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Inaguma S, Wang C, Ito S, Ueki A, Lasota J, Czapiewski P, Langfort R, Rys J, Szpor J, Waloszczyk P, Okoń K, Biernat W, Takiguchi S, Schrump DS, Miettinen M, Takahashi S. Characterization of pleural mesothelioma by hierarchical clustering analyses using immune cells within tumor microenvironment. Pathobiology 2024:000538520. [PMID: 38527431 DOI: 10.1159/000538520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, classifications using immune cell infiltration have been applied to many types of tumors; however, mesotheliomas have been less frequently evaluated. METHODS In this study, 60 well-characterized pleural mesotheliomas (PMs) were evaluated immunohistochemically for the characteristics of immune cells within tumor microenvironment (TME) using 10 immunohistochemical markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD68, CD163, FOXP3, CD27, PD-1 and TIM-3. For further characterization of PMs, hierarchical clustering analyses using these 10 markers were performed. RESULTS Among the immune cell markers, CD3 (P < 0.0001), CD4 (P = 0.0016), CD8 (P = 0.00094), CD163+ (P = 0.042) and FOXP3+ (P = 0.025) were significantly associated with unfavorable clinical outcome. Immune checkpoint receptor expressions on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes such as PD-1 (P = 0.050), CD27 (P = 0.014) and TIM-3 (P = 0.0098) were also associated with unfavorable survival. Hierarchical clustering analyses identified three groups showing specific characteristics and significant associations with patient survival (P = 0.011): the highest number of immune cells (ICHigh); the lowest number of immune cells, especially CD8+ and CD163+ cells (ICLow); and intermediate number of immune cells (ICInt). ICHigh tumors showed significantly higher expression of PD-L1 (P = 0.00038). Cox proportional hazard model identified ICHigh [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.90] and ICInt (HR = 2.97) as potential risk factors compared with ICLow. Tumor CD47 (HR = 2.36), tumor CD70 (HR = 3.04) and tumor PD-L1 (HR = 3.21) expressions were also identified as potential risk factors for PM patients. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate immune checkpoint and/or immune cell-targeting therapies against CD70-CD27 and/or CD47-SIRPA axes may be applied for PM patients in combination with PD-L1-PD-1 targeting therapies in accordance with their tumor immune microenvironment characteristics.
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Miettinen M, Abdullaev Z, Turakulov R, Quezado M, Luiña Contreras A, Curcio CA, Rys J, Chlopek M, Lasota J, Aldape KD. Assessment of The Utility of The Sarcoma DNA Methylation Classifier In Surgical Pathology. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:112-122. [PMID: 37921028 PMCID: PMC10842611 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic classification of soft tissue tumors is based on histology, immunohistochemistry, genetic findings, and radiologic and clinical correlations. Recently, a sarcoma DNA methylation classifier was developed, covering 62 soft tissue and bone tumor entities. The classifier is based on large-scale analysis of methylation sites across the genome. It includes DNA copy number analysis and determines O 6 methylguanine DNA methyl-transferase methylation status. In this study, we evaluated 619 well-studied soft tissue and bone tumors with the sarcoma classifier. Problem cases and typical examples of different entities were included. The classifier had high sensitivity and specificity for fusion sarcomas: Ewing, synovial, CIC -rearranged, and BCOR -rearranged. It also performed well for leiomyosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), and malignant vascular tumors. There was low sensitivity for diagnoses of desmoid fibromatosis, neurofibroma, and schwannoma. Low specificity of matches was observed for angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, Langerhans histiocytosis, schwannoma, undifferentiated sarcoma, and well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Diagnosis of lipomatous tumors was greatly assisted by the detection of MDM2 amplification and RB1 loss in the copy plot. The classifier helped to establish diagnoses for KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors, MPNSTs with unusual immunophenotypes, and undifferentiated melanomas. O 6 methylguanine DNA methyl-transferase methylation was infrequent and most common in melanomas (35%), MPNSTs (11%), and undifferentiated sarcomas (11%). The Sarcoma Methylation Classifier will likely evolve with the addition of new entities and refinement of the present methylation classes. The classifier may also help to define new entities and give new insight into the interrelationships of sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rust Turakulov
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Janusz Rys
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Chlopek
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth D. Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Lasota J, Chłopek M, Kaczorowski M, Natálie K, Ryś J, Kopczyński J, Sulaieva O, Michal M, Kruczak A, Harazin-Lechowska A, Szczepaniak M, Koshyk O, Hałoń A, Czapiewski P, Abdullaev Z, Kowalik A, Aldape KD, Michal M, Miettinen M. Utility of Immunohistochemistry With Antibodies to SS18-SSX Chimeric Proteins and C-Terminus of SSX Protein for Synovial Sarcoma Differential Diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:97-105. [PMID: 37899499 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma is a relatively common soft tissue tumor characterized by highly specific t(X;18)(p11;q11) translocation resulting in the fusion of SS18 with members of SSX gene family. Typically, detection of SS18 locus rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization or SS18 :: SSX fusion transcripts confirms the diagnosis. More recently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SS18-SSX chimeric protein (E9X9V) and C-terminus of SSX (E5A2C) showed high specificity and sensitivity for synovial sarcoma. This study screened a cohort of >1000 soft tissue and melanocytic tumors using IHC and E9X9V and E5A2C antibodies. Three percent (6/212) of synovial sarcomas were either negative for SS18-SSX or had scattered positive tumor cells (n=1). In these cases, targeted RNA next-generation sequencing detected variants of SS18 :: SSX chimeric transcripts. DNA methylation profiles of 2 such tumors matched with synovial sarcoma. A few nonsynovial sarcoma tumors (n=6) revealed either focal SS18-SSX positivity (n=1) or scattered positive tumor cells. However, targeted RNA next-generation sequencing failed to detect SS18 :: SSX transcripts in these cases. The nature of this immunopositivity remains elusive and may require single cell sequencing studies. All synovial sarcomas showed positive SSX IHC. However, a mosaic staining pattern or focal loss of expression was noticed in a few cases. Strong and diffuse SSX immunoreactivity was also seen in epithelioid sclerosing osteosarcoma harboring EWSR1 :: SSX1 fusion, while several sarcomas and melanocytic tumors including cellular blue nevus (5/7, 71%) revealed focal to diffuse, mostly weak to intermediate SSX staining. The SS18-SSX and SSX IHC is a useful tool for synovial sarcoma differential diagnosis, but unusual immunophenotype should trigger molecular genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Małgorzata Chłopek
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center
| | - Maciej Kaczorowski
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław
| | - Klubíčková Natálie
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Oksana Sulaieva
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical Laboratory Care and Safe Diagnostics (CSD), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Michael Michal
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kruczak
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Harazin-Lechowska
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Agnieszka Hałoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Department of Pathology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce
| | - Kenneth D Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michal Michal
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Inaguma S, Ueki A, Lasota J, Komura M, Sheema AN, Czapiewski P, Langfort R, Rys J, Szpor J, Waloszczyk P, Okoń K, Biernat W, Schrump DS, Hassan R, Miettinen M, Takahashi S. CD70 and PD-L1 (CD274) co-expression predicts poor clinical outcomes in patients with pleural mesothelioma. J Pathol Clin Res 2023; 9:195-207. [PMID: 36754859 PMCID: PMC10073927 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a highly aggressive tumour typically associated with short survival. Recently, the effectiveness of first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with unresectable PM was reported. CD70-CD27 signalling plays a co-stimulatory role in promoting T cell expansion and differentiation through the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Conversely, the PD-L1 (CD274)-PD-1 (PDCD1) pathway is crucial for the modulation of immune responses in normal conditions. Nevertheless, pathological activation of both the CD70-CD27 and PD-L1-PD-1 pathways by aberrantly expressed CD70 and PD-L1 participates in the immune evasion of tumour cells. In this study, 171 well-characterised PMs including epithelioid (n = 144), biphasic (n = 15), and sarcomatoid (n = 12) histotypes were evaluated immunohistochemically for CD70, PD-L1, and immune cell markers such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, PD-1, FOXP3, CD68, and CD163. Eight percent (14/171) of mesotheliomas simultaneously expressed CD70 and PD-L1 on the tumour cell membrane. PMs co-expressing CD70 and PD-L1 contained significantly higher numbers of CD8+ (p = 0.0016), FOXP3+ (p = 0.00075), and CD163+ (p = 0.0011) immune cells within their microenvironments. Overall survival was significantly decreased in the cohort of patients with PM co-expressing CD70 and PD-L1 (p < 0.0001). In vitro experiments revealed that PD-L1 and CD70 additively enhanced the motility and invasiveness of PM cells. In contrast, PM cell proliferation was suppressed by PD-L1. PD-L1 enhanced mesenchymal phenotypes such as N-cadherin up-regulation. Collectively, these findings suggest that CD70 and PD-L1 both enhance the malignant phenotypes of PM and diminish anti-tumour immune responses. Based on our observations, combination therapy targeting these signalling pathways might be useful in patients with PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akane Ueki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masayuki Komura
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asraful Nahar Sheema
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Department of Pathology, Dessau Medical Centre, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renata Langfort
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Rys
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków Branch, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Szpor
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Kaczorowski M, Chłopek M, Kruczak A, Ryś J, Lasota J, Miettinen M. PRAME Expression in Cancer. A Systematic Immunohistochemical Study of >5800 Epithelial and Nonepithelial Tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:1467-1476. [PMID: 35973038 PMCID: PMC9588667 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) is considered a useful marker in the differential diagnosis between malignant melanoma and its melanocytic mimics. Recently PRAME expression was documented in nonmelanocytic tumors, but much of the data are based on mRNA studies. This investigation evaluated PRAME expression in the spectrum of normal tissues and >5800 human tumors using immunohistochemistry and EP461 monoclonal antibody. In normal tissues, PRAME was expressed in the testis and proliferative endometrium. In tumors, PRAME was variably expressed in malignancies of different lineages. Among epithelial tumors, >50% of PRAME-positive lesions were found among endometrial carcinomas (82%), uterine serous carcinomas (82%), uterine carcinosarcomas (60%), ovarian clear cell carcinomas (90%), ovarian serous carcinomas (63%), adenoid cystic carcinomas (81%), seminomas (78%), thymic carcinomas (75%), and basal cell carcinomas (62%). In mesenchymal and neuroectodermal malignancies, PRAME was frequently expressed in synovial sarcoma (71%), myxoid liposarcoma (76%), neuroblastoma (61%) and metastatic melanoma (87%). Also, PRAME was consistently expressed in 4 melanomas that lacked all melanoma markers including S100 protein and SOX10 but harbored typical for melanoma BRAF or NRAS driver mutations. However, strong and diffuse PRAME immunoreactivity was seen in many types of nonmelanocytic poorly differentiated carcinomas and sarcomas. Based on this study, PRAME is a relatively unspecific immunohistochemical marker, which limits its use in diagnostic surgical pathology. However, immunohistochemistry is a reliable and unexpensive method useful in detecting PRAME-positive malignancies for potential immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kaczorowski
