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Galow AM, Brenmoehl J, Hoeflich A. Synergistic effects of hormones on structural and functional maturation of cardiomyocytes and implications for heart regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:240. [PMID: 37541969 PMCID: PMC10403476 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The limited endogenous regenerative capacity of the human heart renders cardiovascular diseases a major health threat, thus motivating intense research on in vitro heart cell generation and cell replacement therapies. However, so far, in vitro-generated cardiomyocytes share a rather fetal phenotype, limiting their utility for drug testing and cell-based heart repair. Various strategies to foster cellular maturation provide some success, but fully matured cardiomyocytes are still to be achieved. Today, several hormones are recognized for their effects on cardiomyocyte proliferation, differentiation, and function. Here, we will discuss how the endocrine system impacts cardiomyocyte maturation. After detailing which features characterize a mature phenotype, we will contemplate hormones most promising to induce such a phenotype, the routes of their action, and experimental evidence for their significance in this process. Due to their pleiotropic effects, hormones might be not only valuable to improve in vitro heart cell generation but also beneficial for in vivo heart regeneration. Accordingly, we will also contemplate how the presented hormones might be exploited for hormone-based regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
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2
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Akhtar MM, Cammann VL, Templin C, Ghadri JR, Lüscher TF. Takotsubo syndrome: getting closer to its causes. Cardiovasc Res 2023:7161872. [PMID: 37183265 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) accounts for between 1 and 4% of cases presenting clinically as an acute coronary syndrome. It typically presents as a transient cardiac phenotype of left ventricular dysfunction with spontaneous recovery. More dramatic presentations may include cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. Despite progress in the understanding of the condition since its first description in 1990, considerable questions remain into understanding underlying pathomechanisms. In this review article, we describe the current published data on potential underlying mechanisms associated with the onset of TTS including sympathetic nervous system over-stimulation, structural and functional alterations in the central nervous system, catecholamine secretion, alterations in the balance and distribution of adrenergic receptors, the additive impact of hormones including oestrogen, epicardial coronary or microvascular spasm, endothelial dysfunction, and genetics as potentially contributing to the cascade of events leading to the onset. These pathomechanisms provide suggestions for novel potential therapeutic strategies in patients with TTS including the role of cognitive behavioural therapy, beta-blockers, and endothelin-A antagonists. The underlying mechanism of TTS remains elusive. In reality, physical or emotional stressors likely trigger through the amygdala and hippocampus a central neurohumoral activation with the local and systemic secretion of excess catecholamine and other neurohormones, which exert its effect on the myocardium through a metabolic switch, altered cellular signalling, and endothelial dysfunction. These complex pathways exert a regional activation in the myocardium through the altered distribution of adrenoceptors and density of autonomic innervation as a protective mechanism from myocardial apoptosis. More research is needed to understand how these different complex mechanisms interact with each other to bring on the TTS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Majid Akhtar
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Imperial College and King's College, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Victoria L Cammann
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Christian Templin
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Jelena R Ghadri
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Imperial College and King's College, London SW3 6NP, UK
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8952, Switzerland
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3
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Romero-Martínez BS, Sommer B, Solís-Chagoyán H, Calixto E, Aquino-Gálvez A, Jaimez R, Gomez-Verjan JC, González-Avila G, Flores-Soto E, Montaño LM. Estrogenic Modulation of Ionic Channels, Pumps and Exchangers in Airway Smooth Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097879. [PMID: 37175587 PMCID: PMC10178541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To preserve ionic homeostasis (primarily Ca2+, K+, Na+, and Cl-), in the airway smooth muscle (ASM) numerous transporters (channels, exchangers, and pumps) regulate the influx and efflux of these ions. Many of intracellular processes depend on continuous ionic permeation, including exocytosis, contraction, metabolism, transcription, fecundation, proliferation, and apoptosis. These mechanisms are precisely regulated, for instance, through hormonal activity. The lipophilic nature of steroidal hormones allows their free transit into the cell where, in most cases, they occupy their cognate receptor to generate genomic actions. In the sense, estrogens can stimulate development, proliferation, migration, and survival of target cells, including in lung physiology. Non-genomic actions on the other hand do not imply estrogen's intracellular receptor occupation, nor do they initiate transcription and are mostly immediate to the stimulus. Among estrogen's non genomic responses regulation of calcium homeostasis and contraction and relaxation processes play paramount roles in ASM. On the other hand, disruption of calcium homeostasis has been closely associated with some ASM pathological mechanism. Thus, this paper intends to summarize the effects of estrogen on ionic handling proteins in ASM. The considerable diversity, range and power of estrogens regulates ionic homeostasis through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Romero-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Laboratorio de Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Neurociencia Cognitiva Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Calixto
- Departamento de Neurobiología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ruth Jaimez
- Laboratorio de Estrógenos y Hemostasis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan C Gomez-Verjan
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Ciudad de México 10200, Mexico
| | - Georgina González-Avila
- Laboratorio de Oncología Biomédica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Surget E, Faye NR, Marchant J, Cheniti G, Hocini M, Haissaguerre M. Burden of Purkinje ectopies associated with sex hormone levels. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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Couch LS, Channon K, Thum T. Molecular Mechanisms of Takotsubo Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12262. [PMID: 36293121 PMCID: PMC9603071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a severe but reversible acute heart failure syndrome that occurs following high catecholaminergic stress. TTS patients are similar to those with acute coronary syndrome, with chest pain, dyspnoea and ST segment changes on electrocardiogram, but are characterised by apical akinesia of the left ventricle, with basal hyperkinesia in the absence of culprit coronary artery stenosis. The pathophysiology of TTS is not completely understood and there is a paucity of evidence to guide treatment. The mechanisms of TTS are thought to involve catecholaminergic myocardial stunning, microvascular dysfunction, increased inflammation and changes in cardiomyocyte metabolism. Here, we summarise the available literature to focus on the molecular basis for the pathophysiology of TTS to advance the understanding of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam S. Couch
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Keith Channon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Yoshida K, Saucerman JJ, Holmes JW. Multiscale model of heart growth during pregnancy: integrating mechanical and hormonal signaling. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1267-1283. [PMID: 35668305 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy stands at the interface of mechanics and biology. The growing fetus continuously loads the maternal organs as circulating hormone levels surge, leading to significant changes in mechanical and hormonal cues during pregnancy. In response, maternal soft tissues undergo remarkable growth and remodeling to support the mother and baby for a healthy pregnancy. We focus on the maternal left ventricle, which increases its cardiac output and mass during pregnancy. This study develops a multiscale cardiac growth model for pregnancy to understand how mechanical and hormonal cues interact to drive this growth process. We coupled a cell signaling network model that predicts cell-level hypertrophy in response to hormones and stretch to a compartmental model of the rat heart and circulation that predicts organ-level growth in response to hemodynamic changes. We calibrated this multiscale model to data from experimental volume overload and hormonal infusions of angiotensin 2 (AngII), estrogen (E2), and progesterone (P4). We then validated the model's ability to capture interactions between inputs by comparing model predictions against published observations for the combinations of VO + E2 and AngII + E2. Finally, we simulated pregnancy-induced changes in hormones and hemodynamics to predict heart growth during pregnancy. Our model produced growth consistent with experimental data. Overall, our analysis suggests that the rise in P4 during the first half of gestation is an important contributor to heart growth during pregnancy. We conclude with suggestions for future experimental studies that will provide a better understanding of how hormonal and mechanical cues interact to drive pregnancy-induced heart growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yoshida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Dhanyalayam D, Thangavel H, Lizardo K, Oswal N, Dolgov E, Perlin DS, Nagajyothi JF. Sex Differences in Cardiac Pathology of SARS-CoV2 Infected and Trypanosoma cruzi Co-infected Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:783974. [PMID: 35369283 PMCID: PMC8965705 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.783974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; CoV2) is a deadly contagious infectious disease. For those who survive COVID-19, post-COVID cardiac damage greatly increases the risk of cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Currently, the number of COVID-related cases are increasing in Latin America, where a major COVID comorbidity is Chagas' heart disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, the interplay between indeterminate Chagas disease and COVID-19 is unknown. We investigated the effect of CoV2 infection on heart pathology in T. cruzi infected mice (coinfected with CoV2 during the indeterminate stage of T. cruzi infection). We used transgenic human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (huACE2/hACE2) mice infected with CoV2, T. cruzi, or coinfected with both in this study. We found that the viral load in the hearts of coinfected mice is lower compared to the hearts of mice infected with CoV2 alone. We demonstrated that CoV2 infection significantly alters cardiac immune and energy signaling via adiponectin (C-ApN) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Our studies also showed that increased β-adrenergic receptor (b-AR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play a major role in shifting the energy balance in the hearts of coinfected female mice from glycolysis to mitochondrial β-oxidation. Our findings suggest that cardiac metabolic signaling may differently regulate the pathogenesis of Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) in coinfected mice. We conclude that the C-ApN/AMPK and b-AR/PPAR downstream signaling may play major roles in determining the progression, severity, and phenotype of CCM and heart failure in the context of COVID.
