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Chourasia TK, Chaube R, Joy KP. Seasonal dynamics, kinetics, and effects of 2-hydroxyestradiol-17β on some steroidogenic enzymes in the ovary of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Overview of human 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1): Functions, regulation, and structural insights of inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 351:109746. [PMID: 34780792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase family 1C1 (AKR1C1) is an important enzyme involved in human hormone metabolism, which is mainly responsible for the metabolism of progesterone in the human body. AKR1C1 is highly expressed and has an important relationship with the occurrence and development of various diseases, especially some cancers related to hormone metabolism. Nowadays, many inhibitors against AKR1C1 have been discovered, including some synthetic compounds and natural products, which have certain inhibitory activity against AKR1C1 at the target level. Here we briefly reviewed the physiological and pathological functions of AKR1C1 and the relationship with the disease, and then summarized the development of AKR1C1 inhibitors, elucidated the interaction between inhibitors and AKR1C1 through molecular docking results and existing co-crystal structures. Finally, we discussed the design ideals of selective AKR1C1 inhibitors from the perspective of AKR1C1 structure, discussed the prospects of AKR1C1 in the treatment of human diseases in terms of biomarkers, pre-receptor regulation and single nucleotide polymorphisms, aiming to provide new ideas for drug research targeting AKR1C1.
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Synergistic anti-allergy activity using a combination of Enterococcus faecalis IC-1 and luteolin. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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4
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Characterization of aldo-keto reductase 1C subfamily members encoded in two rat genes (akr1c19 and RGD1564865). Relationship to 9-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 700:108755. [PMID: 33482148 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rat genes, akr1c19 and RGD1564865, encode members (R1C19 and 20HSDL, respectively) of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C subfamily, whose functions, however, remain unknown. Here, we show that recombinant R1C19 and 20HSDL exhibit NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activity for prostaglandins (PGs) with 9α-hydroxy group (PGF2α, its 13,14-dihydro- and 15-keto derivatives, 9α,11β-PGF2 and PGD2). 20HSDL oxidized the PGs with much lower Km (0.3-14 μM) and higher kcat/Km values (0.064-2.6 min-1μM-1) than those of R1C19. They also differed in other properties: R1C19, but not 20HSDL, oxidized some 17β-hydroxysteroids (5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 5β-androstan-17β-ol-3-one). 20HSDL was specifically inhibited by zomepirac, but not by R1C19-selective inhibitors (hexestrol, flavonoids, ibuprofen and flufenamic acid), although the two enzymes were sensitive to indomethacin and cis-unsaturated fatty acids. The mRNA for 20HSDL was expressed abundantly in rat kidney and at low levels in the liver, testis, brain, heart and colon, in contrast to ubiquitous expression of R1C19 mRNA. The comparison of enzymic features of R1C19 and 20HSDL with rat PG dehydrogenases and other AKRs suggests not only a close relationship of 20HSDL with 9-hydroxy-PG dehydrogenase in rat kidney, but also roles of R1C19 and rat AKRs (1C16 and 1C24) in the metabolism of PGF2α, PGD2 and 9α,11β-PGF2 in other tissues.
