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Huesca-Gómez C, Torres-Paz YE, Fuentevilla-Álvarez G, González-Moyotl NJ, Ramírez-Marroquín ES, Vásquez-Jiménez X, Sainz-Escarrega V, Soto ME, Samano R, Gamboa R. Expressions of mRNA and encoded proteins of mitochondrial uncoupling protein genes ( UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3) in epicardial and mediastinal adipose tissue and associations with coronary artery disease. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 67:214-223. [PMID: 36651711 PMCID: PMC10689038 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the expression of UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 mRNA and encoded proteins in epicardial and mediastinal adipose tissues in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Subjects and methods We studied 60 patients with CAD and 106 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery (controls). Expression levels of UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 mRNA and encoded proteins were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Results : We found increased UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 mRNA levels in the epicardial adipose tissue in the CAD versus the control group, and higher UCP1 and UCP3 mRNA expression in the epicardial compared with the mediastinal tissue in the CAD group. There was also increased expression of UCP1 protein in the epicardial tissue and UCP2 protein in the mediastinum tissue in patients with CAD. Finally, UCP1 expression was associated with levels of fasting plasma glucose, and UCP3 expression was associated with levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density cholesterol in the epicardial tissue. Conclusion Our study supports the hypothesis that higher mRNA expression by UCP genes in the epicardial adipose tissue could be a protective mechanism against the production of reactive oxygen species and may guard the myocardium against damage. Thus, UCP levels are essential to maintain the adaptive phase of cardiac injury in the presence of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Huesca-Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Departamento de Fisiología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Yazmín Estela Torres-Paz
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Departamento de Fisiología, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | - Xicótencatl Vásquez-Jiménez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Departamento de Cirugía Cardiotorácica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor Sainz-Escarrega
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Departamento de Cirugía Cardiotorácica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Elena Soto
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Departamento de Inmunología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Reyna Samano
- Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Coordinación de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Departamento de Fisiología, Ciudad de México, México
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Ethnicity Differences in the Association of UCP1-3826A/G, UCP2-866G/A and Ala55Val, and UCP3-55C/T Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3482879. [PMID: 34712730 PMCID: PMC8548105 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3482879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The relationship between uncoupling protein (UCP) 1-3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been extensively studied, while conclusions remain contradictory. Thus, we performed this meta-analysis to elucidate whether the UCP1-3826A/G, UCP2-866G/A, Ala55Val, and UCP3-55C/T polymorphisms are associated with T2DM. Methods Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science database before 12 July 2020. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association. Heterogeneity analysis, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were also performed. Results A total of 38 case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The overall results revealed significant association between T2DM and the UCP2 Ala55Val polymorphism (recessive model: OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.12-1.40, P < 0.01; homozygous model: OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.03-1.72, P = 0.029, respectively). In subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity, T2DM risk was increased with the UCP2 Ala55Val polymorphism (allele model: OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.34, P = 0.023; recessive model: OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.13-1.45, P < 0.01; homozygous model: OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.86, P = 0.023, respectively), while decreased with the UCP2-866G/A polymorphism in Asians (dominant model: OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-1.00, P = 0.045). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the UCP2-866G/A polymorphism is protective against T2DM, while the UCP2 Ala55Val polymorphism is susceptible to T2DM in Asians.