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Adekunle AO, Adzika GK, Mprah R, Ndzie Noah ML, Adu-Amankwaah J, Rizvi R, Akhter N, Sun H. Predominance of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Postmenopausal Women: Intra- and Extra-Cardiomyocyte Maladaptive Alterations Scaffolded by Estrogen Deficiency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685996. [PMID: 34660569 PMCID: PMC8511782 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains a public health concern as it is associated with high morbidity and death rates. In particular, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represents the dominant (>50%) form of HF and mostly occurring among postmenopausal women. Hence, the initiation and progression of the left ventricular diastolic dysfunctions (LVDD) (a typically clinical manifestation of HFpEF) in postmenopausal women have been attributed to estrogen deficiency and the loss of its residue cardioprotective effects. In this review, from a pathophysiological and immunological standpoint, we discuss the probable multiple pathomechanisms resulting in HFpEF, which are facilitated by estrogen deficiency. The initial discussions recap estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) and β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) signaling under physiological/pathological states to facilitate cardiac function/dysfunction, respectively. By reconciling these prior discussions, attempts were made to explain how the loss of estrogen facilitates the disruptions both ERs and βARs-mediated signaling responsible for; the modulation of intra-cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis, maintenance of cardiomyocyte cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix, the adaptive regulation of coronary microvascular endothelial functions and myocardial inflammatory responses. By scaffolding the disruption of these crucial intra- and extra-cardiomyocyte physiological functions, estrogen deficiency has been demonstrated to cause LVDD and increase the incidence of HFpEF in postmenopausal women. Finally, updates on the advancements in treatment interventions for the prevention of HFpEF were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Mprah
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Nazma Akhter
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Role of β-Adrenergic Receptors and Estrogen in Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Infarction: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168957. [PMID: 34445662 PMCID: PMC8396463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with an intense inflammatory response that is critical for cardiac repair but is also involved in the pathogenesis of adverse cardiac remodeling, i.e., the set of size, geometry, and structure changes that represent the structural substrate for the development of post-MI heart failure. Deciphering the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiac repair after MI is, therefore, critical to favorably regulate cardiac wound repair and to prevent development of heart failure. Catecholamines and estrogen play an active role in regulating the inflammatory response in the infarcted area. For example, stress-induced catecholamines alter recruitment and trafficking of leukocytes to the heart. Additionally, estrogen affects rate of cardiac rupture during the acute phase of MI, as well as infarct size and survival in animal models of MI. In this review, we will summarize the role of β-adrenergic receptors and estrogen in cardiac repair after infarction in preclinical studies.
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Cardioprotective effects of severe calorie restriction from birth in adult ovariectomized rats. Life Sci 2021; 275:119411. [PMID: 33774029 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Menopause is a female condition induced by a reduction of ovarian hormone and is related to an increase in cardiovascular diseases in women. We have shown that severe calorie restriction (SCR) from birth reduces the cardiometabolic risk in adult male Wistar rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of SCR from birth to adulthood on cardiovascular function of ovariectomized rats. MAIN METHODS From birth to adulthood, rats were daily fed ad libitum (control group - C) or with 50% of the amount consumed by the control group (calorie-restricted group - R). At 90 days, half of the rats in each group underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), totaling 4 groups: C-Sham, C-OVX, R-Sham, R-OVX. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR) and, double product (DP) index were recorded by tail-cuff plethysmography. Cardiac function was analyzed by the Langendorff technique and cardiomyocyte diameter was accessed by histologic analysis. Additionally, cardiac SERCA2 content and redox status were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS C-OVX rats exhibited reduced cardiac function and cardiac non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC). R-Sham animals showed reduced SBP, DP, HR, improved cardiac function, reduced cardiac protein carbonyl derivatives and increased TAC, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities. R-OVX rats maintained reduced SBP, DP, HR, and increased contractility and relaxation indexes. R-Sham and R-OVX rats exhibited preserved heart mass and reduced cardiomyocyte diameter. Cardiac SERCA2 content did not differ between the groups. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our findings show cardioprotective effects of SCR from birth in adult ovariectomized rats.
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Pecha S, Geelhoed B, Kempe R, Berk E, Engel A, Girdauskas E, Reichenspurner H, Ravens U, Kaumann A, Eschenhagen T, Schnabel RB, Christ T. No impact of sex and age on beta-adrenoceptor-mediated inotropy in human right atrial trabeculae. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13564. [PMID: 33002334 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is an increasing awareness of the impact of age and sex on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Differences in physiology are suspected. Beta-adrenoceptors (beta-ARs) are an important drug target in CVD and potential differences might have significant impact on the treatment of many patients. To investigate whether age and sex affects beta-AR function, we analysed a large data set on beta-AR-induced inotropy in human atrial trabeculae. METHODS We performed multivariable analysis of individual atrial contractility data from trabeculae obtained during heart surgery of patients in sinus rhythm (535 trabeculae from 165 patients). Noradrenaline or adrenaline were used in the presence of the beta2 -selective antagonist (ICI 118 551, 50 nmol/L) or the beta1 -selective antagonist (CGP 20712A, 300 nmol/L) to stimulate beta1 -AR or beta2 -AR respectively. Agonist concentration required to achieve half-maximum inotropic effects (EC50 ) was taken as a measure of beta-AR sensitivity. RESULTS Impact of clinical variables was modelled using multivariable mixed model regression. As previously reported, chronic treatment with beta-blockers sensitized beta-AR. However, there was no significant interaction between basal force, maximum force and beta-AR sensitivity when age and sex were modelled continuously. In addition, there was no statistically significant effect of body mass index or diabetes on atrial contractility. CONCLUSION Our large, multivariable analysis shows that neither age nor sex affects beta-AR-mediated inotropy or catecholamine sensitivity in human atrial trabeculae. These findings may have important clinical implications because beta-ARs, as a common drug target in CVD and heart failure, do not behave differently in women and men across age decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pecha
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Hamburg Germany
| | - Bastiaan Geelhoed
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Hamburg Germany
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg Germany
| | - Romy Kempe
- Department of Pharmacology Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany
| | - Emanuel Berk
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- Department of Pharmacology Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine St. Joseph‐Stift Hospital Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Engel
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- Department of Pharmacology Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany
| | - Evaldas Girdauskas
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Hamburg Germany
| | - Hermann Reichenspurner
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Hamburg Germany
| | - Ursula Ravens
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine University Heart Center Freiburg‐Bad KrozingenUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Alberto Kaumann
- Department of Pharmacology University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Hamburg Germany
| | - Renate B. Schnabel
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Hamburg Germany
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Hamburg Germany
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Pang Y, Thomas P. Involvement of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+-ATPase (SERCA) in mPRα (PAQR7)-mediated progesterone induction of vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E453-E466. [PMID: 33427050 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00359.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone acts directly on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through activation of membrane progesterone receptor α (mPRα)-dependent signaling to rapidly decrease cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations and induce muscle relaxation. However, it is not known whether this progesterone action involves uptake of Ca2+ by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR) and increased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity. The present results show that treatment of cultured human VSMCs with progesterone and the selective mPR agonist Org OD-02-0 (OD 02-0) but not with the nuclear PR agonist R5020 increased SERCA protein expression, which was blocked by knockdown of mPRα with siRNA. Moreover, treatments with progesterone and OD 02-0, but not with R5020, increased phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation, which would result in disinhibition of SERCA function. Progesterone and OD 02-0 significantly increased Ca2+ levels in the SR and caused VSMC relaxation. These effects were blocked by pretreatment with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a SERCA inhibitor, and by knockdown of SERCA2 with siRNA, suggesting that SERCA2 plays a critical role in progesterone induction of VSMC relaxation. Treatment with inhibitors of inhibitory G proteins (Gi, NF023), MAP kinase (AZD 6244), Akt/Pi3k (wortmannin), and a Rho activator (calpeptin) blocked the progesterone- and OD 02-0-induced increase in Ca2+ levels in the SR and SERCA expressions. These results suggest that the rapid effects of progesterone on cytosolic Ca2+ levels and relaxation of VSMCs through mPRα involve regulation of the functions of SERCA2 and PLB through Gi, MAP kinase, and Akt signaling pathways and downregulation of RhoA activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The rapid effects of progesterone on cytosolic Ca2+ levels and relaxation of VSMCs through mPRα involve regulation of the functions of SERCA2 and PLB through Gi, MAP kinase, and Akt signaling pathways and downregulation of RhoA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Pang
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas
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13
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Costa S, Saguner AM, Gasperetti A, Akdis D, Brunckhorst C, Duru F. The Link Between Sex Hormones and Susceptibility to Cardiac Arrhythmias: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Implications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:644279. [PMID: 33681311 PMCID: PMC7925388 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.644279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that gender is an independent risk factor for some types of cardiac arrhythmias. For example, males have a greater prevalence of atrial fibrillation and the Brugada Syndrome. In contrast, females are at increased risk for the Long QT Syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of these gender differences have not been fully identified. Recently, there has been accumulating evidence indicating that sex hormones may have a significant impact on the cardiac rhythm. In this review, we describe in-depth the molecular interactions between sex hormones and the cardiac ion channels, as well as the clinical implications of these interactions on the cardiac conduction system, in order to understand the link between these hormones and the susceptibility to arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Costa