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Sun CJ, Jin Y, Zhang WY, Li L, Liu XW. Role of AKR1C3 in renal injury and glibenclamide is anti-inflammatory in preeclamptic rats. Gene 2018; 662:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mizuno M, Yamashita S, Hashimoto T. Enhancement of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic Activities with Combination of Luteolin and Quercetin in in vitro Co-culture System. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| | - Sae Yamashita
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
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Liu CW, Lin HW, Yang DJ, Chen SY, Tseng JK, Chang TJ, Chang YY. Luteolin inhibits viral-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells via suppression of STAT1/3 dependent NF-κB and activation of HO-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:180-9. [PMID: 27016074 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin is a common dietary flavonoid present in Chinese herbal medicines that has been reported to have important anti-inflammatory properties. Previous studies have shown that luteolin is an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. In this study, the anti-virus inflammatory capacity of luteolin and its molecular mechanisms of action were analyzed. The cytotoxic effects of luteolin were assessed in the presence or absence of pseudorabies virus (PRV) via LDH and MTT assays. The results showed that luteolin (<10μM) had no toxic effects and there were tendencies toward higher cell survival. In PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells, luteolin potently inhibited the production of NO, iNOS, COX-2 and inflammatory cytokine production. Luteolin did not inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, p38, and JNK 1/2 either. We found that PRV-induced NF-κB activation is regulated through inhibition of STAT1and STAT3 phosphorylation in response to luteolin. Additionally, luteolin caused the induction of HO-1 via upregulation of Nrf2, both of which are involved in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. The blockade of HO-1 expression with SnPP, a HO-1 inhibitor, attenuated HO-1 induction by luteolin and thus mitigated its anti-inflammatory effects during PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that luteolin diminishes the proinflammatory mediators NO, inflammatory cytokines and the expression of their regulatory genes, iNOS and COX-2, in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting STAT1/3 dependent NF-κB activation and inducing Nrf2mediated HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Liu
- Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, Changhua 52345, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management and Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, and School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Kai Tseng
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Jye Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, and Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Effect of Luteolin on 11Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Rat Liver and Kidney. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26199637 PMCID: PMC4496493 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) enzymes control the glucocorticoid (GC) signaling, which is essential in regulating homeostasis. Our previous study revealed that Eclipta prostrata (EP) affected the activity and expression of 11β-HSD enzymes which might improve the efficacy and reduce the adverse drug effects of glucocorticoid in patients undergoing combinational therapy. However, it is still unclear which composition of EP plays a major role and how it works. In this paper, we chose Luteolin which is one of the main ingredients of EP and evaluated its effect and metabolism in combination with prednisone. The effects of different concentrations of Luteolin extract on prednisone/prednisolone metabolism indicated the enzyme activity of 11β-HSD, so the production rate (pmol/min per mg protein) of metabolites was used to indicate enzyme activity. Furthermore, we explored the influence of Luteolin on gene and protein expressions of 11β-HSD I/II in rat liver and kidney tissue. Our results showed that oral administration of Luteolin significantly increased the gene and protein expressions of hepatic 11β-HSD I and renal 11β-HSD II, which may improve the efficacy and reduce the adverse drug effect of glucocorticoid in clinical application. A potential clinical value of Luteolin would also be indicated in combination therapy with prednisone for the treatment of nephrotic syndrome.
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Singh P, Tomar RS, Rath SK. Anticancer potential of the histone deacetylase inhibitor-like effects of flavones, a subclass of polyphenolic compounds: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1515-31. [PMID: 26033434 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells, followed by their invasion to other tissues. These kinds of cellular abnormalities arise as a result of the accumulation of genetic mutations or epigenetic alterations. Targeting genetic mutations by drugs is a conventional treatment approach. Nowadays, the development and use of epigenetic drugs are burgeoning, owing to the advancements in epigenetic research. The therapeutic intervention of cancer development by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) holds promise for helping to control the disease, but their nonspecific functions impose certain side effects. Therefore, the search for more HDACIs becomes essential. Plentiful literature on the versatility of dietary components including flavones, a class of the flavonoid group, has already established these compounds to be better anticancer agents. The present review focuses on the significance of flavones with regard to their HDACI-mimicking effects as suggested by the recent evidences. The review also proposes an in-depth screening of flavones in future studies, in the hope that flavones may provide a better alternative to synthetic HDACIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal), I.T.I. Transit Campus, Govindpura, Bhopal, 462023, M.P., India.
