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El-Gindy YM. Improvement in quality and storage ability of rabbit semen by using black or thyme seed as dietary supplementation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:642-654. [PMID: 34160098 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The quality of incubated or chilled rabbit semen is quickly lowered with time due to high-rate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Black seed (BS) and thyme (THY) are rich sources of natural antioxidants, which may be able to control ROS production and improve semen quality for use in artificial insemination. In this study, V-line rabbit bucks, seven months old, were fed diets supplemented with 50 or 100 g of BS or THY for 60 days. Semen was collected twice weekly. The quality of fresh sperm was measured, and diluted sperm was incubated for up to 12 h. Chilled, diluted sperm, stored at 4℃ for up to 3 days, was evaluated. The results indicated that BS and THY increased rabbit libido, decreased abnormal sperm and non-viable sperm percentages and significantly lowered total bacteria counts of diluted sperm. In conclusion, bucks fed a diet supplemented with BS or THY had enhanced semen quality and storage life, because of the antioxidant properties of BS and THY. The best incubation results were obtained with the THY100 treatment, whereas the best-chilled results were obtained with the BS100 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmine Moemen El-Gindy
- Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Department of Animal and Fish Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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2
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Girão H, Salgueiro L. The Role of Essential Oils and Their Main Compounds in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123506. [PMID: 34207498 PMCID: PMC8227493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global health burden that greatly impact patient quality of life and account for a huge number of deaths worldwide. Despite current therapies, several side effects have been reported that compromise patient adherence; thus, affecting therapeutic benefits. In this context, plant metabolites, namely volatile extracts and compounds, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. Indeed, these compounds, in addition to having beneficial bioactivities, are generally more amenable and present less side effects, allowing better patient tolerance. The present review is an updated compilation of the studies carried out in the last 20 years on the beneficial potential of essential oils, and their compounds, against major risk factors of CVDs. Overall, these metabolites show beneficial potential through a direct effect on these risk factors, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, or by acting on related targets, or exerting general cellular protection. In general, monoterpenic compounds are the most studied regarding hypotensive and anti-dyslipidemic/antidiabetic properties, whereas phenylpropanoids are very effective at avoiding platelet aggregation. Despite the number of studies performed, clinical trials are sparse and several aspects related to essential oil’s features, namely volatility and chemical variability, need to be considered in order to guarantee their efficacy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Bocsan IC, Pop RM, Sabin O, Sarkandy E, Boarescu PM, Roşian ŞH, Leru PM, Chedea VS, Socaci SA, Buzoianu AD. Comparative Protective Effect of Nigella sativa Oil and Vitis vinifera Seed Oil in an Experimental Model of Isoproterenol-Induced Acute Myocardial Ischemia in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113221. [PMID: 34072098 PMCID: PMC8198749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study’s aim was to characterize the composition of Nigella sativa seed (NSO) and grape seed (GSO) oils, and to evaluate their cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effect on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced ischemia in rats. Materials and Methods: NSO and GSO supplements were physicochemically characterized. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to determine the phytochemical composition in the oils. Total polyphenol content (TPC) and in vitro antioxidant activity were also determined. Pretreatment with 4 mL/kg/day NSO or GSO was administered to rats for 14 days. The experimental ischemia was induced by a single administration of ISO 45 mg/kg after 14 days. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed initially and 24 h after ISO. Biological evaluation was done at the end of experiment. Results: The HPLC-MS, GC-MS, and FTIR analyses showed that both NSO and GSO are important sources of bioactive compounds, especially catechin and phenolic acids in GSO, while NSO was enriched in flavonoids and thymol derivatives. Pretreatment with GSO and NSO significantly reduced ventricular conduction, prevented the cardiotoxic effect of ISO in ventricular myocardium, and reduced the level of proinflammatory cytokines and CK-Mb. Conclusion: Both NSO and GSO were shown to have an anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effect in ISO-induced ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Corina Bocsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes, No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.C.B.); (O.S.); (E.S.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Raluca Maria Pop
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes, No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.C.B.); (O.S.); (E.S.); (A.D.B.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Octavia Sabin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes, No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.C.B.); (O.S.); (E.S.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Elias Sarkandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes, No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.C.B.); (O.S.); (E.S.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Paul-Mihai Boarescu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ştefan Horia Roşian
- “Niculae Stăncioiu” Heart Institute Cluj-Napoca, 19-21 Calea Moților Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology—Heart Institute, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 19-21 Calea Moților Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Poliana Mihaela Leru
- Department of Family Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Veronica Sanda Chedea
- Research Station for Viticulture and Enology Blaj (SCDVV Blaj), 515400 Blaj, Romania;
| | - Sonia Ancuța Socaci
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manaștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes, No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.C.B.); (O.S.); (E.S.); (A.D.B.)