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ardan M Saguner
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Gasperetti
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deniz Akdis
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corinna Brunckhorst
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Firat Duru
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Long V, Fiset C. Contribution of estrogen to the pregnancy-induced increase in cardiac automaticity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 147:27-34. [PMID: 32798536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heart rate progressively increases throughout pregnancy, reaching a maximum in the third trimester. This elevated heart rate is also present in pregnant mice and is associated with accelerated automaticity, higher density of the pacemaker current If and changes in Ca2+ homeostasis in sinoatrial node (SAN) cells. Strong evidence has also been provided showing that 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrogen receptor α (ERα) regulate heart rate. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether E2 levels found in late pregnancy cause the increased cardiac automaticity associated with pregnancy. METHODS AND RESULTS Voltage- and current-clamp experiments were carried out on SAN cells isolated from female mice lacking estrogen receptor alpha (ERKOα) or beta (ERKOβ) receiving chronic E2 treatment mimicking late pregnancy concentrations. E2 treatment significantly increased the action potential rate (284 ± 24 bpm, +E2 354 ± 23 bpm, p = 0.040) and the density of If (+52%) in SAN cells from ERKOβ mice. However, If density remains unchanged in SAN cells from E2-treated ERKOα mice. Additionally, E2 also increased If density (+67%) in nodal-like human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (N-hiPSC-CM), recapitulating in a human SAN cell model the effect produced in mice. However, the L-type calcium current (ICaL) and Ca2+ transients, examined using N-hiPSC-CM and SAN cells respectively, were not affected by E2, indicating that other mechanisms contribute to changes observed in these parameters during pregnancy. CONCLUSION The accelerated SAN automaticity observed in E2-treated ERKOβ mice is explained by an increased If density mediated by ERα, demonstrating that E2 plays a major role in regulating SAN function during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Long
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger, Montréal H1T 1C8, Québec, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Céline Fiset
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Bélanger, Montréal H1T 1C8, Québec, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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15
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Manrique-Acevedo C, Chinnakotla B, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA, Gozal D. Obesity and cardiovascular disease in women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1210-1226. [PMID: 32066824 PMCID: PMC7478041 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity continues to grow worldwide, the health and financial burden of obesity-related comorbidities grows too. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is clearly associated with increased adiposity. Importantly, women are at higher risk of CVD when obese and insulin resistant, in particular at higher risk of developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and ischemic heart disease. Increased aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor activation, aberrant estrogenic signaling and elevated levels of androgens are among some of the proposed mechanisms explaining the heightened CVD risk. In addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, understanding nontraditional risk factors specific to women, like excess weight gain during pregnancy, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and menopause are central to designing personalized interventions aimed to curb the epidemic of CVD. In the present review, we examine the available evidence supporting a differential cardiovascular impact of increased adiposity in women compared with men and the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms behind these differences. We also discuss women-specific cardiovascular risk factors associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bhavana Chinnakotla
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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16
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Jiao L, Machuki JO, Wu Q, Shi M, Fu L, Adekunle AO, Tao X, Xu C, Hu X, Yin Z, Sun H. Estrogen and calcium handling proteins: new discoveries and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H820-H829. [PMID: 32083972 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00734.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency is considered to be an important factor leading to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Indeed, the prevalence of CVDs in postmenopausal women exceeds that of premenopausal women and men of the same age. Recent research findings provide evidence that estrogen plays a pivotal role in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and therefore fine-tunes normal cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation processes. Disruption of calcium homeostasis is closely associated with the pathological mechanism of CVDs. Thus, this paper maps out and summarizes the effects and mechanisms of estrogen on calcium handling proteins in cardiac myocytes, including L-type Ca2+ channel, the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel named ryanodine receptor, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, and sodium-calcium exchanger. In so doing, we provide theoretical and experimental evidence for the successful design of estrogen-based prevention and treatment therapies for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Qi Wu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingjin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Xi Tao
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xide Hu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeyuan Yin
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Zügel M, Wehrstein F, Qiu S, Diel P, Steinacker JM, Schumann U. Moderate intensity continuous training reverses the detrimental effects of ovariectomy on RyR1 phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 481:1-7. [PMID: 30465874 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High 17β-Estradiol (E2) concentrations in isolated ventricular myocytes as well as a lack of ovarian hormones in cardiac muscle of ovariectomized (OVX) rodents has been shown to lead to arrhythmogenic effects by inducing post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel ryanodine receptor-2 (RyR2). The effects of estrogens on the phosphorylation status of the RyR1 in skeletal muscle have not been investigated before. Furthermore, while high intensity exercise has been shown to increase RyR phosphorylation, there is no data on the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT). The aims of the study were to investigate the effects of a 3-day treatment with low (1 nM, moderate (5 nM) and high (10 nM, 100 nM) E2 concentrations on RyR1 mRNA and protein expression and phosphorylation status (pRyRSer2844) in cultured C2C12 myotubes and to study the effects of OVX on RyR1 expression and phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle in combination with 3 weeks of MICT. Treatment with low, physiological E2 concentrations reduced dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and RyR1 mRNA content in C2C12 myotubes compared to untreated control cells, whereas RyR1 protein phosphorylation (pRyRSer2844) was significantly increased after treatment with high, non-physiological E2 concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). RyR1 protein content (p ≤ 0.05) and pRyRSer2844 (p ≤ 0.05) were significantly elevated in skeletal muscle of OVX vs. sham-operated rats. Importantly, pRyRSer2844 levels were similar to sham-operated controls in OVX rats after MICT (OVX vs. OVX + MICT, p ≤ 0.05). Our results indicate, that one of the actions of estrogens is to alter skeletal muscle Ca2+ homeostasis by modulating the expression and phosphorylation of the RyR1 in skeletal muscle. Notably, regular MICT was able to counteract RyR1 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zügel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - F Wehrstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Nanjing, China
| | - P Diel
- Department of Sports Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Germany
| | - J M Steinacker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - U Schumann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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18
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Mahmoodzadeh S, Dworatzek E. The Role of 17β-Estradiol and Estrogen Receptors in Regulation of Ca 2+ Channels and Mitochondrial Function in Cardiomyocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:310. [PMID: 31156557 PMCID: PMC6529529 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies showed that cardiac function and manifestation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are different between males and females. The underlying reasons for these sex differences are definitely multifactorial, but major evidence points to a causal role of the sex steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) and its receptors (ER) in the physiology and pathophysiology of the heart. Interestingly, it has been shown that cardiac calcium (Ca2+) ion channels and mitochondrial function are regulated in a sex-specific manner. Accurate mitochondrial function and Ca2+ signaling are of utmost importance for adequate heart function and crucial to maintaining the cardiovascular health. Due to the highly sensitive nature of these processes in the heart, this review article highlights the current knowledge regarding sex dimorphisms in the heart implicating the importance of E2 and ERs in the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial function and Ca2+ ion channels, thus the contractility. In particular, we provide an overview of in-vitro and in-vivo studies using either E2 deficiency; ER deficiency or selective ER activation, which suggest that E2 and ERs are strongly involved in these processes. In this context, this review also discusses the divergent E2-responses resulting from the activation of different ER subtypes in these processes. Detailed understanding of the E2 and ER-mediated molecular and cellular mechanisms in the heart under physiological and pathological conditions may help to design more specifically targeted drugs for the management of CVDs in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Molecular Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
| | - Elke Dworatzek
- Department of Molecular Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Groban L, Tran QK, Ferrario CM, Sun X, Cheng CP, Kitzman DW, Wang H, Lindsey SH. Female Heart Health: Is GPER the Missing Link? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:919. [PMID: 31993020 PMCID: PMC6970950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) is a novel membrane-bound receptor that mediates non-genomic actions of the primary female sex hormone 17β-estradiol. Studies over the past two decades have elucidated the beneficial actions of this receptor in a number of cardiometabolic diseases. This review will focus specifically on the cardiac actions of GPER, since this receptor is expressed in cardiomyocytes as well as other cells within the heart and most likely contributes to estrogen-induced cardioprotection. Studies outlining the impact of GPER on diastolic function, mitochondrial function, left ventricular stiffness, calcium dynamics, cardiac inflammation, and aortic distensibility are discussed. In addition, recent data using genetic mouse models with global or cardiomyocyte-specific GPER gene deletion are highlighted. Since estrogen loss due to menopause in combination with chronological aging contributes to unique aspects of cardiac dysfunction in women, this receptor may provide novel therapeutic effects. While clinical studies are still required to fully understand the potential for pharmacological targeting of this receptor in postmenopausal women, this review will summarize the evidence gathered thus far on its likely beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Leanne Groban
| | - Quang-Kim Tran
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, United States
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Dalane W. Kitzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Sarah H. Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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20