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal), I.T.I. Transit Campus, Govindpura, Bhopal, 462023, M.P., India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Kim JH, Shin YC, Ko SG. Integrating traditional medicine into modern inflammatory diseases care: multitargeting by Rhus verniciflua Stokes. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:154561. [PMID: 25024508 PMCID: PMC4082934 DOI: 10.1155/2014/154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that numerous researches were performed on prevention and treatment of inflammation related diseases, the overall incidence has not changed remarkably. This requires new approaches to overcome inflammation mediated diseases, and thus traditional medicine could be an efficacious source for prevention and treatment of these diseases. In this review, we discuss the contribution of traditional medicine, especially Rhus verniciflua Stokes, to modern medicine against diverse inflammation mediated diseases. Traditionally, this remedy has been used in Eastern Asia for the treatment of gastric problems, hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, and blood disorders. Modern science has provided the scientific basis for the use of Rhus verniciflua Stokes against such disorders and diseases. Various chemical constituents have been identified from this plant, including phenolic acid, and flavonoids. Cell-based studies have exhibited the potential of this as antibacterial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, growth inhibitory, and anticancer activities. Enormous animal studies have shown the potential of this against proinflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, liver diseases, and chemical insults. At the molecular level, this medicinal plant has been shown to modulate diverse cell-signaling pathways. In clinical studies, Rhus verniciflua Stokes has shown efficacy against various cancer patients such as colorectal, gastric, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and pulmonary cancers. Thus, this remedy is now exhibiting activities in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Effect of Eclipta prostrata on 11Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Rat Liver and Kidney. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:651053. [PMID: 24876875 PMCID: PMC4021844 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eclipta prostrata (EP) is often prescribed in combination with glucocorticoid to treat glomerular nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and IgA nephropathy in clinical practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that coadministration of EP significantly increased the plasma concentration of prednisolone while decreased the level of cotreated prednisone in rats. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) belongs to the family of oxidoreductases that catalyze the interconversion of prednisone to active prednisolone. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of EP on the activity and expression of 11β-HSD in rat liver and kidney. The results showed that oral administration of EP significantly increased the activity of 11β-HSD I in the liver and 11β-HSD II in the kidney by employing the microsomal incubation system. Moreover, gene and protein expressions of 11β-HSD I and 11β-HSD II were also increased in rat liver and kidney, respectively. These results suggest that the effects of EP on 11β-HSD may attribute to the mechanism that administration of EP improves the efficacy and reduces adverse drug reactions of glucocorticoid in patients undergoing combinational therapy.
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Boucher E, Provost PR, Tremblay Y. Ontogeny of adrenal-like glucocorticoid synthesis pathway and of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the mouse lung. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:119. [PMID: 24580729 PMCID: PMC3944916 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids exert recognized positive effects on lung development. The genes involved in the classical pathway of glucocorticoid synthesis normally occurring in adrenals were found to be expressed on gestation day (GD) 15.5 in the developing mouse lung. Recently, expression of two of these genes was also detected on GD 17.5 suggesting a more complex temporal regulation than previously expected. Here, we deepen the knowledge on expression of "adrenal" glucocorticoid synthesis genes in the mouse lung during the perinatal period and we also study expression of the gene encoding for the steroid inactivating enzyme 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD). RESULTS We performed an ontogenic study of P450scc, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase 1 (3β-HSD1), 21-hydroxylase, 11β-hydroxylase, 11β-HSD1, and 11β-HSD2 expression up to post natal day (PN) 15. The substrate (progesterone) and the product (deoxycorticosterone) of 21-hydroxylase are substrates of 20α-HSD, thus 20α-HSD (Akr1c18) gene expression was investigated. In lung samples collected between GD 15.5 and PN 15, 11β-hydroxylase was only detected on GD 15.5. In contrast, all the other tested genes were expressed throughout the analyzed period with different temporal expression patterns. P450scc, 21-hydroxylase, 20α-HSD and 11β-HSD2 mRNA levels increased after birth with different patterns including an increase from PN 3 with a possible sex difference for 21-hydroxylase mRNA. Also, the 21-hydroxylase protein was observed by Western blot in perinatal lungs with higher levels after birth. CONCLUSION Progesterone is present at high levels during gestation and the product of 21-hydroxylase, deoxycorticosterone, can bind the glucocorticoid receptor with an affinity close to that of corticosterone. Detection of 21-hydroxylase at the protein level during antenatal lung development is the first evidence that the adrenal-like glucocorticoid synthesis pathway detected during lung development has the machinery to produce glucocorticoids in the fetal lung. Glucocorticoids from lung 21-hydroxylase appear to modulate lung ontogenesis through paracrine/intracrine actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yves Tremblay