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Wang L, Xu Z, Ling D, Li J, Wang Y, Shan T. The regulatory role of dietary factors in skeletal muscle development, regeneration and function. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:764-782. [PMID: 33021403 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1828812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in motor function, respiration, and whole-body energy homeostasis. How to regulate the development and function of skeletal muscle has become a hot research topic for improving lifestyle and extending life span. Numerous transcription factors and nutritional factors have been clarified are closely associated with the regulation of skeletal muscle development, regeneration and function. In this article, the roles of different dietary factors including green tea, quercetin, curcumin (CUR), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and resveratrol (RES) in regulating skeletal muscle development, muscle mass, muscle function, and muscle recovery have been summarized and discussed. We also reviewed the potential regulatory molecular mechanism of these factors. Based on the current findings, dietary factors may be used as a potential therapeutic agent to treat skeletal muscle dysfunction as well as its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Defeng Ling
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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Nagoor Meeran MF, Javed H, Al Taee H, Azimullah S, Ojha SK. Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:380. [PMID: 28694777 PMCID: PMC5483461 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymol, chemically known as 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol is a colorless crystalline monoterpene phenol. It is one of the most important dietary constituents in thyme species. For centuries, it has been used in traditional medicine and has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and antitumor activities. The present article presents a detailed review of the scientific literature which reveals the pharmacological properties of thymol and its multiple therapeutic actions against various cardiovascular, neurological, rheumatological, gastrointestinal, metabolic and malignant diseases at both biochemical and molecular levels. The noteworthy effects of thymol are largely attributed to its anti-inflammatory (via inhibiting recruitment of cytokines and chemokines), antioxidant (via scavenging of free radicals, enhancing the endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and chelation of metal ions), antihyperlipidemic (via increasing the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreasing the levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the circulation and membrane stabilization) (via maintaining ionic homeostasis) effects. This review presents an overview of the current in vitro and in vivo data supporting thymol's therapeutic activity and the challenges concerning its use for prevention and its therapeutic value as a dietary supplement or as a pharmacological agent or as an adjuvant along with current therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. It is one of the potential candidates of natural origin that has shown promising therapeutic potential, pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms as well as pharmacokinetic properties for the pharmaceutical development of thymol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayate Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hasan Al Taee
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Marchese A, Orhan IE, Daglia M, Barbieri R, Di Lorenzo A, Nabavi SF, Gortzi O, Izadi M, Nabavi SM. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of thymol: A brief review of the literature. Food Chem 2016; 210:402-14. [PMID: 27211664 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family (Thymus, Ocimum, Origanum, and Monarda genera), and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Apiaceae families. These essential oils are used in the food industry for their flavouring and preservative properties, in commercial mosquito repellent formulations for their natural repellent effect, in aromatherapy, and in traditional medicine for the treatment of headaches, coughs, and diarrhea. Many different activities of thymol such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, local anaesthetic, antinociceptive, cicatrizing, antiseptic, and especially antibacterial and antifungal properties have been shown. This review aims to critically evaluate the available literature regarding the antibacterial and antifungal effects of thymol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marchese
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS-San Martino-IST and DISC, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Ramona Barbieri
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS-San Martino-IST and DISC, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Lorenzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olga Gortzi
- Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institution of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., Greece
| | - Morteza Izadi
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cardoso ESB, Santana TA, Diniz PBF, Montalvão MM, Bani CC, Thomazzi SM. Thymol accelerates the recovery of the skeletal muscle of mice injured with cardiotoxin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:352-60. [PMID: 26817998 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of thymol in in vivo muscle inflammation and regeneration on cardiotoxin-induced injury. METHODS Mice were pretreated (p.o.) with thymol (10-100 mg/kg), and after 1 h, cardiotoxin (25 μM, 40 μl) was administrated into the gastrocnemius muscle. The quantification of the areas of inflammation and regeneration of muscle tissue (3, 7 and 10 days) in HE-stained slides as well as the count of total mast cells and different phenotypes of mast cells were made. Sirius red staining was used to analyse total collagen expression. KEY FINDINGS The pretreatment with thymol significantly reduced the area of inflammation (30 and 100 mg/kg) and increased the area of regeneration (100 mg/kg) 3 days after the cardiotoxin injection. Thymol at 30 and 100 mg/kg increased the area of collagen in 3 days and also decreased this area in 7 and 10 days, compared to the injured group. The pretreatment with thymol did not affect the number of total mast cells; however, it was able to change the number of mucosal mast cells within 10 days. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that thymol ameliorates inflammatory response and accelerates regeneration in cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eroneide S B Cardoso
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Tayse A Santana
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Monalisa M Montalvão
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C Bani
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Sara M Thomazzi