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Agbo E, Liu D, Li M, Saahene RO, Chen L, Zhao L, Wang Y, Tian G. Modulation of PTEN by hexarelin attenuates coronary artery ligation-induced heart failure in rats. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:945-958. [PMID: 31091855 PMCID: PMC7018219 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1812-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Hexarelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide that exerts cardioprotective effects. However, its cardioprotective effect against heart failure (HF) is yet to be explained. This study investigated the therapeutic role of hexarelin and the mechanisms underlying its cardioprotective effects against coronary artery ligation (CAL)-induced HF in rats. Materials and methods Rats with four weeks of permanent CAL, induced myocardial infarction, and HF were randomly separated into four groups: the control group (Ctrl), sham group (Sham), hexarelin treatment group (HF + Hx), and heart failure group (HF). The rats were treated with subcutaneous injection of hexarelin (100 µg/kg) in the treatment group or saline in the other groups twice a day for 30 days. Left ventricular (LV) function, oxidative stress, apoptosis, molecular analyses, and cardiac structural and pathological changes in rats were assessed. Results The treatment of HF rats with hexarelin significantly induced the upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression and inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to significantly improve LV function, ameliorate myocardial remodeling, and reduce oxidative stress. Conclusion These findings indicate that hexarelin attenuates CAL-induced HF in rats by ameliorating myocardial remodeling, LV dysfunction, and oxidative stress via the upmodulation of PTEN signaling and downregulation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Agbo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P.R. China
| | - Donhai Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P.R. China
| | - Meixiu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P.R. China
| | - Roland Osei Saahene
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P.R. China
| | - Lunpeng Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P.R. China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P.R. China
| | - Guozhong Tian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P.R. China
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Aldaba-Muruato LR, Muñoz-Ortega MH, Macías-Pérez JR, Pulido-Ortega J, Martínez-Hernández SL, Ventura-Juárez J. Adrenergic regulation during acute hepatic infection with Entamoeba histolytica in the hamster: involvement of oxidative stress, Nrf2 and NF-KappaB. Parasite 2017; 24:46. [PMID: 29185982 PMCID: PMC5706999 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and transcriptional pathways of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) are critically involved in the etiopathology of amebic liver abscess (ALA). In this work, we studied the relationship between the adrenergic nervous system and ALA in the hamster. ALA was visible at 12 h of infection. While 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) decreased infection, propranolol (β-adrenergic blocker) treatment was associated with less extensive liver damage, and phentolamine treatment (α-adrenergic blocker) significantly reduced ALA compared to 6-OHDA and propranolol. Serum enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) were increased at 12 h post-infection. Chemical denervation and α and β-adrenergic blockers decreased ALT to normal levels, while 6-OHDA and propranolol showed a trend to decrease γ-GTP but phentolamine significantly reduced γ-GTP. Amebic infection increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and decreased both reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Propranolol and 6-OHDA showed a tendency to decrease GSSG. However, GSH, GSSG and GSH/GSSG returned to normal levels with phentolamine. Furthermore, amebic infection increased pNF-κB and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and showed a tendency to decrease hemoxigenase-1 (HO-1), but not Nrf2. Chemical denervation showed a trend to decrease pNF-κB and IL-1β, and neither Nrf2 nor HO-1 increased significantly. In addition, NF-κB and IL-1β were attenuated by propranolol and phentolamine treatments, although phentolamine showed significant overexpression of Nrf2 and HO-1. This suggests that the adrenergic system may be involved in oxidative stress and in modulation of the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways during ALA development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martín Humberto Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes,
Ags. México
| | - José Roberto Macías-Pérez
- Química Clínica, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí,
Ciudad Valles,
SLP. México
| | - Julieta Pulido-Ortega
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes,
Ags. México
| | | | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes,
Ags. México
