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Electroacupuncture Alleviates Pain Responses and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Acute Gout Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2598975. [PMID: 29743920 PMCID: PMC5884439 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2598975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute gout arthritis is one of the most painful inflammatory conditions. Treatments for gout pain are limited to colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids, which oftentimes result in severe adverse effects. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been proved to be effective in relieving many inflammatory pain conditions with few side effects. Here, we aim to investigate the therapeutic potentials of EA on pain and inflammation of a rat model of acute gout arthritis and underlying mechanisms. We found that 2/100 Hz EA produced the most robust analgesic effect on mechanical hyperalgesia of acute gout arthritis rat model compared with 2 and 100 Hz. EA produced similar analgesic effect compared with indomethacin. 2/100 Hz EA also significantly alleviates the ongoing pain behavior, thermal hyperalgesia, and ankle edema. Locally applied μ and κ-opioid receptor antagonists but not adenosine A1 receptor antagonist significantly abolished the analgesic effect of EA. Locally applied μ and κ-opioid receptor agonists produced significant antiallodynia on acute gout arthritis rats, mimicking EA. Furthermore, 2/100 Hz EA upregulated β-endorphin expression in inflamed ankle skin tissue. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that EA can be used for relieving acute gout arthritis with effect dependent on peripheral opioid system and comparable with the one obtained with indomethacin.
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Drinovac Vlah V, Filipović B, Bach-Rojecky L, Lacković Z. Role of central versus peripheral opioid system in antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of botulinum toxin type A in trigeminal region. Eur J Pain 2017; 22:583-591. [PMID: 29134730 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although botulinum toxin type A (BT-A) is approved for chronic migraine treatment, its site and mechanism of action are still elusive. Recently our group discovered that suppression of CGRP release from dural nerve endings might account for antimigraine action of pericranially injected BT-A. We demonstrated that central antinociceptive effect of BT-A in sciatic region involves endogenous opioid system as well. Here we investigated possible interaction of BT-A with endogenous opioid system within the trigeminal region. METHODS In orofacial formalin test we investigated the influence of centrally acting opioid antagonist naltrexone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) versus peripherally acting methylnaltrexone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) on BT-A's (5 U/kg, s.c. into whisker pad) or morphine's (6 mg/kg, s.c.) antinociceptive effect and the effect on dural neurogenic inflammation (DNI). DNI was assessed by Evans blue-plasma protein extravasation. RESULTS Naltrexone abolished the effect of BT-A on pain and dural plasma protein extravasation, whereas peripherally acting methylnaltrexone did not change either BT-A's effect on pain or its effect on dural extravasation. Naltrexone abolished the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of morphine, as well. However, methylnaltrexone decreased the antinociceptive effect of morphine only partially in the second phase of the test and had no significant effect on morphine-mediated reduction in DNI. CONCLUSIONS Morphine acts on pain in trigeminal region both peripherally and centrally, whereas the effect on dural plasma protein extravasation seems to be only centrally mediated. However, the interaction of BT-A with endogenous opioid system, with consequent inhibition of nociceptive transmission as well as the DNI, occurs primarily centrally. SIGNIFICANCE Botulinum toxin type A (BT-A)'s axonal transport and potential transcytosis suggest that its antinociceptive effect might involve diverse neurotransmitters at different sites of trigeminal system. Here we discovered that the reduction in pain and accompanying DNI involves the interaction of BT-A with central endogenous opioid system (probably at the level of trigeminal nucleus caudalis).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Drinovac Vlah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Croatia
| | - B Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Sveti Duh, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Bach-Rojecky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Croatia
| | - Z Lacković
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatia
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Ismail NI, Ming-Tatt L, Lajis N, Akhtar MN, Akira A, Perimal EK, Israf DA, Sulaiman MR. Antinociceptive Effect of 3-(2,3-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one in Mice Models of Induced Nociception. Molecules 2016; 21:E1077. [PMID: 27556438 PMCID: PMC6273341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The antinociceptive effects produced by intraperitoneal administration of a novel synthetic chalcone, 3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (DMFP), were investigated in several mouse models of induced nociception. The administration of DMFP (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) produced significant attenuation on the acetic acid-induced abdominal-writhing test. It also produced a significant increase in response latency time in the hot-plate test and a marked reduction in time spent licking the injected paw in both phases of the formalin-induced paw-licking test. In addition, it was also demonstrated that DMFP exhibited significant inhibition of the neurogenic nociceptive response induced by intraplantar injections of capsaicin and glutamate. Moreover, the antinociceptive effect of DMFP in the acetic acid-induced abdominal-writhing test and the hot-plate test was not antagonized by pretreatment with a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. Finally, DMFP did not show any toxic effects and/or mortality in a study of acute toxicity and did not interfere with motor coordination during the Rota-rod test. Our present results show that DMFP exhibits both peripheral and central antinociceptive effects. It was suggested that its peripheral antinociceptive activity is associated with attenuated production and/or release of NO and various pro-inflammatory mediators, while central antinociceptive activity seems to be unrelated to the opioidergic system, but could involve, at least in part, an interaction with the inhibition of capsaicin-sensitive fibers and the glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Izzati Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Lee Ming-Tatt
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia.
