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Synthesis, Pharmacokinetic Characterization and Antioxidant Capacity of Carotenoid Succinates and Their Melatonin Conjugates. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154822. [PMID: 35956776 PMCID: PMC9369794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid succinates were synthesized from hydroxy carotenoids and were coupled to a commercially available derivative of melatonin via amide bond for producing more powerful anti-oxidants and yet new hybrid lipophilic bifunctional molecules with additional therapeutic effects. The coupling reactions produced conjugates in acceptable to good yields. Succinylation increased the water solubility of the carotenoids, while the conjugation with melatonin resulted in more lipophilic derivatives. The conjugates showed self-assembly in aqueous medium and yielded relatively stable colloidal solutions in phosphate-buffered saline. Antioxidant behavior was measured with ABTS and the FRAP methods for the carotenoids, the carotenoid succinates, and the conjugates with melatonin. A strong dependence on the quality of the solvent was observed. TEAC values of the new derivatives in phosphate-buffered saline were found to be comparable to or higher than those of parent carotenoids, however, synergism was observed only in FRAP assays.
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Liu G, Fan Y, Tao Y, Wang S, Wang M, Li L. Interactions of potato-derived and human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase with sec-O-glucosylhamaudol by multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 274:121100. [PMID: 35272121 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) was a key enzyme involved in many inflammatory diseases. Sec-O-glucosylhamaudol (SOG) was a chromone found in Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk (S. divaricate). The potato-derived 5-LOX (p-5-LOX) and human recombinant 5-LOX (h-5-LOX) were selected as model protein due to their simple usability and high stability in this study. Thus, the binding interactions of p-5-LOX and h-5-LOX with SOG were investigated by multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking. As a result, the fluorescence intensities of the two 5-LOX were quenched statically by SOG. However, the binding ability of SOG to h-5-LOX was higher than that of p-5-LOX at the same temperature. The results of multi-spectroscopy revealed that the conformation and micro-environment of the two 5-LOX proteins were changed after binding with SOG. Fluorescence assay and molecular docking indicated that hydrogen bond and electrostatic gravitation were the main forces between the two 5-LOX and SOG. Our results here suggested that SOG may exert anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting 5-LOX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Liu
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Yangyang Fan
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Yanzhou Tao
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Suqing Wang
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Meizi Wang
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Li Li
- The College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China.
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Fleischmann C, Shohami E, Trembovler V, Heled Y, Horowitz M. Cognitive Effects of Astaxanthin Pretreatment on Recovery From Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:999. [PMID: 33178093 PMCID: PMC7593578 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), caused by mechanical impact to the brain, is a leading cause of death and disability among young adults, with slow and often incomplete recovery. Preemptive treatment strategies may increase the injury resilience of high-risk populations such as soldiers and athletes. In this work, the xanthophyll carotenoid Astaxanthin was examined as a potential nutritional preconditioning method in mice (sabra strain) to increase their resilience prior to TBI in a closed head injury (CHI) model. The effect of Astaxanthin pretreatment on heat shock protein (HSP) dynamics and functional outcome after CHI was explored by gavage or free eating (in pellet form) for 2 weeks before CHI. Assessment of neuromotor function by the neurological severity score (NSS) revealed significant improvement in the Astaxanthin gavage-treated group (100 mg/kg, ATX) during recovery compared to the gavage-treated olive oil group (OIL), beginning at 24 h post-CHI and lasting throughout 28 days (p < 0.007). Astaxanthin pretreatment in pellet form produced a smaller improvement in NSS vs. posttreatment at 7 days post-CHI (p < 0.05). Cognitive and behavioral evaluation using the novel object recognition test (ORT) and the Y Maze test revealed an advantage for Astaxanthin administration via free eating vs. standard chow during recovery post-CHI (ORT at 3 days, p < 0.035; improvement in Y Maze score from 2 to 29 days, p < 0.02). HSP profile and anxiety (open field test) were not significantly affected by Astaxanthin. In conclusion, astaxanthin pretreatment may contribute to improved recovery post-TBI in mice and is influenced by the form of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fleischmann
- The Institute of Military Physiology, IDF Medical Corps, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Heller Institute of Medical Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Shohami
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Victoria Trembovler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Heled
- Heller Institute of Medical Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Kibbutzim College, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Horowitz