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Chen GG, Yan JB, Wang XM, Zheng MZ, Jiang JP, Zhou XM, Cai B, Shen YL. Mechanism of uncoupling protein 2‑mediated myocardial injury in hypothermic preserved rat hearts. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1857-64. [PMID: 27356851 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the alterations in uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression following hypothermic preservation in rat hearts were investigated. Isolated rat hearts were preserved in Celsior solution for 3‑12 h followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The cardiac function was evaluated using the Langendorff perfusion system. UCP2 and silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) proteins were detected by western blot analysis. The ATP production and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed. Subsequent to preservation in ice‑cold Celsior solution for 3‑12 h, the UCP2 protein expression in rat hearts was observed to increase in a time‑dependent manner. The UCP2 inhibitor genipin inhibited the hypothermic preservation‑induced cardiac dysfunction, prevented a decline in ATP production induced by 9 h of preservation, however had no effect on the hypothermic preservation‑induced increase in mitochondrial ROS levels. Compared with the control group, the SIRT1 protein expression in rat hearts reduced following hypothermic preservation. Compared with the 9‑h preservation group, Celsior solution supplemented with the SIRT1 activator resveratrol (20 or 40 µmol/l) inhibited UCP2 protein overexpression, prevented the decline in ATP production and resulted in an improvement cardiac function. The SIRT1 inhibitor EX‑527 abolished the resveratrol‑induced inhibition of UCP2 overexpression and cardiac protection in the hypothermic preserved rat heart. These observations suggest that downregulation of UCP2 expression in the hypothermic preserved rat heart in part initiated the protective mechanism via the SIRT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai-Ge Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Bin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicine School, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Jiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Mei Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P.R. China
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Medical Affairs, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Liang Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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Sympathetic Nervous System Control of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Liver through α-Adrenergic Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3190617. [PMID: 26798417 PMCID: PMC4699022 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3190617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being the primary organ involved in redox cycling, the liver is one of the most highly innervated tissues in mammals. The interaction between hepatocytes and sympathetic, parasympathetic, and peptidergic nerve fibers through a variety of neurotransmitters and signaling pathways is recognized as being important in the regulation of hepatocyte function, liver regeneration, and hepatic fibrosis. However, less is known regarding the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in modulating the hepatic response to oxidative stress. Our aim was to investigate the role of the SNS in healthy and oxidatively stressed liver parenchyma. Mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide were used to realize chemical sympathectomy. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection was used to induce oxidative liver injury. Sympathectomized animals were protected from CCl4 induced hepatic lipid peroxidation-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as assessed by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal levels, morphological features of cell damage, and DNA oxidative damage. Furthermore, sympathectomy modulated hepatic inflammatory response induced by CCl4-mediated lipid peroxidation. CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity were suppressed by administration of an α-adrenergic antagonist. We conclude that the SNS provides a permissive microenvironment for hepatic oxidative stress indicating the possibility that targeting the hepatic α-adrenergic signaling could be a viable strategy for improving outcomes in patients with acute hepatic injury.
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Safari F, Anvari Z, Moshtaghioun S, Javan M, Bayat G, Forosh SS, Hekmatimoghaddam S. Differential expression of cardiac uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 in response to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Life Sci 2014; 98:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Serra AJ, Higuchi ML, Ihara SS, Antônio EL, Santos MH, Bombig MT, Tucci PJ. Exercise training prevents β-adrenergic hyperactivity-induced myocardial hypertrophy and lesions. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 10:534-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey J. Serra
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division; Federal University of São Paulo, (UNIFESP); Brazil
| | | | - Silvia S.M. Ihara