- Reproduction, mother and youth health, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Qiang Z, Lee SO, Ye Z, Wu X, Hendrich S. Artichoke extract lowered plasma cholesterol and increased fecal bile acids in Golden Syrian hamsters. Phytother Res 2011; 26:1048-52. [PMID: 22183827 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted in hamsters to determine if artichoke leaf extract (ALE) could lower plasma total and non-HDL cholesterol by increasing fecal excretion of neutral bile acids and sterols. Sixty-four Golden Syrian hamsters (8 week old) were fed control diet or a similar diet containing ALE (4.5 g/kg diet) for 6 weeks. No significant changes for total cholesterol, HDL, non-HDL cholesterol triglycerides or fecal neutral sterols and bile acids were found after 21 days for ALE-fed animals compared with controls. But after 42 days, ALE-fed male hamsters had significantly lower total cholesterol (15%), non-HDL cholesterol (30%) and triglycerides (22%) and female hamsters fed ALE showed reductions of 15% for total cholesterol, 29% for non-HDL cholesterol and 29% for triglycerides compared with controls. Total neutral sterol and bile acids concentrations increased significantly by 50% and 53% in fecal samples of ALE fed males, and 82.4% and 25% in ALE fed females compared with controls. The ALE lowered hamster plasma cholesterol levels by a mechanism involving the greater excretion of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols after feeding for 42 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Qiang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Zhang Y, Nadeau M, Faucher F, Lescelleur O, Biron S, Daris M, Rhéaume C, Luu-The V, Tchernof A. Progesterone metabolism in adipose cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 298:76-83. [PMID: 18984031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate pathways of progesterone metabolism in human adipose cells. Adipose tissue samples from the omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) fat compartments were surgically obtained in women. In isolated mature adipocytes, progesterone was converted to 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone as the main metabolite, most likely through the activity of aldo-keto reductases 1C1, 2 and 3 (20alpha-HSD, 3alpha-HSD type 3 and 17beta-HSD type 5, respectively). In cultured preadipocytes, progesterone was converted to several metabolites identified using bidimensional thin layer chromatography, with or without the dual inhibitor of 5alpha-reductase type 1 and 2 (17beta-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5alpha-androstan-3-one (4-MA)). Major metabolites identified in OM and SC preadipocytes which were incubated for 24h with (14)C-labelled progesterone were 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha/beta-ol-20-one, 5alpha- and 5beta-pregnanedione, 5alpha- and 5beta-pregnane-20alpha-ol-3-one, 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha/beta-ol-20-one and 5beta-pregnane-3alpha/beta-20alpha-diol. Induction of preadipocyte differentiation increased expression levels of AKR1C1 and modified the pattern of progesterone metabolism substantially, leaving 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone as the main metabolite generated. On the other hand, progesterone itself showed no consistent effect on adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, preadipocytes and lipid-storing, mature adipocytes efficiently generate progesterone metabolites in women, which is consistent with rather modest effects progesterone on abdominal fat cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Zhang
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center, Quebec City, Canada
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Abstract
The aim of this current review is to summarize the present status of pharmacokinetics in Drug Discovery. The review is structured into four sections. The first section is a general overview of what we understand by pharmacokinetics and the different LADMET aspects: Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity. The second section highlights the different computational or in silico approaches to estimate/predict one or several aspects of the pharmacokinetic profile of a discovery lead compound. The third section discusses the most commonly used in vitro methodologies. The fourth and last section examines the various approaches employed towards the pharmacokinetic assessment of discovery molecules; including all the LADME processes, discussing the different mathematical methodologies available to establish the PK profile of a test compound; what the main differences are and what should be the criteria for using one or another mathematical approach. The major conclusion of this review is that the use of the appropriate preclinical assays has a key role in the long-term viability of a pharmaceutical company since applying the right tools early in discovery will play a key role in determining the company's ability to discover novel safe and effective therapeutics to patients as quickly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruiz-Garcia
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119, USA.