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Machuki J, Zhang H, Harding S, Sun H. Molecular pathways of oestrogen receptors and β-adrenergic receptors in cardiac cells: Recognition of their similarities, interactions and therapeutic value. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28994249 PMCID: PMC5813217 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptors (ERs) and β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) play important roles in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, these receptors are expressed in cardiac myocytes and vascular tissues. Numerous experimental observations support the hypothesis that similarities and interactions exist between the signalling pathways of ERs (ERα, ERβ and GPR30) and βARs (β1 AR, β2 AR and β3 AR). The recently discovered oestrogen receptor GPR30 shares structural features with the βARs, and this forms the basis for the interactions and functional overlap. GPR30 possesses protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation sites and PDZ binding motifs and interacts with A-kinase anchoring protein 5 (AKAP5), all of which enable its interaction with the βAR pathways. The interactions between ERs and βARs occur downstream of the G-protein-coupled receptor, through the Gαs and Gαi proteins. This review presents an up-to-date description of ERs and βARs and demonstrates functional synergism and interactions among these receptors in cardiac cells. We explore their signalling cascades and the mechanisms that orchestrate their interactions and propose new perspectives on the signalling patterns for the GPR30 based on its structural resemblance to the βARs. In addition, we explore the relevance of these interactions to cell physiology, drugs (especially β-blockers and calcium channel blockers) and cardioprotection. Furthermore, a receptor-independent mechanism for oestrogen and its influence on the expression of βARs and calcium-handling proteins are discussed. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic avenues that can be derived from the shared pathways, especially the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.O. Machuki
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - H.Y. Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - S.E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - H. Sun
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
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21
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Tsai CY, Kuo WW, Shibu MA, Lin YM, Liu CN, Chen YH, Day CH, Shen CY, Viswanadha VP, Huang CY. E2/ER β inhibit ISO-induced cardiac cellular hypertrophy by suppressing Ca2+-calcineurin signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184153. [PMID: 28863192 PMCID: PMC5580914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular incidences are markedly higher in men than in pre-menstrual women. However, this advantage in women declines with aging and therefore can be correlated with the sex hormone 17β-Estradiol (E2) which is reported to protect heart cells by acting though estrogen receptors (ERs). In this study we have determined the effect of E2/ERβ against ISO induced cellular hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. The results confirm that ISO induced cardiac-hypertrophy by elevating the levels of hypertrophy associated proteins, ANP and BNP and further by upregulating p-CaMKII, calcineurin, p-GATA4 and NFATc3 which was correlated with a significant enlargement of the H9c2 cardiomyoblast. However, overexpression of ERβ and/or administration of E2 inhibited ISO-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. In addition, E2/ERβ also inhibited ISO-induced NFATc3 translocation, and reduced the protein level of downstream marker, BNP. Furthermore, by testing with the calcineurin inhibitor (CsA), it was confirmed that calcineurin acted as a key mediator for the anti-hypertrophic effect of E2/ERβ. In cells treated with calcium blocker (BATPA), the inhibitory effect of E2/ERβ on ISO-induced Ca2+ influx and hypertrophic effects were totally blocked suggesting that E2/ERβ inhibited calcineurin activity to activate I-1 protein and suppress PP1, then induce PLB protein phosphorylation and activation, resulting in Ca2+ reuptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum through SR Ca2+ cycling modification. In conclusion, E2/ERβ suppresses the Ca2+ influx and calcineurin activity induced by ISO to enhance the PLB protein activity and SR Ca2+ cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Yueh-Min Lin
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Nam Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Chen
- Department of M-Commerce and Multimedia Applications, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Yao Shen
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Yang HY, Firth JM, Francis AJ, Alvarez-Laviada A, MacLeod KT. Effect of ovariectomy on intracellular Ca 2+ regulation in guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H1031-H1043. [PMID: 28778911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00249.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study addressed the hypothesis that long-term deficiency of ovarian hormones after ovariectomy (OVx) alters cellular Ca2+-handling mechanisms in the heart, resulting in the formation of a proarrhythmic substrate. It also tested whether estrogen supplementation to OVx animals reverses any alterations to cardiac Ca2+ handling and rescues proarrhythmic behavior. OVx or sham operations were performed on female guinea pigs using appropriate anesthetic and analgesic regimes. Pellets containing 17β-estradiol (1 mg, 60-day release) were placed subcutaneously in selected OVx animals (OVx + E). Cardiac myocytes were enzymatically isolated, and electrophysiological measurements were conducted with a switch-clamp system. In fluo-4-loaded cells, Ca2+ transients were 20% larger, and fractional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release was 7% greater in the OVx group compared with the sham group. Peak L-type Ca2+ current was 16% larger in OVx myocytes with channel inactivation shifting to more positive membrane potentials, creating a larger "window" current. SR Ca2+ stores were 22% greater in the OVx group, and these cells showed a higher frequency of Ca2+ sparks and waves and shorter wave-free intervals. OVx myocytes showed higher frequencies of early afterdepolarizations, and a greater percentage of these cells showed delayed afterdepolarizations after exposure to isoprenaline compared with sham myocytes. The altered Ca2+ regulation occurring in the OVx group was not observed in the OVx + E group. These findings suggest that long-term deprivation of ovarian hormones in guinea pigs lead to changes in myocyte Ca2+-handling mechanisms that are considered proarrhythmogenic. 17β-Estradiol replacement prevented these adverse effects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ovariectomized guinea pig cardiomyocytes have higher frequencies of Ca2+ waves, and isoprenaline-challenged cells display more early afterdepolarizations, delayed afterdepolarizations, and extra beats compared with sham myocytes. These alterations to Ca2+ regulation were not observed in myocytes from ovariectomized guinea pigs supplemented with 17β-estradiol, suggesting that ovarian hormone deficiency modifies cardiac Ca2+ regulation, potentially creating proarrhythmic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Yang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defence Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jahn M Firth
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alice J Francis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anita Alvarez-Laviada
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kenneth T MacLeod
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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23
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Katsi V, Georgiopoulos G, Marketou M, Oikonomou D, Parthenakis F, Makris T, Nihoyannopoulos P, Vardas P, Tousoulis D. Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy: a growing challenge. Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:1497-1504. [PMID: 28498066 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1330257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) constitutes a relatively infrequent pregnancy complication, which may be a therapeutic Gordian knot. Indeed, sparse data exist regarding the prevalence, prognosis, and management of AF during pregnancy. In general, AF occurs as a benign, self-limited arrhythmia, but occasionally may have severe hemodynamic consequences in pregnant patients suffering from heart failure, congenital heart disease, or other comorbidities. Extra-cardiac causes of AF should always be meticulously excluded. REVIEW Treatment decisions are difficult, since medications may cross the placental barrier and potentially affect fetal growth and organogenesis, or even result in fetal bradyarrhythmias. Treatment goals are not differentiated in comparison to those regarding AF occurring in the general population. Still, while maternal treatment is prioritized, issues regarding fetal health must deliberately be considered. Consequently, hemodynamic instability is to be promptly treated with synchronized electrical cardioversion. In contrast, in stable patients, pharmacologic cardioversion, under appropriate antithrombotic regimen, should be attempted. Selection of appropriate antithrombotic therapy, including novel oral anticoagulants, imposes further difficulties on therapeutic decision-making. Further clinical trials are warranted in order to assess the pathophysiology and prognosis of AF in pregnancy and ameliorate the evidence-based therapeutic strategy in this specific group of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Katsi
- a First Department of Cardiology , Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- a First Department of Cardiology , Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Marketou
- b Cardiology Department , Heraklion University Hospital , Crete , Greece
| | - Dimitrios Oikonomou
- a First Department of Cardiology , Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Thomas Makris
- c Cardiology Department , Helena Venizelou Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Petros Nihoyannopoulos
- a First Department of Cardiology , Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - P Vardas
- b Cardiology Department , Heraklion University Hospital , Crete , Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- a First Department of Cardiology , Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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24
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu S, Wang W, Chen X, Jiang H, Li J, Wang K, Bai W, Zhang H, Qin L. Effects of oestrogen andCimicifuga racemosaon the cardiac noradrenaline pathway of ovariectomized rats. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:974-984. [PMID: 28590038 DOI: 10.1113/ep086285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing 100044 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Stomatology; General Hospital of Armed Police; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Peking University First Hospital; 100034 Beijing China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Junlei Li
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing 100044 China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Wenpei Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shijitan Hospital; Beijing 100038 China
| | - Haicheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing 100044 China
| | - Lihua Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
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E2/ER β Enhances Calcineurin Protein Degradation and PI3K/Akt/MDM2 Signal Transduction to Inhibit ISO-Induced Myocardial Cell Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040892. [PMID: 28441761 PMCID: PMC5412471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of multifunctional estrogen and its receptor has been widely considered as the reason for markedly higher frequency of heart disease in men than in women. 17β-Estradiol (E2), for instance, has been reported to prevent development of cardiac apoptosis via activation of estrogen receptors (ERs). In addition, protein phosphatase such as protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and calcineurin (PP2B) are also involved in cardiac hypertrophy and cell apoptosis signaling. However, the mechanism by which E2/ERβ suppresses apoptosis is not fully understood, and the role of protein phosphatase in E2/ERβ action also needs further investigation. In this study, we observed that E2/ERβ inhibited isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial cell apoptosis, cytochrome c release and downstream apoptotic markers. Moreover, we found that E2/ERβ blocks ISO-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells through the enhancement of calcineurin protein degradation through PI3K/Akt/MDM2 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that supplementation with estrogen and/or overexpression of estrogen receptor β gene may prove to be effective means to treat stress-induced myocardial damage.