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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8
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Effects of monoterpenes on ion channels of excitable cells. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:83-97. [PMID: 25956464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are a structurally diverse group of phytochemicals and a major constituent of plant-derived 'essential oils'. Monoterpenes such as menthol, carvacrol, and eugenol have been utilized for therapeutical purposes and food additives for centuries and have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and analgesic actions. In recent years there has been increasing interest in understanding the pharmacological actions of these molecules. There is evidence indicating that monoterpenes can modulate the functional properties of several types of voltage and ligand-gated ion channels, suggesting that some of their pharmacological actions may be mediated by modulations of ion channel function. In this report, we review the literature concerning the interaction of monoterpenes with various ion channels.
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Hejazian SH, Bagheri SM, Safari F. Spasmolytic and Anti-Spasmodic Action of Trachyspermum ammi Essence on Rat's Ileum Contraction. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 6:643-7. [PMID: 25599053 PMCID: PMC4290054 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.147982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Trachyspermum ammi is a plant of umbelliferae family and has been traditionally used in the treatment of many gastrointestinal disorders such as indigestion, colic, and diarrhea. Our previous study demonstrated that aqueous extract of Trachyspermum ammi reduced the contractile activity of rat's ileum. Aims: This study was designed to examine the effect of Trachyspermum ammi essence on acetylcholine-induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum. Materials and Methods: In this experimental procedure, the tissue samples were suspended from the transducer lever and mounted on the organ bath containing Tyrode's solution. Isotonic responses were recorded by using an isotonic transducer and the amplitude of contractions. This process was induced by cumulative logarithmic concentrations of acetylcholine before and after exposing tissue by saline and different concentrations of essence. Results: The chemical constituents of the essence from distillate extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the chemical analysis showed many components in which thymol was the main constituent. Our findings showed that the essence derived from the extract in all concentrations used in this study (0.002, 0.005, and 0.01% V/V) significantly reduced acetylcholine-induced contractions (47.34, 60.46, and 86%, respectively, P < 0.05). The same concentrations of the essence also exhibit a significant anti-spasmodic action on acetylcholine-induced contractions (0.1,88.3, and 90.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Since thymol was the major constituent of our samples of Trachyspermum ammi, the relaxant effect observed in this study is probably due to this agent which can exert an anti-cholinergic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Hejazian
- Department of Physiology/Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyyed Majid Bagheri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
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Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Pichardo S, Moreno FJ, Bermúdez JM, Aucejo S, Cameán AM. Cytotoxicity and morphological effects induced by carvacrol and thymol on the human cell line Caco-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 64:281-90. [PMID: 24326232 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils used as additives in the food industry due to its flavour, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Therefore, human can be exposed orally to these compounds through the ingestion of foods. In this sense, the present work aims to assess toxicological effects of oregano essential oil on the digestive tract. In concrete, the cytotoxic effects of two components of the oregano essential oils, carvacrol and thymol, and their mixture, on the intestinal cells line Caco-2 after 24 and 48 h of exposure are studied. The basal cytotoxicity endpoints assayed (total protein content, neutral red uptake and the tetrazolium salt reduction) and the annexin/propidium iodide staining indicated that carvacrol and the mixture carvacrol/thymol induced toxic effects. Moreover, a morphological study was performed in order to determine the ultrastructural cellular damages caused by these substances. The main morphological alterations were vacuolated cytoplasm, altered organelles and finally cell death. In addition, although no cytotoxic effects were recorded for thymol at any concentration and time of exposure, ultrastructural changes evidenced cellular damage such as lipid degeneration, mitochondrial damage, nucleolar segregation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González No. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González No. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González No. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Area of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José María Bermúdez
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Aucejo
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González No. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Nigella sativa and Its Protective Role in Oxidative Stress and Hypertension. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:120732. [PMID: 23533459 PMCID: PMC3606739 DOI: 10.1155/2013/120732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension increases the risk for a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. The increase in oxidative stress has been associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension. Increase of blood pressure is due to an imbalance between antioxidants defence mechanisms and free radical productions. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species reduces nitric oxide bioavailability leading to an endothelial dysfunction and a subsequent increase in total peripheral resistance. Hypertension can cause few symptoms until it reaches the advanced stage and poses serious health problems with lifelong consequences. Hypertensive patients are required to take drugs for life to control the hypertension and prevent complications. Some of these drugs are expensive and may have adverse reactions. Hence, it is timely to examine scientifically, complimentary therapies that are more effective and with minimal undesirable effects. Nigella sativa (NS) and its active constituents have been documented to exhibit antioxidant, hypotensive, calcium channel blockade and diuretic properties which may contribute to reduce blood pressure. This suggests a potential role of NS in the management of hypertension, and thus more studies should be conducted to evaluate its effectiveness.
