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Vakili-Samiani S, Turki Jalil A, Abdelbasset WK, Yumashev AV, Karpisheh V, Jalali P, Adibfar S, Ahmadi M, Hosseinpour Feizi AA, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Targeting Wee1 kinase as a therapeutic approach in Hematological Malignancies. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103203. [PMID: 34390915 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies include various diseases that develop from hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow or lymphatic organs. Currently, conventional DNA-damage-based chemotherapy drugs are approved as standard therapeutic regimens for these malignancies. Although many improvements have been made, patients with relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies have a poor prognosis. Therefore, novel and practical therapeutic approaches are required for the treatment of these diseases. Interestingly several studies have shown that targeting Wee1 kinase in the Hematological malignancies, including AML, ALL, CML, CLL, DLBCL, BL, MCL, etc., can be an effective therapeutic strategy. It plays an essential role in regulating the cell cycle process by abrogating the G2-M cell-cycle checkpoint, which provides time for DNA damage repair before mitotic entry. Consistently, Wee1 overexpression is observed in various Hematological malignancies. Also, in healthy normal cells, repairing DNA damages occurs due to G1-S checkpoint function; however, in the cancer cells, which have an impaired G1-S checkpoint, the damaged DNA repair process depends on the G2-M checkpoint function. Thus, Wee1 inhibition could be a promising target in the presence of DNA damage in order to potentiate multiple therapeutic drugs. This review summarized the potentials and challenges of Wee1 inhibition combined with other therapies as a novel effective therapeutic strategy in Hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Vakili-Samiani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Vahid Karpisheh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pooya Jalali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Adibfar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Dasatinib reverses drug resistance by downregulating MDR1 and Survivin in Burkitt lymphoma cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:84. [PMID: 32171300 PMCID: PMC7076888 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current chemotherapies for Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have dramatically improved its clinical outcome. However, chemoresistance can lead to chemotherapy failure and very poor prognosis; thus, novel strategies are urgently required for patients with drug-resistant BL. To investigate the mechanisms underlying drug resistance in BL, we established drug-resistant BL cell lines: HS-Sultan/ADM (adriamycin-resistant), HS-Sultan/VCR (vincristine-resistant), HS-Sultan/DEX (dexamethasone-resistant), and HS-Sultan/L-PAM (melphalan-resistant). Methods Drug transporter and survival factor expression were investigated the using western blotting and real time polymerase chain reaction. Cell survival was analyzed by trypan blue dye exclusion method. Results The established cell lines acquired cross-resistance to adriamycin, vincristine, dexamethasone, and melphalan and exhibited 50% inhibitory concentration values 106-, 40-, 81-, and 45-fold higher than the parental cell lines, respectively. We found that protein and mRNA expression of MDR1 and Survivin were higher in drug-resistant BL cells than in the parent cells. Treatment with verapamil, an MDR1 inhibitor, or Survivin siRNA alongside each anti-cancer drug suppressed the proliferation of all drug-resistant BL cells. Src kinase activity was higher in all resistant cell lines than the parental cells; suppressing Src with dasatinib restored drug sensitivity by reducing MDR1 and Survivin expression. Conclusions MDR1 and Survivin upregulation are responsible for resistance to conventional drugs and dasatinib can restore drug sensitivity by reducing MDR1 and Survivin expression in drug-resistant BL cells. Src inhibitors could therefore be a novel treatment strategy for patients with drug resistant BL.
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SOCS1: phosphorylation, dimerization and tumor suppression. Oncoscience 2019; 6:386-389. [PMID: 31984217 PMCID: PMC6959930 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family members are upregulated following JAK-STAT pathway activation by cytokines. SOCS proteins are recognized inhibitors of cytokine signaling playing roles in cell growth and differentiation. Moreover, SOCS1 and SOCS3 have been shown to be involved in tumor suppression through their ability to interact with p53 leading to the activation of its transcriptional program and showing the implication of SOCS family members in the regulation of apoptosis, ferroptosis and senescence. More recently, we demonstrated that the SRC family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (SFK) can phosphorylate SOCS1 leading to its homodimerization and inhibiting its interaction with p53. Then, we reactivated the SOCS1-p53 tumor suppressor axis with the SFK inhibitor dasatinib in combination with the p53 activating compound PRIMA. This work suggests new avenues for cancer treatment and leaves open several new questions that deserve to be addressed.