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Hormones and sex differences: changes in cardiac electrophysiology with pregnancy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:747-59. [PMID: 27128800 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of cardiac electrical activity resulting in palpitations and syncope is often an early symptom of pregnancy. Pregnancy is a time of dramatic and dynamic physiological and hormonal changes during which numerous demands are placed on the heart. These changes result in electrical remodelling which can be detected as changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG). This gestational remodelling is a very under-researched area. There are no systematic large studies powered to determine changes in the ECG from pre-pregnancy, through gestation, and into the postpartum period. The large variability between patients and the dynamic nature of pregnancy hampers interpretation of smaller studies, but some facts are consistent. Gestational cardiac hypertrophy and a physical shift of the heart contribute to changes in the ECG. There are also electrical changes such as an increased heart rate and lengthening of the QT interval. There is an increased susceptibility to arrhythmias during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Some changes in the ECG are clearly the result of changes in ion channel expression and behaviour, but little is known about the ionic basis for this electrical remodelling. Most information comes from animal models, and implicates changes in the delayed-rectifier channels. However, it is likely that there are additional roles for sodium channels as well as changes in calcium homoeostasis. The changes in the electrical profile of the heart during pregnancy and the postpartum period have clear implications for the safety of pregnant women, but the field remains relatively undeveloped.
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The selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) raloxifene and tamoxifen improve ANP levels and decrease nuclear translocation of NF-kB in estrogen-deficient rats. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:798-805. [PMID: 28591668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) raloxifene and tamoxifen are used for the treatment of osteoporosis and cancer, respectively, in women. The impairment of both the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) cell signaling system and the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) to the cell nucleus are associated with detrimental cardiovascular effects and inflammation. The effects of SERMs on these parameters in the cardiac tissue of estrogen-deficient rats has not been reported. METHODS We investigated the effects of raloxifene and tamoxifen on ANP signaling, p65 NF-kB nuclear translocation, cardiac histology and contractility. Female rats were divided into five groups: control (SHAM), ovariectomized (OVX), OVX-treated 17-β-estradiol (E), OVX-treated raloxifene (RLX) and OVX-treated tamoxifen (TAM). The treatments started 21days after ovariectomy and continued for 14days. RESULTS Ovariectomy reduced ANP mRNA in the left atrium (LA), decreased the content of ANP protein in the LA and in plasma, and increased the level of p65 NF-kB nuclear translocation in the left ventricle. Both 17-β-estradiol and SERMs were able to reverse these alterations, which were induced by the estrogen deficient state. The hemodynamic and cardiac structural parameters analyzed in the present work were not modified by the interventions. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates, for the first time, the additional benefits of raloxifene and tamoxifen in an estrogen-deficient state. These include the normalization of plasmatic and cardiac ANP levels and cardiac p65 NF-kB translocation. Therefore, these treatments promote cardiovascular protection and may contribute to the prevention of cardiac dysfunction observed long-term in postmenopausal women.
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Regitz-Zagrosek V, Kararigas G. Mechanistic Pathways of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1-37. [PMID: 27807199 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as coronary artery disease, pressure overload, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Corresponding sex differences have been studied in a number of animal models, and mechanistic investigations have been undertaken to analyze the observed sex differences. We summarize the biological mechanisms of sex differences in CVD focusing on three main areas, i.e., genetic mechanisms, epigenetic mechanisms, as well as sex hormones and their receptors. We discuss relevant subtypes of sex hormone receptors, as well as genomic and nongenomic, activational and organizational effects of sex hormones. We describe the interaction of sex hormones with intracellular signaling relevant for cardiovascular cells and the cardiovascular system. Sex, sex hormones, and their receptors may affect a number of cellular processes by their synergistic action on multiple targets. We discuss in detail sex differences in organelle function and in biological processes. We conclude that there is a need for a more detailed understanding of sex differences and their underlying mechanisms, which holds the potential to design new drugs that target sex-specific cardiovascular mechanisms and affect phenotypes. The comparison of both sexes may lead to the identification of protective or maladaptive mechanisms in one sex that could serve as a novel therapeutic target in one sex or in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Institute of Gender in Medicine & Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite University Hospital, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Institute of Gender in Medicine & Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite University Hospital, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
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29
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Blenck CL, Harvey PA, Reckelhoff JF, Leinwand LA. The Importance of Biological Sex and Estrogen in Rodent Models of Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Circ Res 2016; 118:1294-312. [PMID: 27081111 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nearly one-third of deaths in the United States are caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD) each year. In the past, CVD was thought to mainly affect men, leading to the exclusion of women and female animals from clinical studies and preclinical research. In light of sexual dimorphisms in CVD, a need exists to examine baseline cardiac differences in humans and the animals used to model CVD. In humans, sex differences are apparent at every level of cardiovascular physiology from action potential duration and mitochondrial energetics to cardiac myocyte and whole-heart contractile function. Biological sex is an important modifier of the development of CVD with younger women generally being protected, but this cardioprotection is lost later in life, suggesting a role for estrogen. Although endogenous estrogen is most likely a mediator of the observed functional differences in both health and disease, the signaling mechanisms involved are complex and are not yet fully understood. To investigate how sex modulates CVD development, animal models are essential tools and should be useful in the development of therapeutics. This review will focus on describing the cardiovascular sexual dimorphisms that exist both physiologically and in common animal models of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L Blenck
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology & BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder (C.L.B., P.A.H., L.A.L.); and Women's Health Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.)
| | - Pamela A Harvey
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology & BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder (C.L.B., P.A.H., L.A.L.); and Women's Health Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.)
| | - Jane F Reckelhoff
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology & BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder (C.L.B., P.A.H., L.A.L.); and Women's Health Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.)
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- From the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology & BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder (C.L.B., P.A.H., L.A.L.); and Women's Health Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (J.F.R.).