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lu P, Gao X, Dong H, Liu Z, Secundo F, Xue C, Mao X. Identification of a Novel Esterase from Marine Environmental Genomic DNA Libraries and Its Application in Production of Free All- trans-Astaxanthin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2812-2821. [PMID: 29468878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a pigment with various functions. Free astaxanthin is obtained mainly through saponification methods, which could result in many byproducts. Enzymatic methods using lipases have been used in a few cases, while there are no reports on the use of esterases for the production of free astaxanthin. Herein we present the screening and identification of a novel esterase (Est3-14) from a marine mud metagenomic library. Est3-14 is pH-sensitive and keeps good stability in alkaline buffers (residual activity 94%, pH 8.0, 4 °C, and 36 h). Meanwhile, Est3-14 keeps a good stability in the medium temperature condition (residual activity 56.7%, pH 8.0, 40 °C, and 84 h). Est3-14 displayed high hydrolysis activity to prepare free all- trans-astaxanthin in biphasic systems. Furthermore, under optimal conditions (0.5 mL ethanol, 6 mL 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, 0.5% (w/v) H. pluvialis oil, 40 °C), the hydrolytic conversion ratio was 99.3% after 36 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Xinwei Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR , v. Mario Bianco 9 , Milan 20131 , Italy
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , China
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Huang J, Yang Z, Zhu R, Qian X, Wang Y, Li Y, Li J. Efficient heterologous expression of an alkaline lipase and its application in hydrolytic production of free astaxanthin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:181. [PMID: 29983744 PMCID: PMC6020301 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astaxanthin, a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment molecule, displays strong antioxidant, anti-cancer, and immunity-enhancing properties, and is often utilized in food, biomedical, cosmetic, and other industries. Free astaxanthin has better solubility than astaxanthin esters (Ast-E), and is a useful auxiliary ingredient in health foods and medicines. Our goal was to establish an improved enzymatic method for preparation of free astaxanthin from natural sources (e.g., the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis), to expand the potential applications of free astaxanthin. RESULTS The alkaline lipase gene proalip and its propeptide were cloned and successfully fusion-expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33. The recombinant lipase was termed Lipase-YH. Through optimization of culture conditions (medium formulation, pH, added methanol concentration), cell growth (OD600) and secreted enzyme activity respectively reached to 280 and 2050 U/mL in a 50-L autofermentor. Activity of Lipase-YH enzyme powder was about 40,000 U/g. Hydrolysis of Ast-E (extracted from H. pluvialis) by Lipase-YH occurred in aqueous phase, and reaction conditions were optimized based on emulsification method and enzyme/substrate ratio. The highest enzymatic reaction rate was observed for substrate concentration 200 μg/mL, with maximal free astaxanthin yield (80%) at 1 h, and maximal Ast-E hydrolysis rate 96%, as confirmed by TLC, HPLC, and mass spectroscopy. CONCLUSION A novel, efficient enzymatic process was developed for production of free astaxanthin through hydrolysis of Ast-E. Lipase activity was enhanced, and production cost was greatly reduced. The unique structure of free astaxanthin allows linkage to various functional compounds, which will facilitate development of novel pharmaceutical and food products in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ruiyan Zhu
- Applied Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004 China
| | - Xinxin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jilun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Liu J, Mazzone PJ, Cata JP, Kurz A, Bauer M, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. Serum Free Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Lung Cancer. Chest 2014; 146:670-679. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Carotenoids, inflammation, and oxidative stress--implications of cellular signaling pathways and relation to chronic disease prevention. Nutr Res 2014; 34:907-29. [PMID: 25134454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies have shown that diets rich in fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of developing several chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer. These diseases are linked with systemic, low-grade chronic inflammation. Although controversy persists on the bioactive ingredients, several secondary plant metabolites have been associated with these beneficial health effects. Carotenoids represent the most abundant lipid-soluble phytochemicals, and in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that they have antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, many of these properties have been linked to the effect of carotenoids on intracellular signaling cascades, thereby influencing gene expression and protein translation. By blocking the translocation of nuclear factor κB to the nucleus, carotenoids are able to interact with the nuclear factor κB pathway and thus inhibit the downstream production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-8 or prostaglandin E2. Carotenoids can also block oxidative stress by interacting with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway, enhancing its translocation into the nucleus, and activating phase II enzymes and antioxidants, such as glutathione-S-transferases. In this review, which is organized into in vitro, animal, and human investigations, we summarized current knowledge on carotenoids and metabolites with respect to their ability to modulate inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways and discuss potential dose-health relations. Although many pathways involved in the bioactivity of carotenoids have been revealed, future research should be directed toward dose-response relations of carotenoids, their metabolites, and their effect on transcription factors and metabolism.