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Mahmud H, Ruifrok WPT, Westenbrink BD, Cannon MV, Vreeswijk-Baudoin I, van Gilst WH, Silljé HHW, de Boer RA. Suicidal erythrocyte death, eryptosis, as a novel mechanism in heart failure-associated anaemia. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 98:37-46. [PMID: 23341574 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Suicidal death of erythrocytes (eryptosis) is characterized by cell shrinkage and exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) residues at the cell surface. Excessive eryptosis may lead to anaemia. We aimed to study the role of eryptosis in heart failure (HF)-associated anaemia. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured eryptosis in rodent models of HF. Typical measures of eryptosis including PS-exposure, increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels, and decreased cell volume were determined by flow cytometry. Transgenic REN2 rats displayed mild anaemia which was associated with a two-fold increase in erythrocyte PS-exposure when compared with Sprague Dawley (SD) control rats (P < 0.01). Upon stimulation with eryptotic triggers such as oxidative stress, hyperosmotic shock and energy depletion, eryptosis was more prominent in REN2 as shown by increased PS-exposure, cytosolic Ca(2+) influx, and cell shrinkage (P < 0.05 vs. SD). Increasing cytosolic Ca(2+) levels resulted in a stronger increase in PS-exposure in REN2 erythrocytes (P < 0.01 vs. SD). Accordingly, inhibition of Ca(2+) entry blunted the increased PS-exposure upon oxidative stress. The REN2 rats had significantly higher reticulocytes (REN2: 10.6 ± 2.3%; SD: 5.4 ± 0.1%; P < 0.05) and erythrocyte turnover was increased, indicated by increased clearance of eryptotic erythrocytes. Eryptosis was also increased in a rat model of hypertensive cardiac remodelling (uninephrectomized rats implanted with deoxycorticosterone acetate pellets), in mice after transverse aortic constriction, as well as in a small proof-of-concept study in human HF patients. CONCLUSION Eryptosis is increased during HF development and could contribute to HF-associated anaemia. Eryptosis may therefore become a novel target for therapy in HF-associated anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mahmud
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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13
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de Araújo DAM, Freitas C, Cruz JS. Essential oils components as a new path to understand ion channel molecular pharmacology. Life Sci 2011; 89:540-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Silva DF, Araújo IGA, Albuquerque JGF, Porto DL, Dias KLG, Cavalcante KVM, Veras RC, Nunes XP, Barbosa-Filho JM, Araújo DAM, Cruz JS, Correia NA, De Medeiros IA. Rotundifolone-induced relaxation is mediated by BK(Ca) channel activation and Ca(v) channel inactivation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:465-75. [PMID: 21726408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rotundifolone is the major constituent of the essential oil of Mentha x villosa Hudson. In preliminary studies, rotundifolone induced significant hypotensive, bradycardic and vasorelaxant effects in rats. Thus, to gain more insight into the pharmacology of rotundifolone, the aim of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanism of action involved in relaxation produced by rotundifolone. The relaxant effect was investigated in rat superior mesenteric arteries by using isometric tension measurements and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Rotundifolone relaxed phenylephrine-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with KCl (20 mM), charybdotoxin (10(-7) M) or tetraethylammonium (TEA 10(-3) or 3 × 10(-3) M) significantly attenuated the relaxation effect induced by rotundifolone. Additionally, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made in mesenteric smooth muscle cells and showed that rotundifolone significantly increased K(+) currents, and this effect was abolished by TEA (10(-3) M), suggesting the participation of BK(Ca) channels. Furthermore, rotundifolone inhibited the vasoconstriction induced by CaCl(2) in depolarizing nominally Ca(2+) -free medium and antagonized the contractions elicited by an L-type Ca(2+) channel agonist, S(-)-Bay K 8644 (2 × 10(-7) M), indicating that the vasodilatation involved inhibition of Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca(v) type-L). Additionally, rotundifolone inhibited L-type Ca(2+) currents (I(Ca) L), affecting the voltage-dependent activation of I(Ca) L and steady-state inactivation. Our findings suggest that rotundifolone induces vasodilatation through two distinct but complementary mechanisms that clearly depend on the concentration range used. Rotundifolone elicits an increase in the current density of BK(Ca) channels and causes a shift in the steady-state inactivation relationship for Ca(v) type-L towards more hyperpolarized membrane potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darízy F Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica (LTF), Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, PB - Brazil.