- Department of Pathology; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Brazil
| | - Ednei L. Antônio
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Brazil
| | | | - Maria T.N.M. Bombig
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division; Federal University of São Paulo, (UNIFESP); Brazil
| | - Paulo J.F. Tucci
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division; Federal University of São Paulo, (UNIFESP); Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Brazil
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Wang X, Zhu Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Cheng S. Cardioprotective effect of calcitriol on myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013; 18:386-91. [PMID: 23538301 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413482754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitriol (CAL), an active form of vitamin D, plays a vital role in controlling cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The aim of the present study is to explore the effects of CAL and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms on myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol (ISO). METHODS Myocardial impairment was induced by the subcutaneous injection of ISO in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, and the therapeutic effect of CAL was assessed. Biometric and echocardiographic parameters, interstitial fibrosis, oxidant-antioxidant status, and protein expression relevant to the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were then measured. RESULTS Calcitriol treatment improved the cardiac injury resulting from excessive ISO stimulation, as supported by the suppression of the development of myocardial hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and H2O2 level in heart tissue. The decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities induced by ISO were also improved by CAL. Finally, the administration of CAL downregulated the protein expression of Bax and caspase-9. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that CAL ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and oxidative stress in ISO-induced cardiac injury and might play a vital cardioprotective role in such injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, PR China
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Feng H, Kang C, Dickman JR, Koenig R, Awoyinka I, Zhang Y, Ji LL. Training-induced mitochondrial adaptation: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, nuclear factor-κB and β-blockade. Exp Physiol 2012; 98:784-95. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.069286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li H, Xu K, Wang Y, Zhang H, Li T, Meng L, Gong X, Zhang H, Ou N, Ruan J. Phase I clinical study of edaravone in healthy Chinese volunteers: safety and pharmacokinetics of single or multiple intravenous infusions. Drugs R D 2012; 12:65-70. [PMID: 22762844 PMCID: PMC3586162 DOI: 10.2165/11634290-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the safety and pharmacokinetics of edaravone administered by single or successive intravenous infusions in healthy Chinese volunteers. Methods A total of 30 subjects (15 males and 15 females) were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups receiving edaravone doses of 20, 30, and 60 mg. All subjects received a single dose of edaravone during a 30-minute period, and only the 30 mg dose group continued to receive the same dose successively by intravenous infusion twice daily for the next 5 days. Plasma concentrations of edaravone were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography at the following times: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 105, 165, 225, 300, 390, 480, 600, and 720 minutes after edaravone administration. Results The area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosage interval (AUCτ) values of the single dose in the 20, 30, and 60 mg dose groups were 3.64±1.37, 5.17 ± 0.93, and 11.25 ± 3.42 mg · h/L, respectively, while in the group receiving repeated dosing of 30 mg, the mean AUCτ value was 5.06 ± 0.89mg · h/L. The corresponding maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) values were 1599.0 ± 382.6, 2378.7 ± 316.7, and 4540.1 ± 901.1 ng/mL, respectively, in the single-dose groups, and 2479.1 ± 477.9 ng/mL in the 30 mg repeated-dose group. The mean AUCτ and Cmax ratios between the repeated-dose group and the single-dose groups were 0.98 and 1.04. All laboratory test abnormalities (including increased alanine transaminase and triacylglycerol levels, and decreased white blood cell counts and creatinine levels) were mild and tolerable. All abnormal blood biochemical indices returned to normal levels after 7 days. Conclusion Edaravone was safe and well tolerated in the volunteers and displayed linear increases in the Cmax and AUCτ values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Huntgeburth M, Tiemann K, Shahverdyan R, Schlüter KD, Schreckenberg R, Gross ML, Mödersheim S, Caglayan E, Müller-Ehmsen J, Ghanem A, Vantler M, Zimmermann WH, Böhm M, Rosenkranz S. Transforming growth factor β₁ oppositely regulates the hypertrophic and contractile response to β-adrenergic stimulation in the heart. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26628. [PMID: 22125598 PMCID: PMC3219639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine activation and local mediators such as transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁) contribute to the pathobiology of cardiac hypertrophy and failure, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We aimed to characterize the functional network involving TGF-β₁, the renin-angiotensin system, and the β-adrenergic system in the heart. METHODS Transgenic mice overexpressing TGF-β₁ (TGF-β₁-Tg) were treated with a β-blocker, an AT₁-receptor antagonist, or a TGF-β-antagonist (sTGFβR-Fc), were morphologically characterized. Contractile function was assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography in vivo and isolated myocytes in vitro. Functional alterations were related to regulators of cardiac energy metabolism. RESULTS Compared to wild-type controls, TGF-β₁-Tg mice displayed an increased heart-to-body-weight ratio involving both fibrosis and myocyte hypertrophy. TGF-β₁ overexpression increased the hypertrophic responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation. In contrast, the inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation was diminished in TGF-β₁-Tg mice, albeit unchanged basal contractility. Treatment with sTGF-βR-Fc completely prevented the cardiac phenotype in transgenic mice. Chronic β-blocker treatment also prevented hypertrophy and ANF induction by isoprenaline, and restored the inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation without affecting TGF-β₁ levels, whereas AT₁-receptor blockade had no effect. The impaired contractile reserve in TGF-β₁-Tg mice was accompanied by an upregulation of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) which was reversed by β-adrenoceptor blockade. UCP-inhibition restored the contractile response to β-adrenoceptor stimulation in vitro and in vivo. Finally, cardiac TGF-β₁ and UCP expression were elevated in heart failure in humans, and UCP--but not TGF-β₁--was downregulated by β-blocker treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the concept that TGF-β₁ acts downstream of angiotensin II in cardiomyocytes, and furthermore, highlight the critical role of the β-adrenergic system in TGF-β₁-induced cardiac phenotype. Our data indicate for the first time, that TGF-β₁ directly influences mitochondrial energy metabolism by regulating UCP3 expression. β-blockers may act beneficially by normalizing regulatory mechanisms of cellular hypertrophy and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huntgeburth
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Herzzentrum der Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany
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Interaction between the UCP2 -866 G>A polymorphism, diabetes, and beta-blocker use among patients with acute coronary syndromes. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010; 20:231-8. [PMID: 20145583 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283377abc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE UCP2 -866G>A (rs659366) has been implicated in cardiometabolic disease and represents a novel candidate gene for beta-blocker response, particularly among patients with diabetes. We assessed the function of -866G>A and its role as a modifier of beta-blocker treatment outcomes by diabetes status in an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cohort. METHODS ACS patients with genetic samples and 12 months of follow-up for cardiac rehospitalizations or death (n=468) were assessed. The influence of -866G>A on beta-blocker treatment outcomes was evaluated in those with diabetes and without. To assess functional correlates of -866G>A, we compared uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression in the skeletal muscle of obese participants by genotype and compared the activity of UCP2 luciferase promoters with -866G and -866A alleles. RESULTS An interaction between -866G>A and beta-blocker treatment was found in individuals with diabetes (P=0.002) but not those without (P=0.79). Among G/G individuals with diabetes, discharge beta-blocker use was associated with an 80% reduction in cardiac rehospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.20; 95% confidence interval: 0.04-1.02). In contrast, among A-carrier patients with diabetes, there was an 11-fold increase in cardiac rehospitalizations with discharge beta-blocker therapy (adjusted hazard ratio: 11.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.28-108.2). Promoter activity assays showed that -866G had greater cyclic AMP response element binding protein-responsiveness compared with -866A, and compared with -866A carriers G/G individuals exhibited increased UCP2 expression in the skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION We identified a significant interaction between -866G>A and beta-blocker response among ACS patients with diabetes. Furthermore, -866G conferred greater gene transcriptional activity than -866A in cell lines and in obese patients. These findings may help us gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial and detrimental effects of beta-blockers in those with diabetes.