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30
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Zhu B, Liu K, Yang C, Qiao Y, Li Z. Gender-related differences in β-adrenergic receptor-mediated cardiac remodeling. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1349-1355. [PMID: 27733054 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is the pathological basis of various cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we found gender-related differences in β-adrenergic receptor (AR)-mediated pathological cardiac remodeling. Cardiac remodeling model was established by subcutaneous injection of isoprenaline (ISO) for 14 days. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and echocardiography were obtained on 7th and 14th days during ISO administration. Myocardial cross-sectional area and the ratio of heart mass to tibia length (HM/TL) were detected to assess cardiac hypertrophy. Picro-Sirius red staining (picric acid + Sirius red F3B) was used to evaluate cardiac fibrosis. Myocardial capillary density was assessed by immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor. Further, real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of β1-AR and β2-AR. Results showed that ISO induced cardiac remodeling, the extent of which was different between female and male mice. The extent of increase in cardiac wall thickness, myocardial cross-sectional area, and collagen deposition in females was less than that in males. However, no gender-related difference was observed in HR, MAP, cardiac function, and myocardial capillary density. The distinctive decrease of β2-AR expression, rather than a decrease of β1-AR expression, seemed to result in gender-related differences in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Depressed calcium cycling contributes to lower ischemia tolerance in hearts of estrogen-deficient rats. Menopause 2016; 22:773-82. [PMID: 25513985 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogens enhance ischemia tolerance (IT) in the myocardium, the mechanism of which remains unclear. We investigated the effects of long-term estrogen deprivation on the intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)(i)) transient of the heart and its possible influence on IT. METHODS Hearts of ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (control) adult female rats (some receiving estrogen therapy) were studied 10 weeks after surgical operation: control (n = 8), OVX (n = 10), sham-operated estrogen-substituted (n = 7), and ovariectomized estrogen-substituted (n = 9). In vivo heart function was assessed by echocardiography, whereas Ca(2+)(i) transients were recorded, concomitantly with left ventricular pressure and coronary flow, by Indo-1 surface fluorometry in isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts. Isolated hearts were subjected to a 30-minute global ischemia-30-minute reperfusion protocol. Left ventricular expression of myocardial sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a), phospholamban (PLB), and Ser16-phosphorylated PLB was measured. RESULTS Ovariectomy did not influence resting cardiac function in vivo or ex vivo. However, Ca(2+) removal was slower. During ischemia, Ca(2+)(i) elevation and ischemic contracture were more pronounced after ovariectomy. Postischemic restitution of inotropic function (developed pressure; +dP/dt(max)) and lusitropic function (-dP/dt(max)) and Ca(2+)(i) transient recovery (amplitude; ±dCa(2+)(i)/dt(max)) were decreased in OVX hearts. Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase expression was unaltered, whereas PLB and Ser16-phosphorylated PLB levels were higher after ovariectomy. All effects of ovariectomy were restored by estrogen therapy. CONCLUSIONS Ovariectomy impairs myocardial Ca(2+) removal by increasing the expression of the SERCA2a inhibitor PLB. Defective Ca(2+) transport causes ischemic Ca(2+)(i) overload and insufficient postischemic recovery of Ca(2+)(i) transients, which entail depressed hemodynamic restitution. Protection of intact Ca(2+) cycling in the myocardium by estrogens plays a major role in enhancing IT.
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32
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Hill BJF, Muldrew E. Oestrogen upregulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase pump in coronary arteries. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 41:430-6. [PMID: 24684418 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of circulating plasma 17β-oestradiol (E2) is beneficial in women against abnormal vascular tone development, such as coronary arterial vasospasms. Several vascular diseases have demonstrated that increased expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase pump (SERCA2b) serves to limit the excessive accumulation of intracellular Ca(2+) . Therefore, the hypothesis of the present study was that E2 would increase SERCA2b expression in the coronary vasculature. Coronary arteries were dissected from hearts obtained from mature female pigs. Artery segments were cultured for 24 h in E2 (1 pmol/L or 1 nmol/L) and homogenized for western blot analysis. At 1 nmol/L, E2 induced an approximate 50% increase in immunoreactivity for SERCA2b. In addition, E2 increased the protein expression of the known SERCA regulatory proteins, protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase G (PKG). The E2-induced increase in SERCA2b was attenuated when the culture medium was supplemented with the oestrogen receptor (ER) α/β antagonist ICI 182,780 and the PKG antagonist KT5823 (10 μmol/L, 24 h for both). The PKA antagonist (KT5720; 10 μmol/L, 24 h) had no effect on SERCA2b expression. Removal of the endothelium (using a wooden toothpick) from artery segments prior to culture decreased the E2-mediated increase in SERCA2b and PKG expression by 45% and 47%, respectively. Overall, the findings suggest that one of the potential cardiovascular benefits of E2 in women is upregulation of SERCA2b, via activation of the classic ERα and ERβ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J F Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA
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Odening KE, Koren G. How do sex hormones modify arrhythmogenesis in long QT syndrome? Sex hormone effects on arrhythmogenic substrate and triggered activity. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11:2107-15. [PMID: 24954242 PMCID: PMC4394187 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in cardiac repolarization and the arrhythmogenic risk of patients with inherited and acquired long QT syndromes are well appreciated clinically. Enhancing our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these differences is critical to improve our therapeutic strategies for preventing sudden cardiac death in such patients. This review summarizes the effects of sex hormones on the expression and function of ion channels that control cardiac cell excitation and repolarization as well as key proteins that regulate Ca(2+) dynamics at the cellular level. Moreover, it examines the role of sex hormones in modifying the dynamic spatiotemporal (regional and transmural) heterogeneities in action potential duration (eg, the arrhythmogenic substrate) and the susceptibility to (sympathetic) triggered activity at the tissue, organ, and whole animal levels. Finally, it explores the implications of these effects on the management of patients with LQTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gideon Koren
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Nijenkamp LLAM, Güçlü A, Appelman Y, van der Velden J, Kuster DWD. Sex-dependent pathophysiological mechanisms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: implications for rhythm disorders. Heart Rhythm 2014; 12:433-9. [PMID: 25446151 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Differences in cardiac physiology are seen between men and women in terms of health and disease. Sex differences start to develop at puberty and are maintained during aging. The prevalence of almost all cardiovascular diseases is found to be higher in men than in women, and disease progression tends to be more rapid in male than in female patients. In cohorts of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common autosomal inherited cardiac disease, men are overrepresented, suggesting increased penetrance of HCM-causing mutations in male patients. Cardiac remodeling in patients with HCM is higher in men than in women, the same is seen in HCM animal models. Patients with HCM are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and developing rhythm disorders. There seems to be no sex effect on the risk of SCD or arrhythmias in patients with HCM; however, animal studies suggest that certain mutations predispose men to SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet Güçlü
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research; Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande Appelman
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research; ICIN - Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hoeker GS, Hood AR, Katra RP, Poelzing S, Pogwizd SM. Sex differences in β-adrenergic responsiveness of action potentials and intracellular calcium handling in isolated rabbit hearts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111411. [PMID: 25340795 PMCID: PMC4207827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioprotection in females, as observed in the setting of heart failure, has been attributed to sex differences in intracellular calcium handling and its modulation by β-adrenergic signaling. However, further studies examining sex differences in β-adrenergic responsiveness have yielded inconsistent results and have mostly been limited to studies of contractility, ion channel function, or calcium handling alone. Given the close interaction of the action potential (AP) and intracellular calcium transient (CaT) through the process of excitation-contraction coupling, the need for studies exploring the relationship between agonist-induced AP and calcium handling changes in female and male hearts is evident. Thus, the aim of this study was to use optical mapping to examine sex differences in ventricular APs and CaTs measured simultaneously from Langendorff-perfused hearts isolated from naïve adult rabbits during β-adrenergic stimulation. The non-selective β-agonist isoproterenol (Iso) decreased AP duration (APD90), CaT duration (CaD80), and the decay constant of the CaT (τ) in a dose-dependent manner (1–316.2 nM), with a plateau at doses ≥31.6 nM. The Iso-induced changes in APD90 and τ (but not CaD80) were significantly smaller in female than male hearts. These sex differences were more significant at faster (5.5 Hz) than resting rates (3 Hz). Treatment with Iso led to the development of spontaneous calcium release (SCR) with a dose threshold of 31.6 nM. While SCR occurrence was similar in female (49%) and male (53%) hearts, the associated ectopic beats had a lower frequency of occurrence (16% versus 40%) and higher threshold (100 nM versus 31.6 nM) in female than male hearts (p<0.05). In conclusion, female hearts had a decreased capacity to respond to β-adrenergic stimulation, particularly under conditions of increased demand (i.e. faster pacing rates and “maximal” levels of Iso effects), however this reduced β-adrenergic responsiveness of female hearts was associated with reduced arrhythmic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Hoeker
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ashleigh R. Hood
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rodolphe P. Katra
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Steven Poelzing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Pogwizd
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kalász J, Tóth EP, Bódi B, Fagyas M, Tóth A, Pal BH, Vari SG, Balog M, Blažetić S, Heffer M, Papp Z, Borbély A. Single acute stress-induced progesterone and ovariectomy alter cardiomyocyte contractile function in female rats. Croat Med J 2014; 55:239-49. [PMID: 24891282 PMCID: PMC4049214 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess how ovarian-derived sex hormones (in particular progesterone) modify the effects of single acute stress on the mechanical and biochemical properties of left ventricular cardiomyocytes in the rat. Methods Non-ovariectomized (control, n = 8) and ovariectomized (OVX, n = 8) female rats were kept under normal conditions or were exposed to stress (control-S, n = 8 and OVX-S, n = 8). Serum progesterone levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Left ventricular myocardial samples were used for isometric force measurements and protein analysis. Ca2+-dependent active force (Factive), Ca2+-independent passive force (Fpassive), and Ca2+-sensitivity of force production were determined in single, mechanically isolated, permeabilized cardiomyocytes. Stress- and ovariectomy-induced alterations in myofilament proteins (myosin-binding protein C [MyBP-C], troponin I [TnI], and titin) were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis using protein and phosphoprotein stainings. Results Serum progesterone levels were significantly increased in stressed rats (control-S, 35.6 ± 4.8 ng/mL and OVX-S, 21.9 ± 4.0 ng/mL) compared to control (10 ± 2.9 ng/mL) and OVX (2.8 ± 0.5 ng/mL) groups. Factive was higher in the OVX groups (OVX, 25.9 ± 3.4 kN/m2 and OVX-S, 26.3 ± 3.0 kN/m2) than in control groups (control, 16.4 ± 1.2 kN/m2 and control-S, 14.4 ± 0.9 kN/m2). Regarding the potential molecular mechanisms, Factive correlated with MyBP-C phosphorylation, while myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity inversely correlated with serum progesterone levels when the mean values were plotted for all animal groups. Fpassive was unaffected by any treatment. Conclusion Stress increases ovary-independent synthesis and release of progesterone, which may regulate Ca2+-sensitivity of force production in left ventricular cardiomyocytes. Stress and female hormones differently alter Ca2+-dependent cardiomyocyte contractile force production, which may have pathophysiological importance during stress conditions affecting postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Attila Borbély