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chłopek
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Kruczak
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Poland
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Poland
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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6
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Chłopek M, Lasota J, Thompson LDR, Szczepaniak M, Kuźniacka A, Hińcza K, Kubicka K, Kaczorowski M, Newford M, Liu Y, Agaimy A, Biernat W, Durzyńska M, Dziuba I, Hartmann A, Inaguma S, Iżycka-Świeszewska E, Kato H, Kopczyński J, Michal M, Michal M, Pęksa R, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Starzyńska A, Takahashi S, Wasąg B, Kowalik A, Miettinen M. Alterations in key signaling pathways in sinonasal tract melanoma. A molecular genetics and immunohistochemical study of 90 cases and comprehensive review of the literature. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1609-1617. [PMID: 35978013 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma is a rare tumor arising within the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or nasopharynx (sinonasal tract). This study evaluated 90 cases diagnosed in 29 males and 61 females with median age 68 years. Most tumors involved the nasal cavity and had an epithelioid morphology. Spectrum of research techniques used in this analysis includes targeted-DNA and -RNA next-generation sequencing, Sanger sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Sinonasal melanomas were commonly driven by RAS (38/90, 42%), especially NRAS (n = 36) mutations and rarely (4/90, 4%) displayed BRAF pathogenic variants. BRAF/RAS mutants were more frequent among paranasal sinuses (10/14, 71%) than nasal (26/64, 41%) tumors. BRAF/RAS-wild type tumors occasionally harbored alterations of the key components and regulators of Ras-MAPK signaling pathway: NF1 mutations (1/17, 6%) or NF1 locus deletions (1/25, 4%), SPRED1 (3/25, 12%), PIK3CA (3/50, 6%), PTEN (4/50, 8%) and mTOR (1/50, 2%) mutations. These mutations often occurred in a mutually exclusive manner. In several tumors some of which were NRAS mutants, TP53 was deleted (6/48, 13%) and/or mutated (5/90, 6%). Variable nuclear accumulation of TP53, mirrored by elevated nuclear MDM2 expression was seen in >50% of cases. Furthermore, sinonasal melanomas (n = 7) including RAS/BRAF-wild type tumors (n = 5) harbored alterations of the key components and regulators of canonical WNT-pathway: APC (4/90, 4%), CTNNB1 (3/90, 3%) and AMER1 (1/90, 1%). Both, TERT promoter mutations (5/53, 9%) and fusions (2/40, 5%) were identified. The latter occurred in BRAF/RAS-wild type tumors. No oncogenic fusion gene transcripts previously reported in cutaneous melanomas were detected. Eight tumors including 7 BRAF/RAS-wild type cases expressed ADCK4::NUMBL cis-fusion transcripts. In summary, this study documented mutational activation of NRAS and other key components and regulators of Ras-MAPK signaling pathway such as SPRED1 in a majority of sinonasal melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Chłopek
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | - Alina Kuźniacka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kinga Hińcza
- Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Kamila Kubicka
- Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Maciej Kaczorowski
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michael Newford
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yalan Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Durzyńska
- Department of Pathology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Dziuba
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ewa Iżycka-Świeszewska
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Janusz Kopczyński
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Michal Michal
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Medical Faculty in Plzeň, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Michal
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Medical Faculty in Plzeň, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Rafał Pęksa
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Department of Pathology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Starzyńska
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland.,Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Inaguma S, Lasota J, Czapiewski P, Langfort R, Rys J, Szpor J, Waloszczyk P, Okoń K, Biernat W, Schrump DS, Hassan R, Kasai K, Miettinen M, Ikeda H. CD70 expression correlates with a worse prognosis in malignant pleural mesothelioma patients via immune evasion and enhanced invasiveness. J Pathol 2019; 250:205-216. [PMID: 31639216 DOI: 10.1002/path.5361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura (MPM) is a highly aggressive tumour that typically is associated with short survival. CD70 and CD27 belong to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily, respectively. Under physiological conditions, the tightly regulated interaction between CD70 and CD27 plays a co-stimulatory role in promoting T-cell expansion and differentiation through the NFκB pathway. Aberrantly high CD70 expression has been documented in haematological and solid malignancies in association with immune evasion in malignant cells. In this study, 172 well-characterised primary diffuse MPM tumours including epithelioid (n = 145), biphasic (n = 15), and sarcomatoid (n = 12) histotypes were evaluated immunohistochemically for CD70, CD27, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, PDCD1 (PD-1), and FOXP3 expression. Twenty per cent (34/172) of the mesothelioma cells expressed CD70 on the cell membrane. Overall survival was significantly decreased in the cohort of patients with CD70-expressing tumour cells (p < 0.01). Patients with MPM containing a higher number of CD3+ (p < 0.01), CD4+ (p < 0.01), CD8+ (p < 0.01), or FOXP3+ (p < 0.01) tumour-infiltrating lymphoid cells (TILs) showed significantly worse clinical outcomes. As potential independent risk factors for MPM patients, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed CD70 expression on mesothelioma cells [hazard ratio (HR) 2.25; p = 0.010], higher FOXP3+ TILs (HR 2.81; p = 0.004), and higher CD3+ TIL accumulation (HR 6.12; p < 0.001). In contrast, as a potential independent favourable factor, higher CD27+ TIL accumulation (HR 0.48; p = 0.037) was identified. In vitro experiments and an immunodeficient mouse model revealed that CD70 enhances the invasiveness of MPM cells through MET-ERK axis activation. Further analyses in syngeneic mouse models demonstrated possible roles for CD70 in immune evasion. Collectively, these findings suggest that the CD70-CD27 pathway enhances the malignant phenotypes of MPM and diminishes anti-tumor immune response in patients with these neoplasms. These markers might be useful in MPM for prognostic evaluations as well as targeted therapeutics. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renata Langfort
- Department of Pathology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Rys
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Krakow Branch, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Szpor
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenji Kasai
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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8
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Kobayashi M, Inaguma S, Raffeld M, Kato H, Suzuki S, Wakasugi T, Mitsui A, Kuwabara Y, Lasota J, Ikeda H, Miettinen M, Takahashi S. Epithelioid variant of gastrointestinal stromal tumor harboring PDGFRA mutation and MLH1 gene alteration: A case report. Pathol Int 2019; 69:541-546. [PMID: 31273885 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most important and common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the stomach. GISTs are usually driven by activating mutations in either KIT or PDGFRA genes. It is known that activating gene mutations predicts, to a certain extent, not only the morphology of the tumor cells but also a response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Here, we present a case of an epithelioid variant of GIST harboring PDGFRA and MLH1 gene alterations in the stomach of a 55-year-old Japanese woman. The tumor of 98 mm with multiple cysts showed exophytic growth from the gastric fundus. Histopathologically, it consisted of scattered medium-sized epithelioid tumor cells in a loose myxoid background. Based on c-kit and DOG-1 immunoreactivity and a PDGFRA mutation (p.Trp559_Arg560del), the tumor was diagnosed as an epithelioid variant GIST. Interestingly, it had a gene alteration (p.Met524Ile) in the MLH1 gene of unknown pathogenicity. It was assigned to Group 3a (low risk for malignant behavior). After surgery, the patient has been on imatinib therapy and disease-free for 10 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takehiro Wakasugi
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Mitsui
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuwabara
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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Miettinen M, Felisiak-Golabek A, Luiña Contreras A, Glod J, Kaplan RN, Killian JK, Lasota J. New fusion sarcomas: histopathology and clinical significance of selected entities. Hum Pathol 2019; 86:57-65. [PMID: 30633925 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many sarcomas contain gene fusions that can be pathogenetic mechanisms and diagnostic markers. In this article we review selected fusion sarcomas and techniques for their detection. CIC-DUX4 fusion sarcoma is a round cell tumor now considered an entity separate from Ewing sarcoma with a more aggressive clinical course, occurrence in older age, and predilection to soft tissues. It is composed of larger cells than Ewing sarcoma and often has prominent necrosis. Nuclear DUX4 expression is a promising immuno histochemical marker. BCOR-CCNB3 fusion sarcoma is cyclin B3-positive, usually occurs in bone or soft tissue of children, and may mimic a poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma. EWSR1-NFATC2 sarcoma may present in bone or soft tissue. It is typically composed of small round cells in a trabecular pattern in a myxoid matrix resembling myoepithelioma. ACTB-GLI1 fusion sarcoma may mimic a skin adnexal carcinoma, showing focal expression of epithelial markers and S100 protein. NTRK-fusion sarcomas include, in addition to infantile fibrosarcoma with ETV6-NTRK3 fusion, LMNA-NTRK1 fusion sarcoma, a low-grade spindle cell sarcoma seen in peripheral soft tissues in children and young adults. Methods to detect gene fusions include next-generation sequencing panels, anchored multiplex polymerase chain reaction systems to detect partner for a known fusion gene, and comprehensive RNA sequencing to detect virtually all gene fusions. In situ hybridization testing using probes for both fusion partners can be used as an alternative confirmation technique, especially in the absence of satisfactory RNA yield. In addition, fusion protein-related and other immunohistochemical markers can have a high specificity for fusion sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda 20892, MD.