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Xu M, Ji H, Dai DZ, Tang XY, Dai Y. Protective effect of the endothelin antagonist CPU0213 against isoprenaline-induced heart failure by suppressing abnormal expression of leptin, calcineurin and SERCA2a in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:739-45. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.6.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) may be produced by sustained β-adrenoceptor stimulation by causing changes in the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1), the leptin system, calcineurin and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) underlying cardiac dysfunction. The aim of this study was to verify whether isoprenaline (ISO)-induced HF is attributed to changes in the above molecular markers, and whether the dual ET-receptor antagonist CPU0213 could reverse the cardiac dysfunction caused by ISO treatment, focusing on these molecular markers. HF was induced in rats by administration of ISO (2 mgkg−1 s.c.) for 10 days. CPU0213 (30 mgkg−1 s.c.) and propranolol (4 mgkg−1 s.c.) were administered on days 7–10. HF developed after 10 days' ISO administration and was manifest as impaired cardiac performance, increased heart weight index, oxidative stress, elevated serum enzymes, and disordered expression of the endothelin system, leptin system, calcineurin and SERCA2a. All these abnormalities were significantly reversed by CPU0213, and the effectiveness of this ET-receptor antagonist was comparable to that of propranolol. Thus, antagonism of ET receptors by CPU0213 normalizes these changes in molecular markers, alleviating HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Research Division of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Ji
- Research Division of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - De-Zai Dai
- Research Division of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Tang
- Research Division of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Dai
- Research Division of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury leads to structural changes in the heart muscle later followed by functional decline due to progressive fibrous replacement. Hence approaches to minimize IR injury are devised, including ischemic pre-and postconditioning. Mild uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms suggested to be cardioprotective as chemical uncoupling mimics ischemic preconditioning. Uncoupling protein 2 is proposed to be the physiological counterpart of chemical uncouplers and is thought to be a part of the protective machinery of cardiomyocytes. Morphological changes in the mitochondrial network likely accompany the uncoupling with mitochondrial fission dampening the signals leading to cardiomyocyte death. Here we review recent data on the role of uncoupling in cardioprotection and propose that low concentrations of dietary polyphenols may elicit the same cardioprotective effect as dinitrophenol and FCCP, perhaps accounting for the famed "French paradox".
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Modrianský
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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16
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Nandave M, Ojha SK, Joshi S, Kumari S, Arya DS. Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Prevents Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Damage in Rats: Evidence for an Antioxidant, Antiperoxidative, and Cardioprotective Intervention. J Med Food 2009; 12:47-55. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Nandave
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreesh Kumar Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumari
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - Dharamvir Singh Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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17
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Valouskova E, Modriansky M. MODULATION OF UCP2 EXPRESSION BY P38 - A LINK TO CARDIOPROTECTION. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2008; 152:3-7. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2008.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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18
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Bo H, Jiang N, Ma G, Qu J, Zhang G, Cao D, Wen L, Liu S, Ji LL, Zhang Y. Regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling respiration during exercise in rat heart: role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and uncoupling protein 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1373-81. [PMID: 18226608 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The physiological significance of cardiac mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2)-mediated uncoupling respiration in exercise is unknown. In the current study, mitochondrial respiratory function, UCP2 mRNA level, UCP2-mediated respiration (UCR), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity were determined in rat heart with or without endurance training after an acute bout of exercise of different duration. In the untrained rats, state 4 respiration and UCR-independent respiration rates were progressively increased with exercise time and were 64 and 70% higher, respectively, than resting rate at 150 min, whereas UCR was elevated by 86% with no significant change in state 3 respiration. UCP2 mRNA level showed a 5- and 4-fold increase, respectively, after 45 and 90 min of exercise, but returned to resting level at 120 and 150 min. Mitochondrial ROS production and membrane potential (Deltapsi) increased progressively until 120 min, followed by a decrease to the resting level at 150 min. MnSOD mRNA abundance showed a 2-fold increase at 120 min but MnSOD activity did not change with exercise. Training significantly increased mitochondrial ATP synthetase activity, ADP to oxygen consumption (P/O) ratio, respiratory control ratio, and MnSOD activity, whereas exercise-induced state 4 respiration, UCR, ROS production, and Deltapsi were attenuated in the trained rats. We conclude that (1) UCP2 mRNA expression and activity in rat heart can be upregulated during prolonged exercise, which may reduce cross-membrane Deltapsi and thus ROS production; and (2) endurance training can blunt exercise-induced UCP2 and UCR, and improve mitochondrial efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation due to increased removal of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Bo