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Bruton's tyrosine kinase is at the crossroads of metabolic adaptation in primary malignant human lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11069. [PMID: 31363127 PMCID: PMC6667467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we explored metabolic aspects of human primary leukemic lymphocytes that hold a potential impact on the treatment of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)-driven diseases. Our results suggest that there is crosstalk between Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) signaling and bioenergetic stress responses. In primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes, pharmacological interference with mitochondrial ATP synthesis or glucose metabolism affects BTK activity. Conversely, an inhibitor of BTK used clinically (ibrutinib) induces bioenergetic stress responses that in turn affect ibrutinib resistance. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms are still to be defined, our work shows for the first time that in primary B cells, metabolic stressors enhance BTK signaling and suggest that metabolic rewiring to hyperglycemia affects ibrutinib resistance in TP53 deficient chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes.
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Anguita E, Villalobo A. Src-family tyrosine kinases and the Ca 2+ signal. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:915-932. [PMID: 27818271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we shall describe the rich crosstalk between non-receptor Src-family kinases (SFKs) and the Ca2+ transient generated in activated cells by a variety of extracellular and intracellular stimuli, resulting in diverse signaling events. The exchange of information between SFKs and Ca2+ is reciprocal, as it flows in both directions. These kinases are main actors in pathways leading to the generation of the Ca2+ signal, and reciprocally, the Ca2+ signal modulates SFKs activity and functions. We will cover how SFKs participate in the generation of the cytosolic Ca2+ rise upon activation of a series of receptors and the mechanism of clearance of this Ca2+ signal. The role of SFKs modulating Ca2+-translocating channels participating in these events will be amply discussed. Finally, the role of the Ca2+ sensor protein calmodulin on the activity of c-Src, and potentially on other SFKs, will be outlined as well. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Anguita
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalobo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Pinedo-Carpio E, Davidson D, Martinez Marignac VL, Panasci J, Aloyz R. Adaptive metabolic rewiring to chronic SFK inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 8:66758-66768. [PMID: 28977994 PMCID: PMC5620134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFK) are key regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation, survival, motility and angiogenesis. As such, SFK inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials to prevent metastasis as an alternative to current treatment regimens for a variety of cancers including breast cancer. To contribute to the development of molecular tools improving SFK-targeted therapies, we used the SFK inhibitor dasatinib and a well characterized triple negative breast cancer cell line (BT20). Comparison of the response of BT20 cells with acquired resistance to dasatinib and its’ parental counterpart suggest that chronic exposure to SFK inhibition results in increased dependency on TGFβ signaling for proliferation, both in the absence or the presence of dasatinib. In addition, we found that acquired (but not de novo) resistance to dasatinib was reduced by non-cytotoxic concentrations compounds hindering on PI3K, mTORC1 signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress or autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Pinedo-Carpio
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute & McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine & Department of Oncology, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - David Davidson
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute & McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine & Department of Oncology, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | | | - Justin Panasci
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute & McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine & Department of Oncology, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Raquel Aloyz
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute & McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine & Department of Oncology, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
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Chao CN, Huang YL, Lin MC, Fang CY, Shen CH, Chen PL, Wang M, Chang D, Tseng CE. Inhibition of human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma growth by JC polyomavirus-like particles delivering a suicide gene. J Transl Med 2015; 13:29. [PMID: 25623859 PMCID: PMC4312600 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the most common types of aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. About one-third of patients are either refractory to the treatment or experience relapse afterwards, pointing to the necessity of developing other effective therapies for DLBCL. Human B-lymphocytes are susceptible to JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infection, and JCPyV virus-like particles (VLPs) can effectively deliver exogenous genes to susceptible cells for expression, suggesting the feasibility of using JCPyV VLPs as gene therapy vectors for DLBCL. Methods The JCPyV VLPs packaged with a GFP reporter gene were used to infect human DLBCL cells for gene delivery assay. Furthermore, we packaged JCPyV VLPs with a suicide gene encoding thymidine kinase (TK) to inhibit the growth of DLBCL in vitro and in vivo. Results Here, we show that JCPyV VLPs effectively entered human germinal center B-cell-like (GCB-like) DLBCL and activated B-cell-like (ABC-like) DLBCL and expressed the packaged reporter gene in vitro. As measured by the MTT assay, treatment with tk-VLPs in combination with gancyclovir (GCV) reduced the viability of DLBCL cells by 60%. In the xenograft mouse model, injection of tk-VLPs through the tail vein in combination with GCV administration resulted in a potent 80% inhibition of DLBCL tumor nodule growth. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of JCPyV VLPs as gene therapy vectors for human DLBCL and provide a potential new strategy for the treatment of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Nun Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Yih-Leh Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Mien-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Department of Urology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Yao Fang
- Department of Medical Research, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Lain Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Deching Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-En Tseng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Cozzi M, Giorgi F, Marcelli E, Pentimalli F, Forte IM, Schenone S, D’Urso V, De Falco G, Botta M, Giordano A, Indovina P. Antitumor activity of new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine SRC kinase inhibitors in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and its enhancement by WEE1 inhibition. Cell Cycle 2014; 11:1029-39. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.5.19519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Maxwell SA, Mousavi-Fard S. Non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma: advances in molecular strategies targeting drug resistance. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:971-90. [PMID: 23986223 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213498985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous class of cancers displaying a diverse range of biological phenotypes, clinical behaviours and prognoses. Standard treatments for B-cell NHL are anthracycline-based combinatorial chemotherapy regimens composed of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone. Even though complete response rates of 40-50% with chemotherapy can be attained, a substantial proportion of patients relapse, resulting in 3-year overall survival rates of about 30%. Relapsed lymphomas are refractory to subsequent treatments with the initial chemotherapy regimen and can exhibit cross-resistance to a wide variety of anticancer drugs. The emergence of acquired chemoresistance thus poses a challenge in the clinic preventing the successful treatment and cure of disseminated B-cell lymphomas. Gene-expression analyses have increased our understanding of the molecular basis of chemotherapy resistance and identified rational targets for drug interventions to prevent and treat relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Acquisition of drug resistance in lymphoma is in part driven by the inherent genetic heterogeneity and instability of the tumour cells. Due to the genetic heterogeneity of B-cell NHL, many different pathways leading to drug resistance have been identified. Successful treatment of chemoresistant NHL will thus require the rational design of combinatorial drugs targeting multiple pathways specific to different subtypes of B-cell NHL as well as the development of personalized approaches to address patient-to-patient genetic heterogeneity. This review highlights the new insights into the molecular basis of chemorefractory B-cell NHL that are facilitating the rational design of novel strategies to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve A Maxwell
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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Akl H, Monaco G, La Rovere R, Welkenhuyzen K, Kiviluoto S, Vervliet T, Molgó J, Distelhorst CW, Missiaen L, Mikoshiba K, Parys JB, De Smedt H, Bultynck G. IP3R2 levels dictate the apoptotic sensitivity of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells to an IP3R-derived peptide targeting the BH4 domain of Bcl-2. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e632. [PMID: 23681227 PMCID: PMC3674349 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disrupting inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) complexes using a cell-permeable peptide (stabilized TAT-fused IP3R-derived peptide (TAT-IDPS)) that selectively targets the BH4 domain of Bcl-2 but not that of B-cell lymphoma 2-extra large (Bcl-Xl) potentiated pro-apoptotic Ca2+ signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. However, the molecular mechanisms rendering cancer cells but not normal cells particularly sensitive to disrupting IP3R/Bcl-2 complexes are poorly understood. Therefore, we studied the effect of TAT-IDPS in a more heterogeneous Bcl-2-dependent cancer model using a set of ‘primed to death' diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DL-BCL) cell lines containing elevated Bcl-2 levels. We discovered a large heterogeneity in the apoptotic responses of these cells to TAT-IDPS with SU-DHL-4 being most sensitive and OCI-LY-1 being most resistant. This sensitivity