| | | | | | - John Glod
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda 20892, MD
| | - Rosandra N Kaplan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda 20892, MD
| | - Jonathan Keith Killian
- Genetics Branch, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland, and Foundation Medicine, Cambridge 02141, MA
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda 20892, MD
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10
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Felisiak-Goląbek A, Inaguma S, Kowalik A, Wasąg B, Wang ZF, Zięba S, Pięciak L, Ryś J, Kopczynski J, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Góźdź S, Lasota J, Miettinen M. SP174 Antibody Lacks Specificity for NRAS Q61R and Cross-Reacts With HRAS and KRAS Q61R Mutant Proteins in Malignant Melanoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 26:40-45. [PMID: 29206715 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS, highly homologous proteins, are often mutationally activated in cancer. Usually, mutations cluster in codons 12, 13, and 61 and are detected by molecular genetic testing of tumor DNA. Recently, immunohistochemistry with SP174 antibody has been introduced to detect NRAS Q61R-mutant protein. Studies on malignant melanomas showed that such an approach could be a viable alternative to molecular genetic testing. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the value of SP174 immunohistochemistry for detection of NRAS Q61R-mutant isoform. Two hundred ninety-two malignant melanomas were evaluated using Leica Bond-Max automated immunostainer. Twenty-nine tumors (10%) showed positive immunoreactivity. NRAS codon 61 was polymerase chain reaction amplified and sequenced in 24 positive and 92 negative cases using Sanger sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and next-generation sequencing approaches. A c.182A>G substitution leading to NRAS Q61R mutation was identified in 22 tumors. Two NRAS wild-type tumors revealed c.182A>G substitutions in HRAS and KRAS codon 61, respectively. Both mutations were detected by next-generation sequencing and independently confirmed by Sanger sequencing. None of 85 NRAS codon 61 wild-type tumors and 7 NRAS mutants other than Q61R showed immunoreactivity with SP174 antibody. Thus, SP174 antibody was 100% sensitive in detecting NRAS Q61R-mutant isoform in malignant melanoma, but not fully specific as it cross-reacted with HRAS and KRAS Q61R-mutant proteins. Therefore, molecular testing is needed to determine which RAS gene is mutated. The rarity of HRAS and KRAS Q61R mutants in malignant melanoma let previous investigations erroneously conclude that SP174 is specific for NRAS Q61R-mutant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Inaguma
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk
| | - Zeng-Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Stanislaw Góźdź
- Clinical Oncology, Holycross Cancer Center.,Faculty of Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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11
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Inaguma S, Wang Z, Lasota J, Onda M, Czapiewski P, Langfort R, Rys J, Szpor J, Waloszczyk P, Okoń K, Biernat W, Ikeda H, Schrump DS, Hassan R, Pastan I, Miettinen M. Comprehensive immunohistochemical study of mesothelin (MSLN) using different monoclonal antibodies 5B2 and MN-1 in 1562 tumors with evaluation of its prognostic value in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26744-26754. [PMID: 28460459 PMCID: PMC5432294 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell surface protein highly expressed in several types of malignant tumors sometimes in association with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome. In the present study, 1562 tumors were immunohistochemically analyzed for mesothelin expression using two different types of mouse monoclonal antibodies (5B2 and MN-1) to determine the clinical usefulness of mesothelin immunohistochemistry as well as to pinpoint potential targets for future anti-mesothelin therapy. Also, characterization of selected mesothelin-positive tumors was performed by immunohistochemistry and oncogene sequencing. Among the tumors analyzed, the highest frequencies of mesothelin-positivity were detected in ovarian serous carcinoma (90% in 5B2 and 94% in MN-1). Both antibodies showed frequent positivity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (71% using 5B2 and 87% using MN-1) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (75% using 5B2 and 78% using MN-1). In malignant mesothelioma, overall survival was significantly longer in the cohort of patients with diffuse membranous expression of mesothelin (P < 0.001). Both antibodies showed positive staining in thymic carcinoma (77% in 5B2 and 59% in MN-1), however, no expression was detected in thymoma. No correlation was detected between mesothelin expression and mismatch repair system deficient phenotype or gene mutation (BRAF and RAS) status in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Mesothelin immunohistochemistry may assist the differential diagnosis of thymoma vs. thymic carcinoma as well as prognostication of mesothelioma patients. Our results demonstrate that patients with solid tumors expressing mesothelin could be targeted by anti-mesothelin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Zengfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renata Langfort
- Department of Pathology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Rys
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Krakow Branch, Poland
| | - Joanna Szpor
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Inaguma S, Lasota J, Felisiak-Golabek A, Kowalik A, Wang Z, Zieba S, Kalisz J, Ikeda H, Miettinen M. Histopathological and genotypic characterization of metastatic colorectal carcinoma with PD-L1 (CD274)-expression: Possible roles of tumour micro environmental factors for CD274 expression. J Pathol Clin Res 2017; 3:268-278. [PMID: 29085667 PMCID: PMC5653930 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant PD-L1 (CD274) expression has been described in different types of tumour and linked to tumour aggressiveness and a poor prognosis. In primary colorectal carcinomas (CRCs), CD274 expression was reported to be associated with mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency, BRAF mutation, and "stem-like" immunophenotype defined by down-regulation of homeobox protein CDX2 and membranous expression of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM). However, the immunophenotype and genotype of CD274-positive metastatic CRC have not been extensively analysed. In this study, 189 CRC metastases were evaluated immunohistochemically for CD274, MMR proteins, CDX2, and ALCAM expression. Immunostaining for CD4, CD8, and FOXP3 was also performed to characterize tumour-associated immune cells. In addition, 34 arbitrarily selected lesions were genotyped using Sanger- and next-generation sequencing. Univariate analyses showed no clear association between CD274 expression and clinicopathological parameters including MMR-deficiency or "stem-like" immunophenotype after adjustment for multiple testing. Comparison of the clinicopathological profiles of CD274-positive primary and metastatic tumours revealed in the latter younger age of occurrence (60.9 ± 13.3 versus 72.6 ± 13.1 years, p = 0.001), cytoplasm-dominant CD274 expression (p < 0.001), infrequent MMR-deficiency (p < 0.001), and common KRAS mutations (54%, p < 0.001). In five cultured colon cancer cell lines, CD274 was expressed and modulated after exogenous exposure to IFNγ and TGF-β1. Thus, CD274 regulation mechanisms might include tumour micro environmental factors. Based on significantly different characteristics in CD274-positive metastatic and primary CRCs, evaluation of metastases should also be considered when planning immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMDUSA.,Department of PathologyAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMDUSA
| | | | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular DiagnosticsHolycross Cancer CenterKielcePoland
| | - Zengfeng Wang
- Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Sebastian Zieba
- Department of Molecular DiagnosticsHolycross Cancer CenterKielcePoland
| | - Joanna Kalisz
- Department of Molecular DiagnosticsHolycross Cancer CenterKielcePoland
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of PathologyAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteAichiJapan
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13
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Inaguma S, Lasota J, Wang Z, Czapiewski P, Langfort R, Rys J, Szpor J, Waloszczyk P, Okoń K, Biernat W, Ikeda H, Schrump DS, Hassan R, Miettinen M. Expression of ALCAM (CD166) and PD-L1 (CD274) independently predicts shorter survival in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Hum Pathol 2017; 71:1-7. [PMID: 28811252 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura is a highly aggressive tumor typically associated with short survival. ALCAM (CD166), a type I transmembrane protein, is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. In normal cells, ALCAM regulates physiological processes such as angiogenesis and immune response. In cancer, it is associated with neoplastic progression, including invasion, migration, and metastasis. Furthermore, ALCAM is considered one of the cancer stem cell markers such as ALDH1 (ALDH1A1) and SALL4. The PD-L1 (CD274)/PD-1 (PDCD1, CD279) pathway is crucial for the modulation of immune responses in normal cells. Nevertheless, pathologic activation of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway participates in immune evasion by tumor cells. Many PD-L1-expressing tumor cells have been identified in different types of cancer, including malignant mesothelioma. In this study, 175 well-characterized primary diffuse pleural mesotheliomas, including the epithelioid (n = 148), biphasic (n = 15), and sarcomatoid (n = 12) histotypes, were evaluated immunohistochemically for cancer stem cell markers (ALCAM, ALDH1, and SALL4) and PD-L1 expression. Twenty-five percent of the mesotheliomas (43/175) expressed ALCAM, whereas ALDH1 and SALL4 positivity was seen in 1% to 2% of cases. Thirty-three percent of the analyzed tumors (57/175) contained PD-L1-positive cells. Overall survival was significantly decreased in the cohort of patients with ALCAM- or PD-L1-positive tumors (both P < .01). Furthermore, the multivariate Cox hazards regression analysis identified ALCAM and PD-L1 (both P < 0.01) as potential independent risk factors. Thus, a combination of these 2 markers might be useful for prognostication and planning the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan 480-1195.