- Tianjin Research Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China
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19
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Mikaelian I, Coluccio D, Morgan KT, Johnson T, Ryan AL, Rasmussen E, Nicklaus R, Kanwal C, Hilton H, Frank K, Fritzky L, Wheeldon EB. Temporal Gene Expression Profiling Indicates Early Up-regulation of Interleukin-6 in Isoproterenol-induced Myocardial Necrosis in Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:256-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623307312696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression was evaluated in the myocardium of male Wistar rats after a single subcutaneous administration of 0.5 mg of isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist that causes acute tachycardia with subsequent myocardial necrosis. Histology of the heart, clinical chemistry, and hematology were evaluated at 9 time points (0.5 hours to 14 days postinjection). Myocardial gene expression was evaluated at 4 time points (1 hour to 3 days). Contraction bands and loss of cross-striation were identified on phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin-stained sections 0.5 hours postdosing. Plasma troponin I elevation was detected at 0.5 hours, peaked at 3 hours, and returned to baseline values at 3 days postdosing. Interleukin 6 (Il6) expression spiked at 1 to 3 hours and was followed by a short-lived, time-dependent dysregulation of its downstream targets. Concurrently and consistent with the kinetics of the histologic findings, many pathways indicative of necrosis/apoptosis (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] signaling, NF-κB signaling) and adaptation to hypertension (PPAR signaling) were overrepresented at 3 hours. The 1-day and 3-day time points indicated an adaptive response, with down-regulation of the fatty acid metabolism pathway, up-regulation of the fetal gene program, and superimposed inflammation and repair at 3 days. These results suggest early involvement of Il6 in isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis and emphasize the value of early time points in transcriptomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mikaelian
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Denise Coluccio
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | | | - Teona Johnson
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Amber L. Ryan
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Erik Rasmussen
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Rosemary Nicklaus
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Charu Kanwal
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Holly Hilton
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Karl Frank
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Luke Fritzky
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
| | - Eric B. Wheeldon
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Nutley, New Jersey, USA and
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20
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George CH, Barberini-Jammaers SR, Muller CT. Refocussing therapeutic strategies for cardiac arrhythmias: defining viable molecular targets to restore cardiac ion flux. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Limiting myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is essential for preventing contractile dysfunction and limiting morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic heart disease. Over the last few decades, it has become clear that during IR insults, myocardial oxygen radical formation is accelerated and plays a critical role in mediating cellular damage and dysfunction. This review provides a brief summary of a variety of approaches that have been undertaken to alleviate the oxidant stress associated with myocardial IR, and a summary of the data demonstrating the potential therapeutic value of oxidant scavenging in limiting IR-induced myocardial damage. Included is a review of investigations using novel free radical scavengers, antioxidant extracts from a variety of plants, polyphenolic compounds from foods such as cocoa, soy, grapes, and wine, as well as vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. Also reviewed is the evidence that exercise-induced increases in endogenous antioxidants may be an important change contributing to cardioprotection. One must conclude from this brief review that current evidence suggests that enhancing oxidant-scavenging capacity protects against some of the cardiomyocyte disturbances during IR and helps salvage myocardial tissue. Data in cultured cell and animal models are convincing; trials in humans are significantly more conflicting, but still promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn L Hamilton
- Applied Human Sciences, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA.