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Hashimoto H, Arai K, Hayashi S, Okamoto H, Takahashi J, Chikuda M, Obara Y. Effects of astaxanthin on antioxidation in human aqueous humor. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 53:1-7. [PMID: 23874063 PMCID: PMC3705160 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the antioxidative effects of astaxanthin through the changes in superoxide scavenging activity, levels of hydrogen peroxide and total hydroperoxides in human aqueous humor. The study subjects were 35 patients who underwent bilateral cataract surgery on one side before and the other side after intake of astaxanthin (6 mg/day for 2 weeks). Their aqueous humor was taken during the surgery and subjected to measurements of the three parameters. After astaxanthin intake, the superoxide scavenging activity was significantly (p<0.05) elevated, while the level of total hydroperoxides was significantly (p<0.05) lowered. There was a significant negative correlation between the superoxide scavenging activity and the level of total hydroperoxides (r = −0.485, p<0.01), but no correlations between the hydrogen peroxide level and the other two parameters. Astaxanthin intake clearly enhanced the superoxide scavenging activity and suppressed the total hydroperoxides production in human aqueous humor, indicating the possibility that astaxanthin has suppressive effects on various oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hashimoto
- Tsukuba Hashimoto Optical Clinic, 530 Furuku, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0021, Japan ; Department of Ophthalmology, Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-8555, Japan
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Haematococcus as a promising cell factory to produce recombinant pharmaceutical proteins. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9931-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhao Y, Guan F, Wang G, Miao L, Ding J, Guan G, Li Y, Hui B. Astaxanthin Preparation by Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Its Esters from Haematococcus pluvialis Algal Extracts. J Food Sci 2011; 76:C643-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mostafa N, Omar H, Tan SG, Napis S. Studies on the genetic variation of the green unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae) obtained from different geographical locations using ISSR and RAPD molecular marker. Molecules 2011; 16:2599-608. [PMID: 21441863 PMCID: PMC6259651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16032599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis (Flotow) is a unicellular green alga, which is considered to be the best astaxanthin-producing organism. Molecular markers are suitable tools for the purpose of finding out genetic variations in organisms; however there have been no studies conducted on ISSR or RAPD molecular markers for this organism. The DNA of 10 different strains of H. pluvialis (four strains from Iran, two strains from Finland, one strain from Switzerland and three strains from the USA) was extracted. A genetic similarity study was carried out using 14 ISSR and 12 RAPD primers. Moreover, the molecular weights of the bands produced ranged from 0.14 to 3.4 Kb. The PCA and dendrogram clustered the H. pluvialis strains into various groups according to their geographical origin. The lowest genetic similarity was between the Iran2 and USA2 strains (0.08) and the highest genetic similarity was between Finland1 and Finland2 (0.64). The maximum numbers of bands produced by the ISSR and RAPD primers were 35 and 6 bands, respectively. The results showed that ISSR and RAPD markers are useful for genetic diversity studies of Haematococcus as they showed geographical discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noroozi Mostafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993891176, Iran
| | - Hishamuddin Omar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soon Guan Tan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Napis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lauver DA, Driscoll EM, Lucchesi BR. Disodium disuccinate astaxanthin prevents carotid artery rethrombosis and ex vivo platelet activation. Pharmacology 2008; 82:67-73. [PMID: 18477858 DOI: 10.1159/000132085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The disodium disuccinate derivative of astaxanthin (DDA) is a carotenoid antioxidant under development for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular events. Recent evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in platelet activation. This study seeks to investigate the effects of a reactive oxygen species quencher, DDA, in a canine model of carotid artery thrombosis. METHODS After formation of an occlusive carotid thrombus, dogs were administered recombinant tissue plasminogen activator intra-arterially to achieve thrombolysis in the presence of either 0.9% NaCl solution or DDA (10-50 mg/kg i.v. infusion). Ex vivo platelet aggregation and tongue bleeding times were measured before and after drug administration. Residual thrombus mass was analyzed at the end of each experiment. RESULTS The data indicated a dose- dependent reduction in the incidence of carotid artery rethrombosis. In addition, platelet aggregation and thrombus weights were dose-dependently inhibited by DDA. No change was recorded in tongue bleeding time among the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that at the doses used in this study, DDA significantly reduced the incidence of secondary thrombosis while maintaining normal hemostasis. The results suggest that upon further study, DDA may one day find utility in revascularization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Adam Lauver