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15
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Peixoto-Neves D, Silva-Alves KS, Gomes MDM, Lima FC, Lahlou S, Magalhães PJC, Ceccatto VM, Coelho-de-Souza AN, Leal-Cardoso JH. Vasorelaxant effects of the monoterpenic phenol isomers, carvacrol and thymol, on rat isolated aorta. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 24:341-50. [PMID: 19682086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various essential oils are rich in carvacrol, a monoterpenic phenol isomeric with thymol. This study was undertaken to assess the vasorelaxant effects of thymol and carvacrol in rat isolated aorta and the putative mechanisms underlying these effects. Thymol and carvacrol produced a concentration-dependent relaxation on the aortic ring preparations pre-contracted using KCl (IC(50) value of 64.40 +/- 4.41 and 78.80 +/- 11.91 microm, respectively) or using phenylephrine (PHE, 0.1 microm) (IC(50) value of 106.40 +/- 11.37 and 145.40 +/- 6.07 microm, respectively) and inhibited the concentration-response curves of aortic rings to PHE or KCl. In Ca(2+)-free medium with ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (2 mm), thymol and carvacrol both at 1000 microm completely abolished the phasic component of PHE-induced endothelium-containing ring contractions. At 400 microm, thymol and carvacrol significantly reduced the CaCl(2)-induced contractions in Ca(2+)-free medium. Furthermore, both thymol and carvacrol (300 and 1000 microm) significantly reduced the contraction evoked by phorbol dibutyrate (1 microm), an activator of protein kinase C. Magnitude of this inhibitory effect was enhanced in the presence of the Ca2+ pump inhibitor, thapsigargin (1 microm). At 1000 microm, neither thymol nor carvacrol altered the resting potential of vascular smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, thymol and carvacrol induced an endothelium-independent relaxation in rat isolated aorta, an effect that seems mediated through some mechanisms probably involving a transduction pathway between Ca(2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum and/or regulation of the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile system. Moreover, it's conceivable that thymol and carvacrol, at low concentrations, block the Ca(2+) influx through the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Peixoto-Neves
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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16
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Shen AY, Huang MH, Wang TS, Wu HM, Kang YF, Chen CL. Thymol-evoked Ca 2+ Mobilization and Ion Currents in Pituitary GH 3 Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an attempt was made to elucidate the effects of thymol, a monocyclic phenolic compound, on Ca2+ mobilization and ion currents in pituitary GH3 cells with the aid of fura-2 fluorimetry and the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. Thymol increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in GH3 cells loaded with Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2. Removing extracellular Ca2+ reduced the thymol-induced [Ca2+]i rise. In Ca2+-free solution, thymol-evoked [Ca2+]i rise was unchanged by depleting the Ca2+ store with thapsigargin (1 μM), while the thapsigargin-induced [Ca2+]i rise was reduced by pretreatment with thymol. These results imply that the Ca2+ stores depleted by thymol comprise thapsigargin-sensitive and thapsigargin-insensitive pools. In addition, after depletion of the internal Ca2+ store with 100 μM thymol in Ca2+-free solution, a subsequent application of Ca2+ greatly induced a [Ca2+]i increase. The results indicate that, similar to thapsigargin, 100 μM thymol may activate the capacitative calcium entry (CCE) channel. However, thymol (100 μM) had a slight depressant action in L-type calcium current ( ICaL). The stimulatory actions of thymol on Ca2+ signaling may partly be responsible for the underlying cellular mechanisms through which it affects neuroendocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Yu Shen
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Ta-Liao, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Han Huang
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Ta-Liao, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan
| | - Trey-Shy Wang
- College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Fooyin University, Ta-Liao, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ming Wu
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Ta-Liao, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fei Kang
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Ta-Liao, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lan Chen
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Ta-Liao, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan
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Altafaj X, France J, Almassy J, Jona I, Rossi D, Sorrentino V, Mabrouk K, De Waard M, Ronjat M. Maurocalcine interacts with the cardiac ryanodine receptor without inducing channel modification. Biochem J 2007; 406:309-15. [PMID: 17537000 PMCID: PMC1948973 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that MCa (maurocalcine), a toxin from the venom of the scorpion Maurus palmatus, binds to RyR1 (type 1 ryanodine receptor) and induces strong modifications of its gating behaviour. In the present study, we investigated the ability of MCa to bind to and modify the gating process of cardiac RyR2. By performing pull-down experiments we show that MCa interacts directly with RyR2 with an apparent affinity of 150 nM. By expressing different domains of RyR2 in vitro, we show that MCa binds to two domains of RyR2, which are homologous with those previously identified on RyR1. The effect of MCa binding to RyR2 was then evaluated by three different approaches: (i) [(3)H]ryanodine binding experiments, showing a very weak effect of MCa (up to 1 muM), (ii) Ca(2+) release measurements from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, showing that MCa up to 1 muM is unable to induce Ca(2+) release, and (iii) single-channel recordings, showing that MCa has no effect on the open probability or on the RyR2 channel conductance level. Long-lasting opening events of RyR2 were observed in the presence of MCa only when the ionic current direction was opposite to the physiological direction, i.e. from the cytoplasmic face of RyR2 to its luminal face. Therefore, despite the conserved MCa binding ability of RyR1 and RyR2, functional studies show that, in contrast with what is observed with RyR1, MCa does not affect the gating properties of RyR2. These results highlight a different role of the MCa-binding domains in the gating process of RyR1 and RyR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Altafaj
- *iRTSV/CCFP CEA Grenoble INSERM U836 Institut des Neurosciences Grenoble GIN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Julien France
- *iRTSV/CCFP CEA Grenoble INSERM U836 Institut des Neurosciences Grenoble GIN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Janos Almassy
- †Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Istvan Jona
- †Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Daniela Rossi
- ‡Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- ‡Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Kamel Mabrouk
- §Universités D'Aix-Marseille 1, 2 et 3 CNRS-UMR 6517, Chimie, Biologie et Radicaux libres, Case 521Av.Esc. Normandie Niemen 13397 Marseille Cédex 20, France
| | - Michel De Waard
- *iRTSV/CCFP CEA Grenoble INSERM U836 Institut des Neurosciences Grenoble GIN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Michel Ronjat
- *iRTSV/CCFP CEA Grenoble INSERM U836 Institut des Neurosciences Grenoble GIN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Sárközi S, Almássy J, Lukács B, Dobrosi N, Nagy G, Jóna I. Effect of natural phenol derivatives on skeletal type sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and ryanodine receptor. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2007; 28:167-74. [PMID: 17641978 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-007-9113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of natural phenol derivatives was studied on skeletal type sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and ryanodine receptor. The majority of the tested derivatives exerted inhibitory effect on the Ca(2+)-ATPase with an ascending sequence in regard to their effectiveness (IC(50)): cineole (3.33 mM) < ortho-vanillin (IC(50 )=1.13 mM) < 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol (1104 microM) < vanillin (525 microM) < thymol (224 microM) < carvacrol (162 microM). In two cases biphasic characteristic was observed: trans-anethole and meta-anisaldehyde first caused activation followed by inhibition (with IC(50)-s of 141 and 1903 microM respectively) as their concentration was increased. In some cases (cineole, ortho-vanillin, meta-anisaldehyde) total inhibition of Ca(2+)-ATPase could not be reached as the result of the limited solubility of these drugs. Para-anisaldehyde and 6-amino-meta-cresol did not show any effect up to 3 mM. In Ca(2+) release experiments drugs were applied on heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from skeletal muscle and actively loaded with calcium. Only thymol and carvacrol were able to evoke Ca(2+) release with EC(50) values of 158 +/- 16 and 211 +/- 55 microM respectively. Furthermore the effect of thymol and carvacrol was tested on the isolated ryanodine receptor incorporated into artificial lipid bilayer. Both drugs activated the RyR when applied in concentrations identical to their EC(50) values. These observations show that small differences in the structure of phenol derivatives sometimes have little impact on their effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase or ryanodine receptor (thymol and carvacrol) whereas in certain cases they can completely abolish a particular effect (para- and meta-anisaldehyde).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Sárközi
- Department of Physiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, PO Box 22, Debrecen 4012, Hungary