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zengfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland 80-210; Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany 39106
| | - Renata Langfort
- Department of Pathology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland 01-138
| | - Janusz Rys
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Krakow Branch, Poland 31-115
| | - Joanna Szpor
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland 31-007
| | - Piotr Waloszczyk
- Independent Laboratory of Pathology, Zdunomed, Szczecin, Poland 70-891
| | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland 31-007
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland 80-210
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan 480-1195
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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14
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Inaguma S, Wang Z, Lasota J, Sarlomo-Rikala M, McCue PA, Ikeda H, Miettinen M. Comprehensive Immunohistochemical Study of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1): Analysis in 5536 Cases Revealed Consistent Expression in Trophoblastic Tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 40:1133-42. [PMID: 27158757 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand (PD-1/PD-Ls) axis is crucial for the modulation of immune responses and self-tolerance. Also, aberrant PD-L1 expression on the tumor cells or tumor-associated inflammatory cells accelerates immune evasion of tumor cells. In the past decade, PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint inhibitors were introduced to cancer treatment trials and, in some cases, showed significant anticancer effects. PD-L1 immunohistochemical staining is considered a potential predictor of clinical response to PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. However, immunohistochemical data on PD-L1 expression in different types of cancer especially rare entities remain incomplete. In this study, PD-L1 expression was immunohistochemically analyzed in 5536 tumors including germ cell, epithelial, mesenchymal, melanocytic/neuroectodermal, and lymphohematopoietic tumors, as well as in a set of human normal tissues including a fetus. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with E1L3N rabbit monoclonal antibody and Leica Bond Max automation using multitumor blocks containing up to 70 tumor samples. PD-L1 was constitutively and strongly expressed in placental trophoblasts as well as choriocarcinomas and trophoblastic components of germ cell tumors. Also, the neoplastic cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, schwannoma, thymoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of various sites frequently expressed PD-L1. In gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, PD-L1-expression was associated with EBER positivity and mismatch-repair deficiency. In addition, PD-L1 was variably expressed in non-neoplastic macrophages and dendritic cells. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry may have some role in the immunophenotypic differential diagnosis of tumors and pinpointing potential candidates for anti-PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- *Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD §Department of Pathology, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University and University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA †Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan ‡Department of Pathology/Haartman Institute and HusLab, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Koczkowska M, Lipska-Ziętkiewicz BS, Iliszko M, Ryś J, Miettinen M, Lasota J, Biernat W, Harazin-Lechowska A, Kruczak A, Limon J. Application of high-resolution genomic profiling in the differential diagnosis of liposarcoma. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:7. [PMID: 28331547 PMCID: PMC5356274 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rarity and heterogeneity of liposarcomas (LPS) make their diagnosis difficult even for sarcoma-experts pathologists. The molecular mechanism underlying the development and progression of liposarcomas (LPS) remains only partially known. In order to identify and compare the genomic profiles, we analyzed array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) profiles of 66 liposarcomas, including well-differentiated (WDLPS), dedifferentiated (DDLPS) and myxoid (MLPS) subtypes. Results Copy number aberrations (CNAs) were identified in 98% of WDLPS and DDLPS and in 95% of MLPS cases. The minimal common region of amplification at 12q14.1q21.1 was observed in 96% of WDLPS and DDLPS cases. Four regions of CNAs, including losses of chromosome 6, 11 and 13 and gains of chromosome 14 were classified as recurrent in DDLPS; at least one was identified in 74% of DDLPS tumors. The DDLPS-associated losses were much more common in tumors with increased genomic complexity. In MLPS, the most frequent CNAs were losses of chromosome 6 (40%) and gains of chromosome 1 (30%), with the minimal overlapping regions 6q14.1q22.31 and 1q25.1q32.2, respectively. Conclusions Our findings show that the application of array-CGH allows to delineate clearly the genomic profiles of WDLPS, DDLPS and MLPS that reflect biological differences between these tumors. Although CNAs varied widely, the subtypes of tumors have characteristic genomic profiles that could facilitate the differential diagnosis of LPS subtypes, especially between WDLPS and DDLPS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-017-0309-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Koczkowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Mariola Iliszko
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumor Pathology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute of Oncology, 11 Garncarska Street, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room B1B47, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room B1B47, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Gdansk, 17 Smoluchowskiego Street, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Harazin-Lechowska
- Department of Tumor Pathology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute of Oncology, 11 Garncarska Street, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kruczak
- Department of Tumor Pathology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute of Oncology, 11 Garncarska Street, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Limon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
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16
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Lasota J, Kowalik A, Felisiak-Golabek A, Inaguma S, Wang ZF, Pięciak L, Zięba S, Pęksa R, Kopczynski J, Okoń K, Waloszczyk P, Gozdz S, Biernat W, Miettinen M. SP174, NRAS Q61R Mutant-Specific Antibody, Cross-Reacts With KRAS Q61R Mutant Protein in Colorectal Carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:564-568. [PMID: 28353383 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0147-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - NRAS is a member of the RAS family oncoproteins implicated in cancer. Gain-of-function NRAS mutations were reported in a subset of colorectal cancers. These mutations occur at codons 12, 13, and 61 and are detected by molecular genetic testing. Recently, an antibody (clone SP174) became available to immunohistochemically pinpoint NRAS Q61R mutant protein. In malignant melanoma, NRAS Q61R mutant-specific immunohistochemistry was shown to be a valuable supplement to traditional genetic testing. OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the significance of NRAS Q61R mutant-specific immunohistochemistry in a cohort of colorectal carcinomas. DESIGN - A total of 1185 colorectal carcinomas were immunohistochemically evaluated with SP174 antibody. NRAS Q61R mutant-specific immunohistochemistry was validated by molecular genetic testing including Sanger sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and next-generation sequencing. RESULTS - Twelve tumors showed strong SP174 immunoreactivity. Sanger sequencing detected an identical c.182A>G substitution, causing NRAS Q61R mutation at the protein level, only in 8 SP174-positive cases. These results were confirmed by qPCR study. Subsequently, NRAS wild-type tumors with strong SP174 staining were evaluated by next-generation sequencing and revealed KRAS c.182A>G substitutions predicted to cause KRAS Q61R mutation. Review of colorectal carcinomas with known KRAS and NRAS genotype revealed that none of 62 wild-type tumors or 47 mutants other than Q61R were SP174 positive. CONCLUSION - SP174 immunohistochemistry allows sensitive detection of NRAS and KRAS Q61R mutants. However, molecular genetic testing is necessary to determine specifically which RAS gene is mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Markku Miettinen
- From the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Drs Lasota, Felisiak-Golabek, Inaguma, Wang, and Miettinen); the Departments of Molecular Diagnostics (Dr Kowalik, Ms Pięciak, and Mr Zięba), Surgical Pathology (Dr Kopczynski), and Clinical Oncology (Dr Gozdz), Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland; the Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan (Dr Inaguma); the Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (Drs Pęksa and Biernat); the Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (Dr Okoń); ZDUNOMED/Histopathology, Szczecin, Poland (Dr Waloszczyk); and Faculty of Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland (Dr Gozdz). Drs Lasota and Kowalik contributed equally to this work
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Zajac G, Lasota J, Dudek M, Kaczor A, Baranska M. Pre-resonance enhancement of exceptional intensity in Aggregation-Induced Raman Optical Activity (AIROA) spectra of lutein derivatives. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 173:356-360. [PMID: 27685004 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently reported new phenomenon of Aggregation-Induced Raman Optical Activity is demonstrated here for the first time in the pre-resonance conditions for lutein diacetate and 3'-epi-lutein supramolecular self-assembles. We demonstrate that minor alterations in the lutein structure (e.g. acetylation of hydroxyl groups or different configuration at one of the chiral center) can lead to definitely different spectral profiles and optical properties due to formation of aggregates of different structure and type. Lutein forms only H-aggregates, lutein diacetate only J-aggregates, while 3'-epi-lutein can occur in both forms simultaneously. Variety of aggregates' structures is so large that not only the type of aggregation is different, but also their chirality. It is remarkable that even in the pre-resonance conditions, aggregation of lutein derivatives can lead to the intense ROA signal, and moreover, 3'-epi-lutein demonstrated the highest resonance ROA CID ratio that has ever been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zajac
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow 30-060, Poland
| | - J Lasota
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - M Dudek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow 30-060, Poland
| | - A Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow 30-060, Poland; Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - M Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow 30-060, Poland; Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow 30-348, Poland.