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich 48109, USA
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Seuter S, Väisänen S, Rådmark O, Carlberg C, Steinhilber D. Functional characterization of vitamin D responding regions in the human 5-Lipoxygenase gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:864-72. [PMID: 17500032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of proinflammatory leukotrienes. The 5-LO gene is a primary target of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) and its expression is prominently increased during myeloid cell differentiation. Since no functional vitamin D response element (VDRE) has been reported for this gene so far, we performed in silico screening of the whole 5-LO gene area (84 kb, including 10 kb promoter region) and identified 22 putative VDREs. Both gelshift and reporter gene assays identified four of these candidates as functional VDREs. Their approximate positions are -2,250 (promoter), +21,400 (intron 2), +42,000 (intron 4) and +50,600 (intron 5) in relation to the transcription start site (TSS). Remarkably, the VDRE at position +42,000 is one of the strongest known VDREs of the human genome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated simultaneous association of vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor (RXR) and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to the 5-LO gene regions containing two of these four putative VDREs. This indicates DNA looping of the TSS to even very distant gene regions. In summary, we suggest that the upregulation of the primary 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) target 5-LO is mediated in vivo by a prominent VDRE in intron 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Seuter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Hazai E, Bikádi Z, Zsila F, Lockwood SF. Molecular modeling of the non-covalent binding of the dietary tomato carotenoids lycopene and lycophyll, and selected oxidative metabolites with 5-lipoxygenase. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6859-67. [PMID: 16837203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies on human prostate cancer cell lines indicate a role for arachidonic acid (AA) and its oxidative metabolites in prostate cancer proliferation. The metabolism of AA by either the cyclooxygenase (COX) or the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways generates eicosanoids involved in tumor promotion, progression, and metastasis. In particular, products of the 5-LOX pathway (including 5-HETE and 5-oxo-EET) have been implicated as potential 'survival factors' that may confer escape after androgen withdrawal therapy through fatty-acid (i.e., AA) drive. Potent natural dietary antioxidant compounds such as lycopene and lycophyll, with tissue tropism for human prostate, have been shown to be effective in ameliorating generalized oxidative stress at the DNA level. Suppressing the 5-LOX axis pharmacologically is also a promising avenue for intervention in human patients. The recently recognized direct interaction of the astaxanthin-based soft-drug Cardax to human 5-LOX with molecular modeling, and the downregulation of both 5-HETE and 5-oxo-EET in vivo in a murine peritonitis model, suggest that other important dietary carotenoids may share this enzyme regulatory feature. In the current study, the acyclic tomato carotene lycopene (in all-trans and 5-cis isomeric configurations) and its natural dihydroxy analog lycophyll (also present in tomato fruit) were subjected to molecular modeling calculations in order to investigate their predicted binding interaction(s) with human 5-LOX. Two bioactive oxidative metabolites of lycopene (4-methyl-8-oxo-2,4,6-nonatrienal and 2,7,11-trimethyl-tetradecahexaene-1,14-dial) were also investigated. A homology model of 5-LOX was constructed using 8-LOX and 15-LOX structures as templates. The model was validated by calculating the binding energy of Cardax to 5-LOX, which was demonstrated to be in good agreement with the published experimental data. Blind docking calculations were carried out in order to explore the possible binding sites of the carotenoids on 5-LOX, followed by focused docking to more accurately calculate the predicted energy of binding. Lycopene and lycophyll were predicted to bind with high affinity in the superficial cleft at the interface of the beta-barrel and the catalytic domain of 5-LOX (the 'cleavage site'). Carotenoid binding at this cleavage site provides the structural rationale by which polyenic compounds could modify the 5-LOX enzymatic function via an allosteric mechanism, or by radical scavenging in proximity to the active center. In addition, the two bioactive metabolites of lycopene were predicted to bind to the catalytic site with high affinity--therefore suggesting potential direct competitive inhibition of 5-LOX activity that should be shared by both lycopene and lycophyll after in vivo supplementation, particularly in the case of the dial metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Hazai
- Virtua Drug, Ltd, H-1015 Budapest, Csalogány st. 4, Hungary
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