strongly correlated with the ability of TAT-IDPS to promote IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release. Although total IP3R-expression levels were very similar among SU-DHL-4 and OCI-LY-1, we discovered that the IP3R2-protein level was the highest for SU-DHL-4 and the lowest for OCI-LY-1. Strikingly, TAT-IDPS-induced Ca2+ rise and apoptosis in the different DL-BCL cell lines strongly correlated with their IP3R2-protein level, but not with IP3R1-, IP3R3- or total IP3R-expression levels. Inhibiting or knocking down IP3R2 activity in SU-DHL-4-reduced TAT-IDPS-induced apoptosis, which is compatible with its ability to dissociate Bcl-2 from IP3R2 and to promote IP3-induced pro-apoptotic Ca2+ signaling. Thus, certain chronically activated B-cell lymphoma cells are addicted to high Bcl-2 levels for their survival not only to neutralize pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-family members but also to suppress IP3R hyperactivity. In particular, cancer cells expressing high levels of IP3R2 are addicted to IP3R/Bcl-2 complex formation and disruption of these complexes using peptide tools results in pro-apoptotic Ca2+ signaling and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akl
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Molecular signatures in the diagnosis and management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Curr Opin Hematol 2011; 18:288-92. [PMID: 21519244 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e32834706ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent data on the relevance of molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma to clinical management and the potential to use subtyping to direct therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry can distinguish between diffuse large B-cell lymphomas arising from germinal center-derived B-cells (GCB type) or activated B-cells (ABC type) with a high degree of concordance. This biologic distinction is highly relevant clinically. The ABC type is associated with a poor prognosis and is characterized biologically by constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway and chronic activation of the B-cell receptor pathway, both of which confer an antiapoptotic phenotype and chemoresistance. Emerging preclinical and clinical data suggest that these pathways can be targeted specifically in ABC-type disease. New molecular techniques may allow further refinement of this approach. SUMMARY Recent data support the concept that molecular subtyping of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is clinically relevant and likely to be incorporated into diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. The availability of widely applicable and reproducible techniques for determining molecular subtype will be essential.
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MCCaig AM, Cosimo E, Leach MT, Michie AM. Dasatinib inhibits B cell receptor signalling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia but novel combination approaches are required to overcome additional pro-survival microenvironmental signals. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:199-211. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Schenone S, Brullo C, Musumeci F, Botta M. Novel dual Src/Abl inhibitors for hematologic and solid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:931-45. [PMID: 20557276 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.499898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD c-Src and Bcr-Abl are two non-receptor or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (TKs) that play important roles in the development of solid and hematological malignancies. Indeed, Src is overexpressed or hyperactivated in a variety of solid tumors, while Bcr-Abl is the causative agent of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), where Src is also involved. The two enzymes share significant sequence homology and remarkable structural resemblance. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW ATP-competitive compounds originally developed as Src inhibitors, showed to be also potent Abl inhibitors. Dasatinib, the first dual Src/Abl inhibitor approved by the US FDA in 2006 for the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML, is currently being tested in several clinical trials for the treatment of different solid tumors. SKI-606 and AZD0530 are two other important dual Src/Abl inhibitors extensively tested in animal models and in clinical trials, but not entered into therapy yet. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN In this review we will report the latest results regarding dasatinib, SKI-606 and AZD0530, but also the knowledge on new compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last few years, including AP24163, AP24534, XL228, DC2036. We will focus on the most recent clinical trials or on preclinical studies that are in progress on these small-molecule TK inhibitors that represent a targeted therapy with high potential against cancer. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Molecularly targeted therapies, including the inhibition of specific TKs hyperactivated or overexpressed in many human cancers, could be less toxic than the classical non-specific cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents; they could offer important therapeutic effects, especially if used in association with other agents such as monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schenone
- University of Genoa, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Viale Benedetto VX, Genoa, Italy.
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