- Attila Borbély, University of Debrecen, Institute of Cardiology, Division of Clinical Physiology, Móricz Zsigmond krt. 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary,
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Prabhavathi K, Selvi K, Poornima K, Sarvanan A. Role of biological sex in normal cardiac function and in its disease outcome - a review. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:BE01-4. [PMID: 25302188 PMCID: PMC4190707 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9635.4771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological sex plays an important role in normal cardiac physiology as well as in the heart's response to cardiac disease. Women generally have better cardiac function and survival than do men in the face of cardiac disease; however, this is progressively lost when comparing postmenopausal women with age matched men. Animal model of cardiac disease mirror what is seen in humans. Sex hormones contribute significantly to sex based difference in cardiac functioning and in its disease outcome. Estrogen is considered to be cardioprotective, whereas testosterone is detrimental to heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Prabhavathi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, SRM Medical College and Research Center, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K.Tamarai Selvi
- Professor, Department of Physiology, SRM Medical College and Research Center, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K.N. Poornima
- Tutor, Department of Physiology, SRM Medical College and Research Center, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Sarvanan
- Professor, Department of Physiology, SRM Medical College and Research Center, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Role of sex steroids and sexual dimorphism on cardiac iron metabolism in iron-overload cardiomyopathy. Transl Res 2014; 163:141-4. [PMID: 24161355 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wybraniec M, Mizia-Stec K, Krzych L. Stress cardiomyopathy: yet another type of neurocardiogenic injury: 'stress cardiomyopathy'. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 23:113-20. [PMID: 24462197 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tako-tsubo syndrome pertains to rare acquired cardiomyopathies, characterized by left ventricular dyskinesia and symptomatology typical for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Despite its low incidence and relatively benign course, stress cardiomyopathy should be thoroughly differentiated from AMI. The importance of tako-tsubo consists of the fact that its manifestation initially resembles AMI. Despite seemingly low incidence of tako-tsubo, acute coronary syndromes globally constitute a major epidemiological issue and both clinical entities should be accurately differentiated. Many patients present with only mild troponin release, certain extent of regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) and absence of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenosis. In such instances, a careful interview aimed at preceding emotional or physical traumatic event should be undertaken. The subsequent verification of the diagnosis is based upon prompt recovery of contractile function. Although precise diagnostic criteria were formulated, symptomatology of tako-tsubo might be clinically misleading due to the possibility of concomitant coronary vasospasm, atypical pattern of RWMA and presence of non-significant coronary disease. For this reason, its exact rate might be underestimated. Stress cardiomyopathy reflects merely a single aspect of a much wider range of neurocardiogenic injury, which encompasses cardiac dysfunction associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hypertension and cerebral ischemia. Both psychological and physical insult to central nervous system may trigger a disastrous response of sympathetic nervous system, eventually leading to end-organ catecholamine-mediated damage. This review sought to delineate the phenomenon of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy and deliver evidence for common pathophysiology of the broad spectrum of neurocardiogenic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wybraniec
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesian Medical Centre in Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Mizia-Stec
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesian Medical Centre in Katowice, Poland
| | - Lukasz Krzych
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesian Medical Centre in Katowice, Poland
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Fares E, Pyle WG, Ray G, Rose RA, Denovan-Wright EM, Chen RP, Howlett SE. The impact of ovariectomy on calcium homeostasis and myofilament calcium sensitivity in the aging mouse heart. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74719. [PMID: 24058623 PMCID: PMC3776741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined whether deficiency of ovarian estrogen starting very early in life promoted age-associated Ca(2+) dysregulation and contractile dysfunction in isolated ventricular myocytes. Myocytes were isolated from anesthetized C57BL/6 female mice. Animals received an ovariectomy or sham-operation at one month and were aged to ~24 months. Excitation-contraction coupling parameters were compared in fura-2 loaded myocytes (37°C). While Ca(2+) transients were larger and faster in field-stimulated myocytes from ovariectomized mice, ovariectomy had no effect on peak fractional shortening. Similarly, ovariectomy had no effect on fractional shortening measured in vivo by echocardiography (values were 60.5 ± 2.9 vs. 60.3 ± 2.5% in sham and ovariectomized, respectively; n=5 mice/group). Ovariectomy did decrease myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity, as evidenced by a 26% increase in the Ca(2+) required to activate actomyosin MgATPase in ovariectomized hearts. Larger Ca(2+) transients were attributable to a 48% increase in peak Ca(2+) current, along with an increase in the amplitude, width and frequency of Ca(2+) sparks measured in fluo-4 loaded myocytes. These changes in Ca(2+) handling were not due to increased expression of Ca(2+) channels (Cav1.2), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA2) or Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger in ovariectomized hearts. However, ovariectomy increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) stores by ~90% and promoted spontaneous Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when compared to sham controls. These observations demonstrate that long-term ovariectomy promotes intracellular Ca(2+) dysregulation, reduces myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity and increases spontaneous Ca(2+) release in the aging female heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Fares
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - W. Glen Pyle
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gibanananda Ray
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert A. Rose
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Robert P. Chen
- Pediatric Cardiology, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Susan E. Howlett
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bell JR, Bernasochi GB, Varma U, Raaijmakers AJA, Delbridge LMD. Sex and sex hormones in cardiac stress--mechanistic insights. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:124-35. [PMID: 23770428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Important sex differences in the onset and characteristics of cardiovascular disease are evident, yet the mechanistic details remain unresolved. Men are more susceptible to cardiovascular disease earlier in life, though younger women who have a cardiovascular event are more likely to experience adverse outcomes. Emerging evidence is prompting a re-examination of the conventional view that estrogen is protective and testosterone a liability. The heart expresses both androgen and estrogen receptors and is functionally responsive to circulating sex steroids. New evidence of cardiac aromatase expression indicates local estrogen production may also exert autocrine/paracrine actions in the heart. Cardiomyocyte contractility studies suggest testosterone and estrogen have contrasting inotropic actions, and modulate Ca(2+) handling and transient characteristics. Experimentally, sex differences are also evident in cardiac stress responses. Female hearts are generally less susceptible to acute ischemic damage and associated arrhythmias, and generally are more resistant to stress-induced hypertrophy and heart failure, attributed to the cardioprotective actions of estrogen. However, more recent data show that testosterone can also improve acute post-ischemic outcomes and facilitate myocardial function and survival in chronic post-infarction. The myocardial actions of sex steroids are complex and context dependent. A greater mechanistic understanding of the specific actions of systemic/local sex steroids in different cardiovascular disease states has potential to lead to the development of cardiac therapies targeted specifically for men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Bell
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sex differences in mechanisms of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:747-63. [PMID: 23417603 PMCID: PMC3651827 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and expression of cardiovascular diseases differs between the sexes. This is not surprising, as cardiac physiology differs between men and women. Clinical and basic science investigations have shown important sex differences in cardiac structure and function. The pervasiveness of sex differences suggests that such differences must be fundamental, likely operating at a cellular level. Indeed, studies have shown that isolated ventricular myocytes from female animals have smaller and slower contractions and underlying calcium transients compared to males. Recent evidence suggests that this arises from sex differences in components of the cardiac excitation–contraction coupling pathway, the sequence of events linking myocyte depolarization to calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent contraction. The concept that sex hormones may regulate intracellular calcium at the level of the cardiomyocyte is important, as levels of these hormones decline in both men and women as the incidence of cardiovascular disease rises. This review focuses on the impact of sex on cardiac contraction, in particular at the cellular level, and highlights specific components of the excitation–contraction coupling pathway that differ between the sexes. Understanding sex hormone regulation of calcium homeostasis in the heart may reveal new avenues for therapeutic strategies to treat cardiac dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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Wittnich C, Tan L, Wallen J, Belanger M. Sex differences in myocardial metabolism and cardiac function: an emerging concept. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:719-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mahmoodzadeh S, Fliegner D, Dworatzek E. Sex differences in animal models for cardiovascular diseases and the role of estrogen. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:23-48. [PMID: 23027444 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical findings show sex differences in the manifestation of a number of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Multiple animal models suggest sex differences in the manifestation of CVD, and provide strong experimental evidence that different major pathways are regulated in a sex-specific manner. In most animal studies females display a lower mortality, less severe hypertrophy, and better preserved cardiac function compared with male counterparts. The data support the hypothesis that female sex and/or the sex hormone estrogen (17β-estradiol; E2) may contribute to the sexual dimorphism in the heart and to a better outcome of cardiac diseases in females. To improve our understanding of the sex-based molecular and cellular mechanisms of CVD and to develop new therapeutic strategies, the use of appropriate animal models is essential. This review highlights recent findings from animal models relevant for studying the mechanisms of sexual dimorphisms in the healthy and diseased heart, focusing on physiological hypertrophy (exercise), pathological hypertrophy (volume and pressure overload induced hypertrophy), and heart failure (myocardial infarction). Furthermore, the potential effects of E2 in these models will be discussed.