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22
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Saini AK, Kumar H S A, Sharma SS. Preventive and curative effect of edaravone on nerve functions and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 568:164-72. [PMID: 17521626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated as a final common pathway in the development of diabetic neuropathy and pharmacological interventions targeted at inhibiting free radical production have shown beneficial effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of edaravone (3 mg/kg; 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a free radical scavenger (relatively selective to hydroxyl radicals) in streptozotocin (50 mg/kg i.p.) induced diabetic neuropathy in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Significant reduction (18%) in motor nerve conduction velocity, nerve blood flow (55%) and tail flick latency in cold (53%) and hot (50%) immersion test was observed in diabetic rats compared to age matched non-diabetic rats. Preventive (8 week) and curative (2 week) treatment of edaravone significantly improved the nerve conduction velocity and nociception but not nerve blood flow in diabetic rats. The changes in lipid peroxidation status and anti-oxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase and Catalase) levels observed in diabetic rats were significantly restored by edaravone treatment. Increase in blood pressure and vascular resistance was also significantly attenuated by edaravone treatment. This study provides experimental evidence to preventive and curative effect of edaravone on nerve function and oxidative stress in animal model of diabetic neuropathy. Hence edaravone may be tried clinically for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy since it is clinically used in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar Saini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab-160062, India
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23
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Osadchii OE. Cardiac hypertrophy induced by sustained β-adrenoreceptor activation: pathophysiological aspects. Heart Fail Rev 2007; 12:66-86. [PMID: 17387610 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-007-9007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is promoted by adrenergic over-activation and represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The basic knowledge about mechanisms by which sustained adrenergic activation promotes myocardial growth, as well as understanding how structural changes in hypertrophied myocardium could affect myocardial function has been acquired from studies using an animal model of chronic systemic beta-adrenoreceptor agonist administration. Sustained beta-adrenoreceptor activation was shown to enhance the synthesis of myocardial proteins, an effect mediated via stimulation of myocardial growth factors, up-regulation of nuclear proto-oncogenes, induction of cardiac oxidative stress, as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Sustained beta-adrenoreceptor activation contributes to impaired cardiac autonomic regulation as evidenced by blunted parasympathetically-mediated cardiovascular reflexes as well as abnormal storage of myocardial catecholamines. Catecholamine-induced cardiac hypertrophy is associated with reduced contractile responses to adrenergic agonists, an effect attributed to downregulation of myocardial beta-adrenoreceptors, uncoupling of beta-adrenoreceptors and adenylate cyclase, as well as modifications of downstream cAMP-mediated signaling. In compensated cardiac hypertrophy, these changes are associated with preserved or even enhanced basal ventricular systolic function due to increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) content and Ca(2+)-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release. The increased availability of Ca(2+) to maintain cardiomyocyte contraction is attributed to prolongation of the action potential due to inhibition of the transient outward potassium current as well as stimulation of the reverse mode of the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange. Further progression of cardiac hypertrophy towards heart failure is due to abnormalities in Ca(2+) handling, necrotic myocardial injury, and increased myocardial stiffness due to interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg E Osadchii
- Cardiology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University Clinical Departments, University of Liverpool, The Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
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24
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Cano-Martínez A, Vargas-González A, Guarner-Lans V. Temperature effect on contractile activity of the Ambystoma dumerilii heart previously treated with isoproterenol. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 147:743-749. [PMID: 17196415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous heart rate (HR) and ventricular (V) and atrium (A) tensions (T) were evaluated through isolated organ assays at different temperatures in hearts from Ambystoma dumerilii control and treated with isoproterenol (ISO) [(150 mg/kg i.p. each 24 h, for 3 days)] on days 1, 5, 30 and 90 after ISO. In control hearts, the HR increased and the T decreased when temperature was augmented. One day after ISO the HR (43-24%) and T (50-25%) decreased with respect to control, between 8 and 24 degrees C. Five, 30 and 90 days after ISO, HR showed a gradual recovery with similar effect when the temperature was changed; but the AT increased and VT decreased at temperatures between 8 and 12 degrees C and were only recovered at temperatures above 12 degrees C. Our results indicate that the HR recovers after ISO in A. dumerilii independently of temperature. The recovery of AT and VT is similar to HR at temperatures higher than 12 degrees C and the increases in VT could be compensating the decrease in VT caused by ISO, at temperatures lower than 12 degrees C. The changes in heart contractile activity of A. dumerilii after insult show the thermic plasticity that is observed in ectothermic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cano-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano # 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México D.F. 14080, Mexico.
| | - A Vargas-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano # 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - V Guarner-Lans
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano # 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México D.F. 14080, Mexico
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