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Inaguma S, Lasota J, Wang Z, Felisiak-Golabek A, Ikeda H, Miettinen M. Clinicopathologic profile, immunophenotype, and genotype of CD274 (PD-L1)-positive colorectal carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:278-285. [PMID: 27813511 PMCID: PMC7900912 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD274 (PD-L1)/PDCD1 (PD-1) pathway is crucial for the modulation of immune responses and self-tolerance. Aberrantly expressed CD274 allows tumor cells to evade host immune system and is considered to be a mechanism of adaptive immune resistance. Inhibition of the CD274/PDCD1 immune checkpoint offers a promising new therapeutic strategy. Although CD274-expressing tumor cells have been identified in different types of tumors including colorectal cancer, clinicopathologic profile of these CD274-positive tumors has not been extensively studied. In this study, 454 primary colorectal carcinomas were analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically for CD274, mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, intestinal differentiation marker (CDX2), and stem cell markers (ALCAM, ALDH1A1, and SALL4). CD274-positive colorectal carcinomas (54/454 (12%)) usually (83%) involved the right or transverse colon with poorly differentiated and solid/medullary histology. On the basis of multivariate logistic regression analysis, CD274 positivity was significantly associated with poorly differentiated histotype (OR: 3.32; 95% CI: 1.46-7.51; P=0.004), MMR deficiency (OR: 10.0; 95% CI: 4.66-21.5; P<0.001), and 'stem-like' immunophenotype defined by the loss or weak expression of CDX2 and ALCAM-positivity (OR: 5.51; 95% CI: 1.66-18.3; P=0.005). Mutation analysis of 66 arbitrary selected colorectal carcinomas revealed that CD274-positive tumors usually (88%) carried the BRAF V600E mutation. Thus, colorectal carcinomas defined by CD274 positivity displayed features associated with tumors arising via the serrated neoplasia pathway. Moreover, colorectal carcinomas characterized by lack of CDX2 and prominent expression of ALCAM frequently (71%) showed CD274 positivity. This might suggest association of CD274 expression with 'stem-like' phenotype. Further evaluation of a larger cohort or experimental analyses would be needed to confirm this notion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA,Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zengfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Saturday GA, Lasota J, Frost D, Brasky KB, Hubbard G, Miettinen M. KIT-positive Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in a 22-year-old Male Chimpanzee (Pan troglodites). Vet Pathol 2016; 42:362-5. [PMID: 15872385 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-3-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), KIT-positive and KIT signaling driven or platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) signaling driven mesenchymal tumors, are poorly known in nonhuman primates. Availability of KIT- and PDGFRA-inhibitor drug imatinib mesylate has greatly raised the interest for these tumors. At necropsy of a 22-year-old male chimpanzee, a round, firm 2-cm intramural tumor was incidentally found in the midbody of the stomach and diagnosed as a GIST. Histologically, the mass was composed of spindle to polygonal epithelioid cells arranged in short to intermediate-length, interlacing streams, bundles, and nodular whorls often separated by hyalinized eosinophilic matrix. The mitotic rate was a maximum 1/50 high-power field. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for KIT and CD34, focally positive for α-smooth muscle actin, and negative for muscle specific actin, desmin, S-100 protein, synaptophy-sin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Because the majority of human GISTs have gain-of-function KIT or PDGFRA mutations, genomic sequences of KIT exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 and PDGFRA exons 12 and 18 from this chimpanzee GIST were polymerase chain reaction amplified and sequenced. However, no mutation was identified in the analyzed “mutational hot spots.” This study is the first extensive histomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic analysis of a chimpanzee GIST. More cases of nonhuman primate GISTs should be analyzed to discover the clinicopathologic spectrum of GISTs in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Saturday
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 14th and Alaska Avenue, Northwest, Building 54, Room G117, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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20
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Lasota J, Felisiak-Golabek A, Wasag B, Kowalik A, Zięba S, Chłopek M, Wang ZF, Coates T, Kopczynski J, Gozdz S, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Miettinen M. Frequency and clinicopathologic profile of PIK3CA mutant GISTs: molecular genetic study of 529 cases. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:275-82. [PMID: 26796526 PMCID: PMC7511989 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors usually driven by the mutational activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, KIT, or PDGFRA. Oncogenic activation of phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), a downstream effector in the KIT signaling pathway, has been identified in different types of cancer, with the PI3K 110α subunit encoded by PIK3CA being a common mutational target. In this study, the mutational hotspot in the PIK3CA kinase domain encoded by exon 20 was evaluated in 529 imatinib-naive GISTs using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. Eight mutations (two co-existing in one tumor) were identified. Subsequently, The cobas PIK3CA Mutation Test was employed to evaluate mutational hotspots in exons 1, 4, 7, and 9 in 119 PIK3CA exon 20-wild type tumors. In two cases, mutations in exons 1 and 9 were identified. In one GIST, previously undetected by Sanger sequencing, the exon 20 mutation was discovered. Altogether, eight primary and two metastatic GISTs carried PIK3CA mutations. The size of primary PIK3CA-mutant GISTs was ≥14 cm (mean size 17 cm), and mitotic activity varied from 0 to 72 per 50HPF (mean 5/50HPF). Follow-up data showed short survival in 6 of 7 studied cases. Detection of PIK3CA mutations in large or metastatic KIT-mutant GISTs may suggest that PIK3CA-mutant clones have a proliferative advantage during disease progression. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been successfully used in GIST treatment. However, resistance frequently develops due to secondary KIT mutations or activation of downstream to KIT signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. PIK3CA mutations similar to the ones detected in GISTs have been shown to cause such activation. Therefore, genotyping of PIK3CA in GISTs might help to pinpoint primary and metastatic tumors with the potential to develop resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and guide therapy with PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Bartosz Wasag
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Sebastian Zięba
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chłopek
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Zeng-Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany Coates
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA,Participant of NCI summer 2014 internship program
| | - Janusz Kopczynski
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Gozdz
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland,Faculty of Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Killian JK, Miettinen M, Walker RL, Wang Y, Zhu YJ, Waterfall JJ, Noyes N, Retnakumar P, Yang Z, Smith WI, Killian MS, Lau CC, Pineda M, Walling J, Stevenson H, Smith C, Wang Z, Lasota J, Kim SY, Boikos SA, Helman LJ, Meltzer PS. Recurrent epimutation of SDHC in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:268ra177. [PMID: 25540324 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a conserved effector of cellular metabolism and energy production, and loss of SDH function is a driver mechanism in several cancers. SDH-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors (dSDH GISTs) collectively manifest similar phenotypes, including hypermethylated epigenomic signatures, tendency to occur in pediatric patients, and lack of KIT/PDGFRA mutations. dSDH GISTs often harbor deleterious mutations in SDH subunit genes (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD, termed SDHx), but some are SDHx wild type (WT). To further elucidate mechanisms of SDH deactivation in SDHx-WT GIST, we performed targeted exome sequencing on 59 dSDH GISTs to identify 43 SDHx-mutant and 16 SDHx-WT cases. Genome-wide DNA methylation and expression profiling exposed SDHC promoter-specific CpG island hypermethylation and gene silencing in SDHx-WT dSDH GISTs [15 of 16 cases (94%)]. Six of 15 SDHC-epimutant GISTs occurred in the setting of the multitumor syndrome Carney triad. We observed neither SDHB promoter hypermethylation nor large deletions on chromosome 1q in any SDHx-WT cases. Deep genome sequencing of a 130-kbp (kilo-base pair) window around SDHC revealed no recognizable sequence anomalies in SDHC-epimutant tumors. More than 2000 benign and tumor reference tissues, including stem cells and malignancies with a hypermethylator epigenotype, exhibit solely a non-epimutant SDHC promoter. Mosaic constitutional SDHC promoter hypermethylation in blood and saliva from patients with SDHC-epimutant GIST implicates a postzygotic mechanism in the establishment and maintenance of SDHC epimutation. The discovery of SDHC epimutation provides a unifying explanation for the pathogenesis of dSDH GIST, whereby loss of SDH function stems from either SDHx mutation or SDHC epimutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keith Killian
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert L Walker
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuelin Jack Zhu
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua J Waterfall
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natalia Noyes
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Parvathy Retnakumar
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William I Smith
- Department of Pathology, Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - C Christopher Lau
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marbin Pineda
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer Walling
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Holly Stevenson
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carly Smith
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zengfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Su Young Kim
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sosipatros A Boikos
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee J Helman
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kabacinska R, Lasota J, Wronczewska A, Lebioda A, Terlikiewicz J, Makarewicz R. EP-1593: Transition from Paris dosimetry system to 3D image-guided planning in interstitial breast brachytherapy. Radiother Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)41585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Limon J, Miettinen M, Lasota J. Rare cancers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:461. [PMID: 24907398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miettinen M, Lasota J. Succinate dehydrogenase deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) - a review. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:514-9. [PMID: 24886695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of function of the succinate dehydrogenase complex characterizes a rare group of human tumors including some gastrointestinal stromal tumors, paragangliomas, renal carcinomas, and pituitary adenomas, and these can all be characterized as SDH-deficient tumors. Approximately 7.5% of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors are SDH-deficient and not driven by KIT/PDGFRA mutations, as are most other GISTs. The occurrence of SDH-deficient GISTs is restricted to stomach, and they typically occur in children and young adults representing a spectrum of clinical behavior from indolent to progressive. Slow progression is a common feature even after metastatic spread has taken place, and many patients live years with metastases. SDH-deficient GISTs have characteristic morphologic features including multinodular gastric wall involvement, often multiple separate tumors, common lymphovascular invasion, and occasional lymph node metastases. Diagnostic is the loss of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) from the tumor cells and this can be practically assessed by immunohistochemistry. SDHA is lost in cases associated with SDHA mutations. Approximately half of the patients have SDH subunit gene mutations, often germline and most commonly A (30%), and B, C or D (together 20%), with both alleles inactivated in the tumor cells according to the classic tumor suppressor gene model. Half of the cases are not associated with SDH-mutations and epigenetic silencing of the SDH complex is the possible pathogenesis. Extensive genomic methylation has been observed in these tumors, which is in contrast with other GISTs. SDH-loss causes succinate accumulation and activation of pseudohypoxia signaling via overexpression of HIF-proteins. Activation of insulin-like growth factor 1-signaling is also typical of these tumors. SDH-deficient GISTs are a unique group of GISTs with an energy metabolism defect as the key oncogenic mechanism. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Rare Cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lasota J, Xi L, Coates T, Dennis R, Evbuomwan MO, Wang ZF, Raffeld M, Miettinen M. No KRAS mutations found in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): molecular genetic study of 514 cases. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1488-91. [PMID: 23702733 PMCID: PMC7560948 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. A great majority of GISTs is driven by pathological activation of KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA), two closely related receptor tyrosine kinases. However, other genetic changes including gain-of-function BRAF mutations and loss of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex activity have been identified in the subsets of KIT-, PDGFRA-wild type tumors. Genetic mutations affecting KIT, PDGFRA, BRAF and SDH complex functions are believed to be mutually exclusive events. Recently, KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations were reported in a small subset of KIT or PDGFRA mutant GISTs. Moreover, in in vitro experiments, KIT mutants with concurrent KRAS mutation showed resistance to imatinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in GIST treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate a large cohort of GISTs to define frequency and clinical significance of KRAS mutations in this type of cancer. A well-characterized cohort of 514 GISTs was screened for KRAS mutations using Sanger sequencing (n=450) and pyrosequencing (n=64). In all, 350 gastric, 100 intestinal and 64 primary disseminated GISTs were analyzed. No KRAS mutations were found. In GIST, KRAS mutations are extremely rare if they exist (<0.2%). Thus, mutational activation of KRAS does not seem to play any significant role in the development and progression of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Soon after GIST was recognized as a tumor driven by a KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor mutation, it became the first solid tumor target for tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies. More recently, alternative molecular mechanisms for GIST pathogenesis have been discovered. These are related to deficiencies in the succinate dehydrogenase complex, NF1-gene alterations in connection with neurofibromatosis type 1 tumor syndrome, and mutational activation of the BRAF oncogene in very rare cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, NCI/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Rm. 2B50, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Laboratory of Pathology, NCI/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Rm. 2B50, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
