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Kang SA, Yu HS. Acceleration of Trichinella spiralis worm expulsion by leukotriene B4 receptor binding inhibition. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12843. [PMID: 33977540 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Helminth infection typically induces a Th2 inflammatory response that is characterized by eosinophilia, high levels of IgE and mast cells. LTB4 is generated from innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells, in response to a range of stimuli. It mainly acts on myeloid leukocytes, inducing the activation of integrins, adhesion to endothelium walls, and chemotaxis. METHODS AND RESULTS The objective of the present study was to determine the role of the LTB4 receptor in Trichinella spiralis expulsion. We treated mice with the LTB4 receptor antagonist before infection with T. spiralis. We observed that the number of mast cells and worm infection decreased following treatment with the BLT antagonist during the intestinal phase. We also demonstrated that blocking the LTB4 receptor inhibited neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are required to investigate the specific mechanism of mast cell number decrease and worm infection and the in vitro interactions between LTB4 and worm expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ae Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Rep. of Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Rep. of Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan-si, Rep. of Korea
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2
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Xavier-Elsas P, Ferreira RN, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. Surgical and immune reconstitution murine models in bone marrow research: Potential for exploring mechanisms in sepsis, trauma and allergy. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:58-77. [PMID: 28890868 PMCID: PMC5571450 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow, the vital organ which maintains lifelong hemopoiesis, currently receives considerable attention, as a source of multiple cell types which may play important roles in repair at distant sites. This emerging function, distinct from, but closely related to, bone marrow roles in innate immunity and inflammation, has been characterized through a number of strategies. However, the use of surgical models in this endeavour has hitherto been limited. Surgical strategies allow the experimenter to predetermine the site, timing, severity and invasiveness of injury; to add or remove aggravating factors (such as infection and defects in immunity) in controlled ways; and to manipulate the context of repair, including reconstitution with selected immune cell subpopulations. This endows surgical models overall with great potential for exploring bone marrow responses to injury, inflammation and infection, and its roles in repair and regeneration. We review three different murine surgical models, which variously combine trauma with infection, antigenic stimulation, or immune reconstitution, thereby illuminating different aspects of the bone marrow response to systemic injury in sepsis, trauma and allergy. They are: (1) cecal ligation and puncture, a versatile model of polymicrobial sepsis; (2) egg white implant, an intriguing model of eosinophilia induced by a combination of trauma and sensitization to insoluble allergen; and (3) ectopic lung tissue transplantation, which allows us to dissect afferent and efferent mechanisms leading to accumulation of hemopoietic cells in the lungs. These models highlight the gain in analytical power provided by the association of surgical and immunological strategies.
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Antoniu SA. Targeting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1285-92. [PMID: 25213852 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.945425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is an unmet therapeutic need for the anti-inflammatory therapies, and the identification of therapeutic targets and potent corresponding therapies is necessary. Although inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers are most effective in asthma they are still not always capable of appropriately controlling the disease. In COPD, the therapeutic gap is even larger because inhaled corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory therapies are not beneficial in all disease subsets. AREAS COVERED The role of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) in generating proinflammatory molecules such as leukotrienes is discussed, highlighting, in particular, its potential as a therapeutic target in asthma and COPD. The preclinical data on FLAP inhibitors are discussed. The clinical data on the FLAP inhibitors investigated so far for these diseases are analyzed. EXPERT OPINION FLAP inhibitors have emerged during the past decade as a promising therapeutic class in asthma and COPD, but there exists only a limited amount of data supporting their efficacy in these diseases. This might be due to the fact that the development of some of the molecules discussed was abandoned. Such therapies might be of particular interest in COPD and in asthma-COPD overlap syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Antonela Antoniu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa Iasi, Interdisciplinary Medicine , 16 Universitatii Str, Iasi, 700115 , Romania
