Physical exercise increases the expression of TNFα and GLUT 1 in muscle tissue of diabetes prone Psammomys obesus

Physical Exercise Inhibits Cognitive Impairment and Memory Loss in Aged Mice, and Enhances Pre- and Post-Synaptic Proteins in the Hippocampus of Young and Aged Mice

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of swimming in the brain and behavior of young and aged mice. Forty-eight male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly distributed into 4 groups (n = 12 per group, 3 and 18 months old). The subdivision of the groups was: 3 months-SED, 18 months-SED, 3 months-EXE, and 18 months-EXE. SED mice did not swim, while EXE mice performed the physical exercise protocol. Training was initiated 48 h after the adaptation week. Swimming sessions consisted of 30 min, with no overload, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. After the exercise protocol, it was revealed working and spatial memory were impaired in the 18 months-SED group. Pre- and post-synaptic proteins were enhanced in the groups that swam when compared to the 3- and 8 months-SED groups. Lipid peroxidation was greater in the aged mice that did not perform the physical exercise protocol and might have contributed to the cognitive impairment in this group. In conclusion, an aerobic physical exercise protocol, performed through regular swimming sessions, inhibited cognitive impairment, memory loss and lipid peroxidation in the aged mice, while pre- and post-synaptic proteins were enhanced in the hippocampus of young and aged mice.

Exercise training and detraining effects on body composition, muscle strength and lipid, inflammatory and oxidative markers in breast cancer survivors under tamoxifen treatment

AIMS

The present study aimed to verify the effects of resistance training (RT) and successive detraining on body composition, muscle strength and lipid profile as primary outcome, and the oxidative stress and inflammatory markers as second outcome of postmenopausal Breast Cancer (BC) survivors undergoing tamoxifen (TA).

MAIN METHODS

Fourteen postmenopausal BC survivors underwent 12 weeks of resistance exercise training and subsequently 12 weeks of detraining. Anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, muscle strength, inflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress markers, were assessed before, after the training period and after detraining period.

KEY FINDINGS

One-way ANOVA showed that fat mass decrease (39.4 ± 6.9 to 37.7 ± 6.8%) and free-fat mass increase (39.3 ± 4.9 to 40.3 ± 5.6%) after RT. Muscle strength increased in response to training but decreased after the detraining period. Triglycerides (156 ± 45 to 123 ± 43 mg/dL) and total cholesterol (202 ± 13 to 186 ± 16 mg/dL) decreased after the RT and HDL-cholesterol (47 ± 9 to 56 ± 9 mg/dL) increased after RT and remained higher (53 ± 10 mg/dL) than after detraining. IL-6 increases (24.65 ± 10.85 to 41.42 ± 22.88 pg/mL) and IL-17 (2.42 ± 0.32 to 1.69 ± 0.19 pg/mL), TBARS (1.91 ± 0.19 to 1.03 ± 0.1 μmol/L), SOD (24.65 ± 10.85 to 41.42 ± 22.88 U/gHb) and Catalase activity (445.9 ± 113.0 to 345.8 ± 81.7 k/gHb·s) reduced after RT and remained lower after detraining.

SIGNIFICANCE

Resistance exercise training improves health markers of BC survivors undergoing TA and detraining are not sufficient to reverse the positive effects in oxidative stress markers.

Different continuous exercise training intensities induced effect on sertoli-germ cells metabolic interaction; implication on GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and MCT-4 transporting proteins expression level

Despite other tissues, the effect of different exercise training protocols (ETPs) on the expression levels of metabolic substrates transmembrane transporters in the testicular tissue, remains completely unexplored. Thus, the effects of low, moderate and high-intensity ETPs on the SCs and germ cells potentials in GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and MCT-4 expression levels was investigated in this study. The animals were assigned into 4 groups, including sedentary control, low-intensity continuous (LICT), moderate-intensity (MICT) and high-intensity (HICT) ETPs-induced groups (n = 6/group). The GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and MCT-4 expressions, cytoplasmic carbohydrate storages of SCs and germ cells, the SCs survival and the spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis rates were assessed. The LICT and MICT did not significantly alter the protein expression levels of GLUT-3 and MCT-4 in the SCs and germ cells, while decreased the GLUT-1 protein content versus the sedentary control animals. In contrast, the HICT remarkably suppressed the GLUT-1 and MCT-4 in both SCs, and germ cells and diminished GLUT-3 in SCs and increased in the germ cells. No significant changes were revealed in the cytoplasmic carbohydrate storage in the LICT and MICT groups, while significantly diminished in the HICT group. The HICT group showed a failed spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, which were not demonstrated in the sedentary control, LICT and MICT groups. In conclusion, the HICT, by reducing the GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and MCT-4 protein contents in the SCs and reducing the SCs survival, can suppress the glucose transmembrane transport and inhibit the lactate export from SCs, which in turn, ends with failed spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

GLUT-1 IS A PROMISING TARGET FOR ATP DEPLETION ON DIABETIC ENERGY DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome which characterized with insulin insensitivity, lack of GLUT-4 membrane presentation and ATP deficiency. ATP is needed for substrate phosphorylation, signalling pathways, protein translation and cellular survival. Since GLUT-1 was discovered as alternative glucose transporter on muscle membrane, some studies started to investigate it more. This study aimed to investigate GLUT-1 presentation on diabetes muscle membrane of rat model in time. Diabetes was obtained from a 50 mg/kg B.W of streptozotocin intra peritoneal injection on rat. We found that GLUT-1 presentation increased significantly in time of diabetic stages. It correlated negatively with GLUT-4 presentation and mortality. Eccentric downhill running on diabetic rat model improved GLUT-1 presentation and blood glucose level. It was promising for diabetes management therapy at the future.

Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults

Increased serum levels of inflammatory mediators have been associated with numerous disease states including atherosclerosis, Type II diabetes, hypertension, depression, and overall mortality. We hypothesized that a long-term exercise intervention among older adults would reduce serum inflammatory cytokines, and this reduction would be mediated, in part, by improvements in psychosocial factors and/or by beta-adrenergic receptor mechanisms. Adults age 64 were randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise treatment (CARDIO) or a flexibility/strength exercise treatment (FLEX) 3 days/week, 45 min/day for 10 months. A subgroup of subjects treated with non-selective beta(1)beta(2) adrenergic antagonists were included to evaluate the potential role of beta-adrenergic receptor adaptations as mediators of an exercise-induced change in inflammation. The inflammatory mediators [C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-18] and the psychosocial factors (depression, perceived stress, optimism, sense of coherence, and social support) were measured pre- and post-intervention. The CARDIO treatment resulted in significant reductions in serum CRP, IL-6, and IL-18 compared to the FLEX treatment (significant treatment x time interaction, p<.05), whereas TNFalpha declined in both groups (main effect of time, p=.001). However, several psychosocial factors (depression, optimism, and sense of coherence) improved in both groups suggesting that the reduction of CRP, IL-6, and IL-18 in the CARDIO group was not mediated by improvements in psychosocial scores. With respect to the potential role of beta-adrenergic receptors, both CARDIO subjects treated with beta-adrenergic antagonists and those who were not treated with those medications demonstrated similar reductions in serum CRP, IL-6, IL-18, and TNFalpha. In summary, we have observed that an aerobic exercise intervention can significantly reduce serum inflammatory mediators, but beta-adrenergic receptors and psychosocial factors do not appear to be involved.