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Shimada H, Ohtaguro M, Miura K, Imamura Y. Inhibitory effects of diesel exhaust components and flavonoids on 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in mouse tissues. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:445-9. [PMID: 17847711 DOI: 10.1080/14756360601162113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of diesel exhaust components and flavonoids on 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) activity were examined in cytosolic fractions from the liver, kidney and lung of male mice. 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ) and 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), which are contained in diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), potently inhibited 20alpha-HSD activity in liver cytosol. 9,10-PQ also inhibited the enzyme activity in lung cytosol. However, 20alpha-HSD activity in kidney cytosol was little inhibited by 9,10-PQ or 1,2-NQ. Flavonoids such as quercetin, fisetin and kaempferol exhibited high inhibitory potencies for 20alpha-HSD activity in liver cytosol, whereas these flavonoids were poor inhibitors for the enzyme activity in kidney cytosol. It is likely that several diesel exhaust components and flavonoids augment the signaling of progesterone in the liver cells, by potently inhibiting 20alpha-HSD activity in mouse liver cytosol. The possibility that there are distinct enzymes catalyzing 20alpha-HSD activity in the non-reproductive tissues of male mice is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shimada
- Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1, Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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Chen CY, Peng WH, Tsai KD, Hsu SL. Luteolin suppresses inflammation-associated gene expression by blocking NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation pathway in mouse alveolar macrophages. Life Sci 2007; 81:1602-14. [PMID: 17977562 PMCID: PMC7094354 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin, a plant flavonoid, has potent anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism of luteolin-mediated immune modulation has not been fully understood. In this study, we examined the effects of luteolin on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as well as the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mouse alveolar macrophage MH-S and peripheral macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Luteolin dose-dependently inhibited the expression and production of these inflammatory genes and mediators in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay further confirmed the suppression of LPS-induced TNF- α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 gene expression by luteolin at a transcriptional level. Luteolin also reduced the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in LPS-activated macrophages. Moreover, luteolin blocked the degradation of IκB-α and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit. In addition, luteolin significantly inhibited the LPS-induced DNA binding activity of activating protein-1 (AP-1). We also found that luteolin attenuated the LPS-mediated protein kinase B (Akt) and IKK phosphorylation, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In sum, these data suggest that, by blocking NF-κB and AP-1 activation, luteolin acts to suppress the LPS-elicited inflammatory events in mouse alveolar macrophages, and this effect was mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species. Our observations suggest a possible therapeutic application of this agent for treating inflammatory disorders in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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Imamura Y, Ohtaguro M, Shimada H. Several distinct enzymes catalyze 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in mouse liver and kidney. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 107:120-6. [PMID: 17629694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of flavonoids and quinones on NADPH- and NADH-dependent 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) activities were examined in cytosolic fractions from the liver and kidney of mice. Judging from the data for the inhibition of NADPH- and NADH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activities by flavonoids and quinones, enzyme catalyzing renal NADPH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activity was found to be distinct from enzyme(s) catalyzing hepatic NADPH- and NADH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activities. Sulfobromophthalein (SBP) had little ability to inhibit hepatic NADPH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activity and bromophenol blue (BPB) exhibited a weak activation against the enzyme activity, whereas SBP and BPB were potent and moderate inhibitors, respectively, of hepatic NADH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activity. Thus, enzyme catalyzing hepatic NADPH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activity appeared to be distinct from enzyme catalyzing hepatic NADH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activity. The data for the pH profiles of hepatic NADPH- and NADH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activities also led us to the conclusion. Based on these results, we propose the possibility that several distinct enzymes catalyze NADPH- and NADH-dependent 20alpha-HSD activities in cytosolic fractions from the liver and kidney of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorishige Imamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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