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Matos NA, Silva JF, Damasceno KA, Cassali GD, Lemos VS, Duarte IDG, Klein A. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 blockade impairs CCL11- or allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment in experimental pleurisy. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:627-33. [PMID: 24972241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 has been implicated in inflammatory diseases, its role in regulating eosinophil recruitment in response to chemoattractants remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of PAR-2 and PAR-2-activating Mast Cell (MC) tryptase on chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL)11- and antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment to the pleural cavity of BALB/c mice. The PAR-2-activating peptide H-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH2 (SLIGRL-NH2) induced eosinophil recruitment whereas PAR-2 blockade inhibited ovalbumin (OVA)- or CCL11-induced eosinophil recruitment. Moreover, OVA and CCL11 induced PAR-2 expression in pleural leukocytes, and the MC tryptase inhibitor APC 366 ([N-(1-hydroxy-2-napthoyl)-l-arginyl-l-prolinamide hydrochloride]) abolished CCL11-induced eosinophil recruitment. These results suggest a pro inflammatory effect of PAR-2 and support a role for MC tryptase mediating eosinophil migration via PAR-2 signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that PAR-2 activation through endogenous MC tryptase activity could be required, at least partially, to mediate CCL11-induced eosinophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália A Matos
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Josiane F Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Karine A Damasceno
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virginia S Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Igor D G Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - André Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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5-lipoxygenase-dependent recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages by eotaxin-stimulated murine eosinophils. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:102160. [PMID: 24723744 PMCID: PMC3955596 DOI: 10.1155/2014/102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of eosinophils in antimicrobial defense remain incompletely understood. In ovalbumin-sensitized mice, eosinophils are selectively recruited to the peritoneal cavity by antigen, eotaxin, or leukotriene(LT)B4, a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolite. 5-LO blockade prevents responses to both antigen and eotaxin. We examined responses to eotaxin in the absence of sensitization and their dependence on 5-LO. BALB/c or PAS mice and their mutants (5-LO-deficient ALOX; eosinophil-deficient GATA-1) were injected i.p. with eotaxin, eosinophils, or both, and leukocyte accumulation was quantified up to 24 h. Significant recruitment of eosinophils by eotaxin in BALB/c, up to 24 h, was accompanied by much larger numbers of recruited neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. These effects were abolished by eotaxin neutralization and 5-LO-activating protein inhibitor MK886. In ALOX (but not PAS) mice, eotaxin recruitment was abolished for eosinophils and halved for neutrophils. In GATA-1 mutants, eotaxin recruited neither neutrophils nor macrophages. Transfer of eosinophils cultured from bone-marrow of BALB/c donors, or from ALOX donors, into GATA-1 mutant recipients, i.p., restored eotaxin recruitment of neutrophils and showed that the critical step dependent on 5-LO is the initial recruitment of eosinophils by eotaxin, not the secondary neutrophil accumulation. Eosinophil-dependent recruitment of neutrophils in naive BALB/c mice was associated with increased binding of bacteria.
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Kubala SA, Patil SU, Shreffler WG, Hurley BP. Pathogen induced chemo-attractant hepoxilin A3 drives neutrophils, but not eosinophils across epithelial barriers. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 108:1-8. [PMID: 24315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen induced migration of neutrophils across mucosal epithelial barriers requires epithelial production of the chemotactic lipid mediator, hepoxilin A3 (HXA3). HXA3 is an eicosanoid derived from arachidonic acid. Although eosinophils are also capable of penetrating mucosal surfaces, eosinophilic infiltration occurs mainly during allergic processes whereas neutrophils dominate mucosal infection. Both neutrophils and eosinophils can respond to chemotactic gradients of certain eicosanoids, however, it is not known whether eosinophils respond to pathogen induced lipid mediators such as HXA3. In this study, neutrophils and eosinophils were isolated from human blood and placed on the basolateral side of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable Transwell filters and challenged by various chemotactic gradients of distinct lipid mediators. We observed that both cell populations migrated across epithelial monolayers in response to a leukotriene B4 (LTB4) gradient, whereas only eosinophils migrated toward a prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) gradient. Interestingly, while pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration was substantial, pathogen induced eosinophil trans-epithelial migration was not observed. Further, gradients of chemotactic lipids derived from pathogen infected epithelial cells known to be enriched for HXA3 as well as purified HXA3 drove significant numbers of neutrophils across epithelial barriers, whereas eosinophils failed to respond to these gradients. These data suggest that although the eicosanoid HXA3 serves as an important neutrophil chemo-attractant at mucosal surfaces during pathogenic infection, HXA3 does not appear to exhibit chemotactic activity toward eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kubala
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and the Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - S U Patil
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and the Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - W G Shreffler
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and the Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - B P Hurley
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States.