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Deli T, Varga N, Adám A, Kenessey I, Rásó E, Puskás LG, Tóvári J, Fodor J, Fehér M, Szigeti GP, Csernoch L, Tímár J. Functional genomics of calcium channels in human melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:55-65. [PMID: 17330843 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-signaling of human melanoma is in the focus of intensive research since the identification of the role of WNT-signaling in melanomagenesis. Genomic and functional studies pointed to the important role of various Ca(2+) channels in melanoma, but these data were contradictory. In the present study we clearly demonstrate, in a number of different ways including microarray analysis, DNA sequencing and immunocytochemistry, that various human melanoma cell lines and melanoma tissues overexpress ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) and express P2X(7) channel proteins as compared to melanocytes. These channels, although retain some of their usual characteristics and pharmacological properties, display unique features in melanoma cells, including a functional interaction between the two molecules. Unlike P2X(7), RyR2 does not function as a calcium channel. On the other hand, the P2X(7) receptor has an antiapoptotic function in melanoma cells, since ATP-activation suppresses induced apoptosis, while knock down of the gene expression significantly enhances that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Deli
- Department of Physiology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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20
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Vogt-Eisele AK, Weber K, Sherkheli MA, Vielhaber G, Panten J, Gisselmann G, Hatt H. Monoterpenoid agonists of TRPV3. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:530-40. [PMID: 17420775 PMCID: PMC2013969 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transient receptor potential (TRP) V3 is a thermosensitive ion channel expressed predominantly in the skin and neural tissues. It is activated by warmth and the monoterpene camphor and has been hypothesized to be involved in skin sensitization. A selection of monoterpenoid compounds was tested for TRPV3 activation to establish a structure-function relationship. The related channel TRPM8 is activated by cool temperatures and a number of chemicals, among them the monoterpene (-)-menthol. The overlap of the receptor pharmacology between the two channels was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Transfected HEK293 cells were superfused with the test substances. Evoked currents were measured in whole cell patch clamp measurements. Dose-response curves for the most potent agonists were obtained in Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Six monoterpenes significantly more potent than camphor were identified: 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol, carvacrol, dihydrocarveol, thymol, carveol and (+)-borneol. Their EC(50) is up to 16 times lower than that of camphor. All of these compounds carry a ring-located hydroxyl group and neither activates TRPM8 to a major extent. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Terpenoids have long been recognized as medically and pharmacologically active compounds, although their molecular targets have only partially been identified. TRPV3 activation may be responsible for several of the described effects of terpenoids. We show here that TRPV3 is activated by a number of monoterpenes and that a secondary hydroxyl-group is a structural requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Vogt-Eisele
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University-Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Tamura T, Iwamoto H. Thymol: a classical small-molecule compound that has a dual effect (potentiating and inhibitory) on myosin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:786-91. [PMID: 15144906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of thymol on the ATPase activity of myosin subfragment-1 (S1) and on the contractile properties of skinned skeletal muscle fibers was studied. At concentrations of 1.5-2 mM, thymol activated the S1 ATPase substantially and the actin-activated S1 ATPase modestly. At the same concentrations, the isometric force of skinned skeletal muscle fibers was modestly suppressed (11% at 2 mM). However, the kinetic parameters of contraction were suppressed more: the velocity of shortening and the rate of force redevelopment after shortening were suppressed by 43% and 31% at 2 mM, respectively. Thus, among other small-molecule inhibitors, thymol is unique in that it has opposite effects on the enzymatic activity and kinetic parameters of contraction. Thymol may serve as a potent tool for studying the mechanism of coupling between the ATPase reaction and contraction in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Tamura
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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