AML with high PPV. Future targeting therapy using c-kit as a therapeutic target should benefit the majority of Thai AML patients who had high c-kit expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu U Auewarakul
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Han X, Bueso-Ramos CE. Advances in the pathological diagnosis and biology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ann Diagn Pathol 2005; 9:239-57. [PMID: 16084461 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An accurate diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia requires careful examination of the morphology, immunophenotype, genetic features, clinical characteristics, and molecular findings. This multiparametric approach should be used to achieve optimal evaluation of every suspected case of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Han
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Current Awareness in Hematological Oncology. Hematol Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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