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Siddiqui S, Novali M, Tsuchiya K, Hirota N, Geller BJ, McGovern TK, Risse PA, Jo T, Zeroual MA, Martin JG. The modulation of large airway smooth muscle phenotype and effects of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in the repeatedly allergen-challenged rat. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L853-62. [PMID: 23605002 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00047.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen challenges induce airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass in the sensitized rat. Whether the remodeled ASM changes its phenotype is uncertain. We examined, in sensitized Brown Norway rats, the effects of multiple ovalbumin (Ova) challenges on ASM remodeling and phenotype and the role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in these processes. Rats were sensitized with Ova and challenged three times at 5-day intervals with phosphate-buffered saline or Ova and pretreated with the EGFR inhibitor AG-1478 (5 mg/kg) or its vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide. Ova challenges increased ASM mass in all-sized airways and in large airway mRNA expression of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (sm-MHC), assessed by laser capture. Myosin light chain kinase and the fast myosin isoform SM-B mRNA expressions were not affected. Ova induced AHR to methacholine, and, based on the constant-phase model, this was largely attributable to the small airways and lung derecruitment at 48 h that recovered by 1 wk. The EGFR ligands amphiregulin and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 48 h after Ova exposure. AG-1478 inhibited AHR and prevented ASM growth. Epithelial gene expression of EGFR, HB-EGF, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, Gro-α, and transforming growth factor-β was unaffected by Ova challenges. We conclude that EGFR drives remodeling of ASM, which results from repeated Ova challenge. Furthermore, the latter results in excessive small airway and, to a lesser degree, large airway narrowing to methacholine, and large airway gene expression of contractile protein is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Siddiqui
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Farnesi-de-Assunção TS, Alves CF, Carregaro V, de Oliveira JR, da Silva CA, Cheraim AB, Cunha FQ, Napimoga MH. PPAR-γ agonists, mainly 15d-PGJ2, reduce eosinophil recruitment following allergen challenge. Cell Immunol 2012; 273:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brattström A, Schapowal A, Kamal MA, Maillet I, Ryffel B, Moser R. The plant extract Isatis tinctoria L. extract (ITE) inhibits allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:551-556. [PMID: 20092989 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The herbal Isatis tinctoria extract (ITE) inhibits the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) as well as lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and therefore possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The extract might also be useful in allergic airway diseases which are characterized by chronic inflammation. METHODS ITE obtained from leaves by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was investigated in ovalbumin (OVA) immunised BALB/c mice given intranasally together with antigen challenge in the murine model of allergic airway disease (asthma) with the analysis of the inflammatory and immune parameters in the lung. RESULTS ITE given with the antigen challenge inhibited in a dose related manner the allergic response. ITE diminished airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and eosinophil recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid upon allergen challenge, but had no effect in the saline control mice. Eosinophil recruitment was further assessed in the lung by eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity at a dose of 30 microg ITE per mouse. Microscopic investigations revealed less inflammation, eosinophil recruitment and mucus hyperproduction in the lung in a dose related manner. Diminution of AHR and inflammation was associated with reduced IL-4, IL-5, and RANTES production in the BAL fluid at the 30 microg ITE dose, while OVA specific IgE and eotaxin serum levels remained unchanged. CONCLUSION ITE, which has been reported inhibiting COX-2 and 5-LOX, reduced allergic airway inflammation and AHR by inhibiting the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and RANTES.