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Meltzer PS, Killian JK, Kim SY, Miettinen M, Smith C, Tsokos M, Quezado M, Smith WI, Jahromi MS, Walker RL, Lasota J, Klotzle B, Wang Z, Jones L, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Waterfall JJ, Bibikova M, O'Sullivan MJ, Stratakis CA, Schiffman JD, Fan JB, Helman L. Abstract 2963: Succinate dehydrogenase mutation underlies global epigenomic divergence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although driver mutations in signal transduction kinases such as KIT are found in the majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), a subset of GISTs lack these mutations and instead exhibit loss-of-function defects in the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex, a component of the Krebs cycle. To examine the effects of this metabolic defect on the epigenome, we used Illumina GoldenGate and 450K Infinium microarray technology to profile DNA methylation in GIST samples and uncovered markedly divergent global DNA methylation between SDH-null GIST (N=24) versus KIT or related tyrosine kinase pathway mutated GIST (N=39). When compared to reference normal tissues including intestinal smooth muscle (N=10) and neuronal tissue (N=13), SDH-deficient GIST was found to have an order of magnitude greater global hypermethylation than the kinase-pathway mutant group (84.9K vs. 8.4K targets, respectively). In a histologically distinct SDH-deficient tumor system, methylation divergence was further found among SDH-mutant paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma (N=29) using an adrenal tissue (N=15) reference baseline. These data expose an essential role for succinate metabolism in the maintenance of DNA methylation programming and tumor suppression. Because defects in other Krebs cycle enzymes are also oncogenic, we further sought to determine whether this phenomenon was confined to SDH-deficient tumors. Analysis of SDH-mutant GIST and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant gliomas revealed comparable quantities of global hypo- and hypermethylated targets. We propose that this phenomenon may result from a failure of maintenance demethylation, secondary to inactivation of the TET2 5-methylcytosine dioxgenase system by the inhibitory metabolites succinate (in SDH deficient tumors) or 2-hydroxyglutarate (in IDH mutant tumors). While the biological ramifications of this distortion of the epigenome remain to be elucidated, this study clearly implicates the Krebs cycle as mitochondrial custodian of the methylome in diverse cancers.
Citation Format: Paul S. Meltzer, J. Keith Killian, Su Young Kim, Markku Miettinen, Carly Smith, Maria Tsokos, Martha Quezado, William I. Smith, Mona S. Jahromi, Robert L. Walker, Jerzy Lasota, Brandy Klotzle, Zengfeng Wang, Laura Jones, Yuelin Zhu, Yonghong Wang, Joshua J. Waterfall, Marina Bibikova, Maureen J. O'Sullivan, Constantine A. Stratakis, Joshua D. Schiffman, Jian-Bing Fan, Lee Helman. Succinate dehydrogenase mutation underlies global epigenomic divergence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2963. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2963
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Killian JK, Kim SY, Miettinen M, Smith C, Merino M, Tsokos M, Quezado M, Smith WI, Jahromi MS, Xekouki P, Szarek E, Walker RL, Lasota J, Raffeld M, Klotzle B, Wang Z, Jones L, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Waterfall JJ, O'Sullivan MJ, Bibikova M, Pacak K, Stratakis C, Janeway KA, Schiffman JD, Fan JB, Helman L, Meltzer PS. Succinate dehydrogenase mutation underlies global epigenomic divergence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:648-57. [PMID: 23550148 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) harbor driver mutations of signal transduction kinases such as KIT, or, alternatively, manifest loss-of-function defects in the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex, a component of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. We have uncovered a striking divergence between the DNA methylation profiles of SDH-deficient GIST (n = 24) versus KIT tyrosine kinase pathway-mutated GIST (n = 39). Infinium 450K methylation array analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues disclosed an order of magnitude greater genomic hypermethylation relative to SDH-deficient GIST versus the KIT-mutant group (84.9 K vs. 8.4 K targets). Epigenomic divergence was further found among SDH-mutant paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma (n = 29), a developmentally distinct SDH-deficient tumor system. Comparison of SDH-mutant GIST with isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant glioma, another Krebs cycle-defective tumor type, revealed comparable measures of global hypo- and hypermethylation. These data expose a vital connection between succinate metabolism and genomic DNA methylation during tumorigenesis, and generally implicate the mitochondrial Krebs cycle in nuclear epigenomic maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keith Killian
- National Cancer Institute-Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892-4265, USA
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), generally driven by oncogenic KIT or PDGFRA mutations, is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GIST is most common in the stomach (60%) and small intestine (30%), but can occur anywhere in the GI-tract and the intra-abdominal soft tissues. GIST can show spindle cell or epithelioid morphology, and mitotic count and tumor size are most important prognostic parameters. GISTs in NF1 patients and children are distinctive clinicopathologic groups. Immunohistochemical testing for KIT and sometimes for DOG1/Ano 1 is essential in confirming the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Miettinen
- National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Voltaggio L, Murray R, Lasota J, Miettinen M. Gastric schwannoma: a clinicopathologic study of 51 cases and critical review of the literature. Hum Pathol 2011; 43:650-9. [PMID: 22137423 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schwannoma is a rare gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor, as the vast majority of gastric mesenchymal tumors are gastrointestinal stromal tumors. In this study, we analyzed clinicopathologically 51 gastric schwannomas. These tumors predominantly occurred in older adults with a marked female predominance (40 women and 11 men; median and mean ages, 60 and 58 years). They variably presented with gastric discomfort, bleeding, or rarely gastric outlet obstruction; and many were incidental findings during other medical procedures. The tumors ranged from 1 to 10.5 cm (median, 4.5 cm). The typical histologic features included spindle cells usually with microtrabecular architecture and focal nuclear atypia, and peritumoral lymphoid cuff, whereas features of soft tissue schwannomas, such as encapsulation, nuclear palisading, vascular hyalinization, and dilatation, were absent or infrequent. Median mitotic count was 2/50 high-power fields, with the highest count being 13/50 high-power fields. No malignant variants were recognized, and long-term follow-up did not reveal recurrences or metastases. Immunohistochemically, all examined tumors were S100 protein positive and most were also GFAP positive, whereas CD34 and NF68 were encountered rarely and all tumors were negative for HMB45, KIT, DOG1/Ano 1, smooth muscle actin, desmin, and synaptophysin. None of the 9 tumors studied contained gastrointestinal stromal tumor-specific KIT or PDGFRA mutations. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies revealed multiple signals with BCR probe (chromosome 22) and centromeric probes for chromosomes 2 and 18 suggesting polyploidy. These findings indicate that gastric schwannoma is a distinctive form of peripheral nerve sheath tumor that in many ways differs from soft tissue schwannoma. It should be distinguished from gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the S100 protein-positive gastrointestinal clear cell sarcoma and metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysandra Voltaggio
- George Washington University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Wang JH, Lasota J, Miettinen M. Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit B (SDHB) Is Expressed in Neurofibromatosis 1-Associated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (Gists): Implications for the SDHB Expression Based Classification of Gists. J Cancer 2011; 2:90-3. [PMID: 21479127 PMCID: PMC3072614 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract. GISTs develop with relatively high incidence in patients with Neurofibromatosis-1 syndrome (NF1). Mutational activation of KIT or PDGFRA is believed to be a driving force in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic GISTs. Unlike those tumors, NF1-associated GISTs do not have KIT or PGDFRA mutations. Similarly, no mutational activation of KIT or PDGFRA has been identified in pediatric GISTs and in GISTs associated with Carney Triad and Carney-Stratakis Syndrome. KIT and PDGFRA-wild type tumors are expected to have lesser response to imatinib treatment. Recently, Carney Triad and Carney-Stratakis Syndrome -associated GISTs and pediatric GISTs have been shown to have a loss of expression of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB), a Krebs cycle/electron transport chain interface protein. It was proposed that GISTs can be divided into SDHB- positive (type 1), and SDHB-negative (type 2) tumors because of similarities in clinical features and response to imatinib treatment. In this study, SDHB expression was examined immunohistochemically in 22 well-characterized NF1-associated GISTs. All analyzed tumors expressed SDHB. Based on SDHB-expression status, NF1-associated GISTs belong to type 1 category; however, similarly to SDHB type 2 tumors, they do not respond well to imatinib treatment. Therefore, a simple categorization of GISTs into SDHB-positive and-negative seems to be incomplete. A classification based on both SDHB expression status and KIT and PDGFRA mutation status characterize GISTs more accurately and allow subdivision of SDHB-positive tumors into different clinico-genetic categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanny H Wang
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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Parkkila S, Lasota J, Fletcher JA, Ou WB, Kivelä AJ, Nuorva K, Parkkila AK, Ollikainen J, Sly WS, Waheed A, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Isola J, Miettinen M. Carbonic anhydrase II. A novel biomarker for gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:743-50. [PMID: 20081808 PMCID: PMC2900582 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are clinically distinct mesenchymal tumors, which generally result from expression of mutant KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase oncogenes. Most GISTs feature strong expression of KIT that serves as a crucial diagnostic adjunct. However, a subset of tumors lacks KIT expression and otherwise may also be difficult to distinguish from other sarcomas, including leiomyosarcoma. Because various carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes have been identified as potential treatment targets against different cancers, we evaluated CA II expression in 175 GISTs. Western blotting experiments indicated that CA II is highly expressed in GIST cell lines. Immunohistochemically, 95% of GISTs showed positive signal. The CA II expression in GISTs did not correlate with particular KIT or PDGFRA mutation types. CA II immunoreactivity was absent or low in other mesenchymal tumor categories analyzed. High CA II expression was associated with a better disease-specific survival rate than low or no expression (Mantel-Cox test, P<0.0001). The present results indicate that CA II is overexpressed in most GISTs, is quite selective to this tumor type among mesenchymal tumors, and therefore might be a useful biomarker in diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jerzy Lasota
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-bin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antti J. Kivelä
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kyösti Nuorva
- Department of Pathology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Parkkila
- Department of Neurology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jyrki Ollikainen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - William S. Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jorma Isola
- School of Medicine, and Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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Kleist B, Lasota J, Miettinen M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor and gastric adenocarcinoma collision tumors. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1034-9. [PMID: 20381123 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors sometimes occur together with gastric carcinoma, but true collision tumors featuring these 2 components are very rare. The authors describe here 2 collision tumors containing a gastrointestinal stromal tumor with intermingling elements of gastric adenocarcinoma. The gastrointestinal stromal tumors were 5.5 to 6 cm spindle cell tumors, and one patient had an additional prepyloric stromal tumor (2.5 cm). All gastrointestinal stromal tumors had low mitotic counts less than 5/50 high-power fields and were positive for KIT, DOG1, and CD34. Different KIT exon 11 mutations (single nucleotide substitution, complex insertion-duplication) in all tumors indicated that the 2 gastrointestinal stromal tumors in one patient were independent primary tumors. The adenocarcinoma components displayed gland-forming intestinal type to signet ring cell morphology with focally accompanying dysplastic epithelium, immunohistochemical positivity for CDX2, and varying keratin 7/20 expression. We hypothesize that development of gastric adenocarcinoma within a gastrointestinal stromal tumor may be based on displaced gastric epithelium in a long-standing stromal tumor with events of intermittent ulceration and epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kleist
- Department of Pathology, Soerlandet sykehus HF, Serviceboks 416, N-4604 Kristiansand, Norway.