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Sex differences in repolarization and slow delayed rectifier potassium current and their regulation by sympathetic stimulation in rabbits. Pflugers Arch 2012; 465:805-18. [PMID: 23242028 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Slow delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) is important in action potential (AP) repolarization and repolarization reserve. We tested the hypothesis that there are sex-specific differences in IKs, AP, and their regulation by β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR's) using whole-cell patch-clamp. AP duration (APD90) was significantly longer in control female (F) than in control male (M) myocytes. Isoproterenol (ISO, 500 nM) shortened APD90 comparably in M and F, and was largely reversed by β1-AR blocker CGP 20712A (CGP, 300 nM). Inhibition of IKs with chromanol 293B (10 μM) resulted in less APD prolongation in F at baseline (3.0 vs 8.9 %, p < 0.05 vs M) and even in the presence of ISO (5.4 vs 20.9 %, p < 0.05). This suggests that much of the ISO-induced APD abbreviation in F is independent of IKs. In F, baseline IKs was 42 % less and was more weakly activated by ISO (19 vs 68 % in M, p < 0.01). ISO enhancement of IKs was comparably attenuated by CGP in M and F. After ovariectomy, IKs in F had greater enhancement by ISO (72 %), now comparable to control M. After orchiectomy, IKs in M was only slightly enhanced by ISO (23 %), comparable to control F. Pretreatment with thapsigargin (to block SR Ca release) had bigger impact on ISO-induced APD shortening in F than that in M (p < 0.01). In conclusion, we found that there are sex differences in IKs, AP, and their regulation by β-AR's that are modulated by sex hormones, suggesting the potential for sex-specific antiarrhythmic therapy.
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Beesley RD, Palmer BM, Casson PR, Toth MJ. Effects of testosterone on cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis and contractile function in female rats. Exp Physiol 2012; 98:161-71. [PMID: 22798400 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.067009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of testosterone (T) in the regulation of cardiovascular function in females is not well understood. Our goal was to examine the effect of T on cardiomyocyte biology by measuring sarcomere shortening/relaxation and intracellular calcium cycling in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into the following four groups: (1) sham operated; (2) ovariectomized (OVX); (3) OVX plus T; and (4) OVX + T plus an aromatase inhibitor (AI). The final group was added to rule out effects from bioconversion of T to oestradiol. Sarcomere/calcium dynamics were measured after 4 weeks at 2 and 6 Hz, then at 6 Hz following exposure to 300 nm isoprenaline. Additionally, the acute (i.e. non-genomic) effects of T were evaluated in sham-operated and OVX + T + AI rats. There were no group differences, nor was there evidence for an effect of T on frequency or isoprenaline response. Additionally, there were no findings to indicate an acute, non-genomic T effect. Moreover, the relative α- and β-myosin heavy chain isoform complement was unchanged by OVX or T replacement. Our results argue against acute or chronic effects of T on cardiomyocyte shortening dynamics, calcium cycling or myosin heavy chain expression, arguing against any direct effect of T on cardiomyocyte function in adult females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Beesley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Wang H, Jessup JA, Lin MS, Chagas C, Lindsey SH, Groban L. Activation of GPR30 attenuates diastolic dysfunction and left ventricle remodelling in oophorectomized mRen2.Lewis rats. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:96-104. [PMID: 22328091 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS GPR30 is a novel oestrogen receptor expressed in various tissues, including the heart. We determined the role of GPR30 in the maintenance of left ventricular (LV) structure and diastolic function after the surgical loss of ovarian hormones in the female mRen2.Lewis rat, a model emulating the cardiac phenotype of the post-menopausal woman. METHODS AND RESULTS Bilateral oophorectomy (OVX) or sham surgery was performed in study rats; the selective GPR30 agonist, G-1 (50 µg/kg/day), or vehicle was given subcutaneously to OVX rats from 13-15 weeks of age. Similar to the cardiac phenotype of sham rats, G-1 preserved diastolic function and structure relative to vehicle-treated OVX littermates independent of changes in blood pressure. G-1 limited the OVX-induced increase in LV filling pressure, LV mass, wall thickness, interstitial collagen deposition, atrial natriuretic factor and brain natriuretic peptide mRNA levels, and cardiac NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression. In vitro studies showed that G-1 inhibited angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, evidenced by reductions in cell size, protein content per cell, and atrial natriuretic factor mRNA levels. The GPR30 antagonist, G15, inhibited the protective effects of both oestradiol and G-1 on this hypertrophy. CONCLUSION These data show that the GPR30 agonist G-1 mitigates the adverse effects of oestrogen loss on LV remodelling and the development of diastolic dysfunction in the study rats. This expands our knowledge of the sex-specific mechanisms underlying diastolic dysfunction and provides a potential therapeutic target for reducing the progression of this cardiovascular disease process in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1009, USA
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De Angel RE, Conti CJ, Wheatley KE, Brenner AJ, Otto G, deGraffenried LA, Hursting SD. The enhancing effects of obesity on mammary tumor growth and Akt/mTOR pathway activation persist after weight loss and are reversed by RAD001. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:446-58. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Odening KE, Choi BR, Liu GX, Hartmann K, Ziv O, Chaves L, Schofield L, Centracchio J, Zehender M, Peng X, Brunner M, Koren G. Estradiol promotes sudden cardiac death in transgenic long QT type 2 rabbits while progesterone is protective. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9:823-32. [PMID: 22245795 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpubertal women with inherited long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2) are at increased risk for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (pVT) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), particularly during the postpartum period. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether sex hormones directly modulate the arrhythmogenic risk in LQTS. METHODS Prepubertal ovariectomized transgenic LQT2 rabbits were treated with estradiol (EST), progesterone (PROG), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or placebo (OVX). RESULTS During 8 weeks of treatment, major cardiac events-spontaneous pVT or SCD-occurred in 5 of the 7 EST rabbits and in 2 of the 9 OVX rabbits (P <.05); in contrast, no events occurred in 9 PROG rabbits and 6 DHT rabbits (P <.01 vs PROG; P <.05 vs DHT). Moreover, EST increased the incidence of pVT (P <.05 vs OVX), while PROG reduced premature ventricular contractions, bigeminy, couplets, triplets, and pVT (P <.01 vs OVX; P <.001 vs EST). In vivo electrocardiographic monitoring, in vivo electrophysiological studies, and ex vivo optical mapping studies revealed that EST promoted SCD by steepening the QT/RR slope (P <.05), by prolonging cardiac refractoriness (P <.05), and by altering the spatial pattern of action potential duration dispersion. Isoproterenol-induced Ca(2+) oscillations resulted in early afterdepolarizations in EST-treated hearts (4 of 4), while PROG prevented SCD by eliminating this early afterdepolarization formation in 4 of the 7 hearts (P = .058 vs EST; P <.05 vs OVX). Analyses of ion currents demonstrated that EST increased the density of I(Ca,L) as compared with OVX (P <.05) while PROG decreased it (P <.05). CONCLUSION This study reveals the proarrhythmic effect of EST and the antiarrhythmic effect of PROG in LQT2 in vivo, outlining a new potential antiarrhythmic therapy for LQTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Odening
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Fares E, Parks RJ, MacDonald JK, Egar JM, Howlett SE. Ovariectomy enhances SR Ca2+ release and increases Ca2+ spark amplitudes in isolated ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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