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Brattström A, Schapowal A, Maillet I, Schnyder B, Ryffel B, Moser R. Petasites extract Ze 339 (PET) inhibits allergen-induced Th2 responses, airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice. Phytother Res 2010; 24:680-5. [PMID: 19827027 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The herbal Petasites hybridus (butterbur) extract (Ze 339, PET) is known to have leukotriene inhibiting properties, and therefore might inhibit allergic diseases. METHODS The effect of PET was investigated in ovalbumin (OVA) immunized BALB/c mice given intranasally together with antigen challenge in the murine model of allergic airway disease (asthma) with the analysis of the inflammatory and immune parameters in the lung. RESULTS PET given with the antigen challenge inhibited the allergic response. PET inhibited airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and eosinophil recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid upon allergen challenge, but had no effect in the saline control mice. Eosinophil recruitment was further assessed in the lung by eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity at a concentration of 100 microg PET. Microscopic investigations revealed less inflammation, eosinophil recruitment and mucus hyperproduction in the lung with 100 microg PET. Diminution of AHR and inflammation was associated with reduced IL-4, IL-5 and RANTES production in the BAL fluid with 30 microg PET, while OVA specific IgE and eotaxin serum levels remained unchanged. CONCLUSION PET, which has been reported to inhibit leukotriene activity, reduced allergic airway inflammation and AHR by inhibiting the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and RANTES.
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Costa MFDS, de Souza-Martins R, de Souza MC, Benjamim CF, Piva B, Diaz BL, Peters-Golden M, Henriques MDG, Canetti C, Penido C. Leukotriene B4 mediates gammadelta T lymphocyte migration in response to diverse stimuli. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:323-32. [PMID: 19880577 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0809563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigated the involvement of the 5-LO-derived lipid mediator LTB(4) in gammadelta T cell migration. When injected into the i.pl. space of C57BL/6 mice, LTB(4) triggered gammadelta T lymphocyte mobilization in vivo, a phenomenon also observed in in vitro chemotaxis assays. The i.pl. injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS) triggered increased levels of LTB(4) in pleural cavities. The in vivo inhibition of LTB(4) biosynthesis by the 5-LO inhibitor zileuton or the FLAP inhibitor MK886 attenuated LPS-induced gammadelta T cell accumulation into pleural cavities. Accordingly, 5-LO KO mice failed to recruit gammadelta T cells into the inflammatory site after i.pl. LPS. Antagonists of the high-affinity LTB(4) receptor BLT1, CP105,696, and LY292476 also attenuated LPS-induced gammadelta T cell accumulation in pleural cavities as well as in vitro chemotaxis toward pleural washes obtained from LPS-simulated mice. LTB(4)/BLT1 also accounted for gammadelta T cell migration induced by i.pl. administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG or antigen in sensitized mice. BLT1 was expressed on naïve, resident as well as LPS-recruited gammadelta T cells. Isolated gammadelta T cells were found to undergo F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization when incubated with LTB(4) in vitro, confirming that gammadelta T lymphocytes can respond directly to LTB(4). In addition to its direct effect on gammadelta T cells, LTB(4) triggered their accumulation indirectly, via modulation of CCL2 production in mouse pleural cavities. These data show that gammadelta T cell migration into the pleural cavity of mice during diverse inflammatory responses is dependent on LTB(4)/BLT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda de Souza Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21041-250, Brazil
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Gregory LG, Causton B, Murdoch JR, Mathie SA, O'Donnell V, Thomas CP, Priest FM, Quint DJ, Lloyd CM. Inhaled house dust mite induces pulmonary T helper 2 cytokine production. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1597-610. [PMID: 19545261 PMCID: PMC3385347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled house dust mite (HDM) results in T-helper (TH) 2 type pathology in unsensitized mice, in conjunction with airway hyperreactivity and airway remodelling. However, the pulmonary cytokine and chemokine profile has not been reported. METHODS We have performed a time course analysis of the characteristic molecular mediators and cellular influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung in order to define the pulmonary inflammatory response to inhaled HDM extract. Mice were exposed five times a week to soluble HDM extract for 3 weeks. Lung function was measured in groups of mice at intervals following the final HDM challenge. Recruitment of inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediator production was then assessed in BAL and lungs of individual mice. RESULTS We found that Th2 cytokines were significantly increased in BAL and lung after HDM challenge from as early as 2 h post-final challenge. The levels of cytokines and chemokines correlated with the influx of eosinophils and Th2 cells to the different compartments of the lung. However, the production of key cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 preceded the increase in airways resistance. CONCLUSION Inhaled HDM challenge induces a classical Th2 inflammatory mediator profile in the BAL and lung. These data are important for studies determining the efficacy of novel treatment strategies for allergic airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Gregory
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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