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Rubin BP, Blanke CD, Demetri GD, Dematteo RP, Fletcher CDM, Goldblum JR, Lasota J, Lazar A, Maki RG, Miettinen M, Noffsinger A, Washington MK, Krausz T. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010. [PMID: 20121601 DOI: 10.1043/1543-2165-134.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Rubin
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, L25, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Rubin BP, Blanke CD, Demetri GD, Dematteo RP, Fletcher CDM, Goldblum JR, Lasota J, Lazar A, Maki RG, Miettinen M, Noffsinger A, Washington MK, Krausz T. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:165-70. [PMID: 20121601 DOI: 10.5858/134.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Rubin
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, L25, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Lasota J, Kuban W, Wardelmann E, Debiec-Rychter M, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Sciot R, Rys J, Steigen SE, Iwanik K, Holden JA, Jerzak vel Dobosz A, Schildhaus HU, Miettinen M. KIT codon 558 insertions in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Analysis of 17 rare KIT mutants. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:1728-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lasota J, Corless CL, Heinrich MC, Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Wardelmann E, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Schildhaus HU, Steigen SE, Stachura J, Wozniak A, Antonescu C, Daum O, Martin J, Del Muro JG, Miettinen M. Clinicopathologic profile of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with primary KIT exon 13 or exon 17 mutations: a multicenter study on 54 cases. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:476-84. [PMID: 18246046 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal neoplasms driven by oncogenic, mutational activation of KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). GIST-specific KIT or PDGFRA mutations have been linked to tumor location, tumor cell morphology and clinical behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic profile of GISTs that have KIT exon 13 or exon 17 mutations. Through the collaboration of several GIST research groups, we gathered 54 cases from the pre-imatinib era that had such primary mutations. From our observations and those in the literature, we estimate that the frequency of these mutations is no higher than 1-2%. Almost all (32 of 33, 97%) of the KIT exon 13 mutations were the 1945A>G substitution leading to Lys642Glu. A majority (15 of 21, 71.4%) of the KIT exon 17 mutations were the 2487T>A substitution leading to Asn822Lys. Demographic and clinicopathologic data were available for 26 and 14 KIT exon 13 and exon 17 mutant GISTs, respectively. Median age and male to female ratio were similar to ones reported in other GIST studies. Small intestinal tumors were two times more frequent than gastric ones among KIT exon 17 mutants. Also, intestinal tumors were slightly overrepresented among KIT exon 13 mutants when compared with population-based studies. The majority of KIT exon 13 or exon 17 mutants had a spindle-cell morphology and only a few had epithelioid features. Tumor size varied from 1.2 to 25 cm and average mitotic rates were 9.5 and 4.2 for KIT exon 13 and exon 17 mutants, respectively. Gastric KIT exon 13 mutant GISTs tend to be slightly larger and more aggressive than gastric GISTs in average, whereas the behavior of small intestinal GISTs with KIT exon 13 mutations does not differ from other small intestinal GISTs. The latter is also true for all KIT exon 17 mutant GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are KIT-positive mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract that are driven by activated KIT-signalling or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDFGRA) signaling. These tumors most commonly occur in the stomach and small intestine and encompass a clinical spectrum from benign to malignant. In the current study, the authors examined long-term follow-up data of 1892 GIST patients from the U.S. BACKGROUND Nine patients (2 with gastric GISTs and 7 with GISTs of the small intestine) developed myeloid leukemia. There were 6 patients (4 women and 2 men) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including 1 case of promyelocytic and 1 case of myelomonocytic leukemia, and 3 patients (2 men and 1 woman) with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). RESULTS The leukemias developed 1.7 to 21 years after the GIST (median interval, 6 years). None of the GIST patients had received radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to the leukemia diagnosis. Eight of 9 patients died of leukemia, and none died of GIST. All but 1 GIST case was found to have a low mitotic rate (0-1 per 50 high-power fields); however, tumor size varied from 3 to 18 cm (median, 4.5 cm). Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated comparing the incidences of AML/CMLs in GIST patients with those in the 2000 through 2003 U.S. population. In GIST patients, the risk of AML was found to be significantly higher for women (SIR of 5.14; 95% CI, 1.34-11.4) and overall (SIR of 2.96; 95% CI, 1.07-5.8). There was a slightly increased risk for CML, but this was not statistically significant (SIR of 3.71; 95% CI, 0.7-9.1). CONCLUSIONS Additional epidemiologic, clinical, and pathogenetic studies are needed to understand the apparent nonrandom association between GIST and myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Miettinen
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite clinicopathological differences, GISTs share oncogenic KIT or platelet-derived growth factor-alpha (PDGFRA) mutations. Imatinib, KIT and PDGFRA inhibitor, has been successfully used in the treatment of metastatic GISTs. There are primary KIT or PDGFRA mutations diagnosed before imatinib treatment, linked to GIST pathogenesis, and secondary mutations detected during treatment, causing drug resistance. KIT exon 11 mutations are the most common. Gastric GISTs with exon 11 deletions are more aggressive than those with substitutions. KIT exon 11 mutants respond well to imatinib. Less common KIT exon 9 Ala502_Tyr503dup mutants occur predominantly in intestinal GISTs and are less sensitive to imatinib. An Asp842Val substitution in exon 18 is the most common PDGFRA mutation. GISTs with such mutation are resistant to imatinib. PDGFRA mutations are associated with gastric GISTs, epithelioid morphology and a less malignant course of disease. GISTs in neurofibromatosis 1, Carney triad and paediatric tumours generally lack KIT and PDGFRA mutations. Secondary KIT mutations affect exons 13-17. GISTs with secondary mutations in exon 13 and 14 are sensitive to sunitinib, another tyrosine kinase inhibitor. KIT and PDGFRA genotyping is important for GIST diagnosis and assessment of sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lasota
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Abstract
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics play an important role in the diagnosis of soft tissue and bone mesenchymal tumors. This update focuses on cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques commonly used for evaluation of mesenchymal tumors, including karyotyping, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction. Examples of different techniques, inherent technical problems, and interpretation of the results are discussed. Additionally, limitations related to the type of material available for genotyping (fresh, frozen, or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue) are covered. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic alterations identified in various mesenchymal tumors are often valuable for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Department of Soft Tissue and Orthopedic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Lasota J, vel Dobosz AJ, Wasag B, Wozniak A, Kraszewska E, Michej W, Ptaszynski K, Rutkowski P, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Steigen SE, Schneider-Stock R, Stachura J, Chosia M, Ogun G, Ruka W, Siedlecki JA, Miettinen M. Presence of homozygous KIT exon 11 mutations is strongly associated with malignant clinical behavior in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Transl Med 2007; 87:1029-41. [PMID: 17632543 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of gastrointestinal tract. GISTs range from benign indolent neoplasms to highly malignant sarcomas. Gain-of-function mutations of tyrosine kinase receptors, KIT or PDGFRA, have been identified in most GISTs. In this study, we report 36 GIST patients whose tumors had homozygous KIT exon 11 mutations detected by direct sequencing of PCR products. Loss of heterozygosity in KIT locus and other chromosome 4 loci were documented in majority of these tumors. However, fluorescence in situ hybridization with KIT locus-specific probe and chromosome 4 centromeric enumeration probe showed no evidence of KIT hemizygosity in a majority of analyzed cases. These findings are consistent with duplication of chromosome 4 with KIT mutant allele. Homozygous KIT exon 11 mutations were found in 33 primary tumors and 7 metastatic lesions. In two cases, shift from heterozygosity to homozygosity was documented during tumor progression being present in metastases, but not in primary tumors. Among primary GISTs, there were 16 gastric, 18 intestinal and 2 from unknown locations. An average primary tumor size was 12 cm and average mitotic activity 32/50 HPFs. Out of 32 tumors 29 (90.6%) with complete clinicopathologic data were diagnosed as sarcomas with more than 50% risk of metastatic disease, and 26 of 29 patients with follow-up had metastases or died of disease. An average survival time among pre-imatinib patients, who died of the disease was 33.4 months. Based on these findings, we conclude that presence of homozygous KIT exon 11 mutations is associated with malignant course of disease and should be considered an adverse prognostic marker in GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. This tumor typically expresses KIT, and has KIT or PDGFRA activating mutation. In this study we evaluated 89 GISTs diagnosed in Northern Norway during a 30-year period. KIT exons 8, 9, 11, 13, and 17 were analyzed by PCR amplification and direct sequencing. Subsequently PDGRA exons 12, 14, and 18 were evaluated in KIT wild-type cases. KIT mutations were found in 66 cases (75%), and PDGFRA mutations in 9 cases (10%). Most common were KIT exon 11 mutations, with 58 cases. Tumors with Kit exon 11 point mutations had a significantly better prognosis than those with deletions. There were five KIT exon 9 duplications, three exon 13 point mutations, and one point mutation in exon 17. There were nine PDGFGRA mutations: seven in exon 18 and two in exon 12. All but one PDGFRA mutant GISTs were gastric tumors with epithelioid morphology, and these tumors were on average smaller than those with KIT mutations. KIT and PDGFRA wild type was found in 15% of cases. Analysis of KIT and PDGFRA mutations is of significance for treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and may also have value when assessing the biological potential of GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja E Steigen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Assämäki R, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lopez-Guerrero JA, Lasota J, Andersson LC, Llombart-Bosch A, Miettinen M, Knuutila S. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of chromosomal imbalances and their target genes in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:564-76. [PMID: 17330260 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. The tumors characteristically harbor KIT or PDGFRA mutations, and mutant tumors respond to imatinib mesylate (Glivectrade mark). Chromosomal imbalances resulting in altered gene dosage are known to have a role in the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors, but the target genes remain to be identified. The present study aimed to identify some of these genes. In total, 35 GIST samples were screened for chromosomal imbalances by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. A cDNA array was used to define the minimal common overlapping areas of DNA copy number change. Eight confirmative, replicate hybridizations were performed using an oligonucleotide array. The most recurrent copy number losses were localized to 14q, 22q, and 1p. Gains were less common with 8q being the most recurrent. Two recurrent deleted regions of 14q were 14q11.2 harboring the PARP2, APEX1, and NDRG2 genes and 14q32.33 harboring SIVA. Additional target candidates were NF2 at chromosome 22, CDKN2A/2B at 9p, and ENO1 at 1p for copy number losses, and MYC at 8q for copy number gains. Array CGH proved to be an effective tool for the identification of chromosome regions involved in the development and progression of GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Assämäki
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Lasota J, Miettinen M. KIT exon 11 deletion–inversions represent complex mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 175:69-72. [PMID: 17498562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT expression and mutational KIT activation have been documented in a majority of GISTs. Most mutations have been found in KIT juxtamembrane domain encoded by exon 11. Recently, we have identified three, complex KIT exon 11 mutations previously unreported in GISTs. These mutations consisted of several nucleotide deletions accompanied by insertions of inverted complementary DNA strand sequences. All three mutations were found in the 5' part of KIT exon 11. At the protein level, these mutations lead to the same end result: in-frame loss and insertion of a number of amino acids and could be considered examples of deletion-insertion. Although proper description of these mutations at the genomic level is a complex task and requires an individual approach, the uniform name deletion-inversion is suggested for this type of mutation, based on the present study. The frequency of deletion-inversions among KIT exon 11 mutant GISTs was estimated to be <0.5%, based on evaluation of 700 KIT exon 11 mutants. Molecular events leading to formation of deletion-inversions remain elusive and should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Lasota J. Not all c-kit mutations can be corrected by imatinib. J Transl Med 2007; 87:317. [PMID: 17486696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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Lasota J. Mitochondrial POLG mutation, mtDNA depletion, and cardiomyopathy. J Transl Med 2007; 87:316. [PMID: 17486695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
Almost one-third of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are discovered incidentally during investigative or therapeutic procedures for unrelated diseases. In this regard, GISTs may coexist with different types of cancer, either synchronously or metachronously. The frequency of this association and the spectrum of neoplasms involved have not been sufficiently analyzed. We conducted a review of the literature and our own records for cases with sporadic GISTs and other malignancies, with emphasis on solid tumors. Neurofibromatosis 1 and Carney triad-associated tumors were excluded. Based on these data, there were 518 cancers in 486 GIST patients among 4813 cases with informative data. The overall frequency of second tumors in different series varied from 4.5% to 33% (mean, 13%). A total of 29 patients had multiple malignancies. GISTs of gastric location were most commonly involved with other neoplasms, reflecting their overall high frequency (60%) of all GISTs. The major types of GIST-associated cancers were gastrointestinal carcinomas (n=228; 47%), lymphoma/leukemia, (n=36; 7%), and carcinomas of prostate (n=43; 9%), breast (n=34; 7%), kidney (n=27; 6%), lung (n=26; 5%), female genital tract (n=25; 5%), and carcinoid tumors (n=13; 3%). Other cancers included soft tissue and bone sarcomas (n=15; 3%), malignant melanoma (n=12; 2%), and seminoma (n=6; 1%). Occurrence of collision tumors and metastases of carcinoma or sarcoma into a GIST (the latter noted in 4 cases) can be challenging diagnostic problems. The potential nonrandom association and causal relationship between GIST and other neoplasms remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, Nuremberg Clinic Center, Nuremberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Mutually exclusive KIT and PDGFRA mutations are central events in GIST pathogenesis, and their understanding is becoming increasingly important, because specific treatment targeting oncogenic KIT and PDGFRA activation (especially imatinib mesylate) has become available. KIT mutations in GIST are clustered in four exons. Most common are exon 11 (juxtamembrane domain) mutations that include deletions, point mutations (affecting a few codons), and duplications (mostly in the 3' region). The latter mutations most often occur in gastric GISTs. Among gastric GISTs, tumors with deletions are more aggressive than those with point mutations; this does not seem to hold true in small intestinal GISTs. Exon 9 mutations (5-10%) usually are 2-codon 502-503 duplications, and these occur predominantly in intestinal versus gastric GISTs. Lesser imatinib sensitivity of these tumors has been noted. Kinase domain mutations are very rare; GISTs with such mutations are variably sensitive to imatinib. PDGFRA mutations usually occur in gastric GISTs, especially in the epithelioid variants; their overall frequency is approximately 30% to 40% of KIT mutation negative GISTs. Most common is exon 18 mutation leading Asp842Val at the protein level. This mutation causes imatinib resistance. Exon 12 and 14 mutations are rare. Most mutations are somatic (in tumor tissue only), but patients with familial GIST syndrome have consitutitonal KIT/PDGFRA mutations; >10 families have been reported worldwide with mutations generally similar to those in sporadic GISTs. GISTs in neurofibromatosis 1 patients, children, and Carney triad seem to lack GIST-specific KIT and PDGFRA mutations and may have a different disease mechanism. Secondary mutations usually occur in KIT kinase domains in patients after imatinib treatment resulting in resistance to this drug. Mutation genotyping is a tool in GIST diagnosis and in assessment of sensitivity to kinase inhibitors. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Lasota
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors specific to the GI tract, generally defined as KIT (CD117)-positive tumors with a characteristic set of histologic features. These tumors, derived from Cajal cells or their precursors, most commonly occur at the age >50 years in the stomach (60%), jejunum and ileum (30%), duodenum (4-5%), rectum (4%), colon and appendix (1-2%), and esophagus (<1%), and rarely as apparent primary extragastrointestinal tumors in the vicinity of stomach or intestines. Their overall incidence has been estimated as 10 to 20 per million, including incidental minimal tumors. GISTs are rare in children (<1%) and almost exclusively occur in stomach. They are common in patients with neurofibromatosis 1, who have a predisposition to (multiple) small intestinal GISTs. GISTs contain a spectrum from minute indolent tumors to sarcomas at all sites of occurrence. Their gross patterns are diverse, including nodular, cystic, and diverticular tumors. External involvement of pancreas and liver can simulate primary tumor in these organs. In general, gastric tumors have a more favorable prognosis than the intestinal ones with similar parameters. Gastric GISTs < or =10 cm and < or =5 mitoses per 50 HPFs have a low risk for metastasis, whereas those with >5 per 50 HPFs and >5 cm in diameter have a high risk for metastasis. In contrast, all intestinal GISTs >5 cm independent of mitotic rate have at least moderate risk for metastases, and all >5 mitoses per 50 HPFs have a high risk for metastases. Intestinal GISTs < or =5 cm with < or =5 mitoses per 50 HPFs have a low risk for metastases. Gastric GISTs can be divided into histologic subgroups including 4 spindle cell and 4 epithelioid variants. Intestinal GISTs are a histologically more homogeneous group and often contain distinctive extracellular collagen globules, skeinoid fibers. Immunohistochemical demonstration of KIT, CD34, or protein kinase theta positivity helps to properly identify these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Miettinen
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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