| | - Nordin Lajis
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Akira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Enoch Kumar Perimal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
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Chindo BA, Schröder H, Koeberle A, Werz O, Becker A. Analgesic potential of standardized methanol stem bark extract of Ficus platyphylla in mice: Mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 184:101-106. [PMID: 26945978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Extracts of the stem bark of Ficus platyphylla (FP) have been used in traditional the Nigerian medicine to treat psychoses, depression, epilepsy, pain and inflammation. Previous studies have revealed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of FP in different assays including acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception, and albumin-induced oedema. PURPOSE/METHODS In this study, we assessed the effects of the standardised extract of FP on hot plate nociceptive threshold and vocalisation threshold in response to electrical stimulation of the tail root in order to confirm its acclaimed analgesic properties. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, with the focus on opiate receptor binding and the key enzymes of eicosanoid biosynthesis, namely cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). RESULTS FP (i) increased the hot plate nociceptive threshold and vocalisation threshold. The increase in hot plate nociceptive threshold was detectable over a period of 30min whereas the increase in vocalisation threshold persisted over a period of 90min. (ii) FP showed an affinity for µ opiate receptors but not for δ or κ opiate receptors, and (iii) FP inhibited the activities of COX-2 and 5-LO but not of COX-1. CONCLUSIONS We provided evidence supporting the use of FP in Nigerian folk medicine for the treatment of different types of pain, and identified opioid and non-opioid targets. It is interesting to note that the dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LO appears favourable in terms of both efficacy and side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P. M. B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Silva LCR, Castor MGME, Navarro LC, Romero TRL, Duarte IDG. κ-Opioid receptor participates of NSAIDs peripheral antinociception. Neurosci Lett 2016; 622:6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rezaei M, Rajabi Vardanjani H, Pashmforoosh M, Alipour D, Nesari A, Mansourzade Z, Khodayar MJ. Involvement of Spinal CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors on the Antinociceptive Effect of Celecoxib in Rat Formalin Test. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-33433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Juárez-Rojop IE, Morales-Hernández PE, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Bermúdez-Ocaña DY, Torres-Lopez JE, Ble-Castillo JL, Díaz-Zagoya JC, Granados-Soto V. Celecoxib reduces hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in diabetic rats. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:545-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-kinases (ROCKs), a family of small GTP-dependent enzymes, are involved in a range of pain models, and their inhibition typically leads to antinociceptive effects. OBJECTIVES To study the effects of inhibiting ROCKs using two known inhibitors, Y27632 and HA1077 (fasudil), administered locally, on nociception and paw edema in rats. METHODS A range of doses of Y27632 or HA1077 (2.5 μg to 1000 μg) were injected locally into rat paws alone or in combination with carrageenan, a known proinflammatory stimulus. Nociceptive responses to mechanical stimuli and increased paw volume, reflecting edema formation, were measured at 2 h and 3 h, using a Randall-Selitto apparatus and a hydroplethysmometer, respectively. RESULTS Animals treated with either ROCK inhibitor showed biphasic nociceptive effects, with lower doses being associated with pronociceptive, and higher doses with antinociceptive responses. In contrast, a monophasic dose-dependent increase in edema was observed in the same animals. Local injection of 8-bromo-cyclic (c)GMP, an activator of the nitric oxide⁄cGMP⁄protein kinase G pathway, also produced biphasic effects on nociceptive responses in rat paws; however, low doses were antinociceptive and high doses were pronociceptive. Local administration of cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin polymerization and a downstream mediator of ROCK activity, reversed the antinociceptive effect of Y27632. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that ROCKs participate in the local mechanisms associated with nociception⁄antinociception and inflammation, with a possible involvement of the nitric oxide⁄cGMP⁄protein kinase G pathway. Also, drug effects following local administration may differ markedly from the effects following systemic administration. Finally, separate treatment of pain and edema may be needed to maximize clinical benefit in inflammatory pain.
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Sukhtankar DD, Lee H, Rice KC, Ko MC. Differential effects of opioid-related ligands and NSAIDs in nonhuman primate models of acute and inflammatory pain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1377-87. [PMID: 24217900 PMCID: PMC3954905 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia is a widely used pain model in rodents. However, characteristics of carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and effects of analgesic drugs under these conditions are unknown in nonhuman primates. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to develop carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in rhesus monkeys and determine the efficacy and potency of agonists selective for the four opioid receptor subtypes in this model versus acute pain, as compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). RESULTS Tail injection of carrageenan produced long-lasting thermal hyperalgesia in monkeys. Systemically administered agonists selective for opioid receptor subtypes, i.e., fentanyl (mu/MOP), U-50488H (kappa/KOP), SNC80 (delta/DOP) and Ro 64-6198 (nociceptin/orphanin FQ/NOP) dose-dependently attenuated carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia with different potencies. In absence of carrageenan, these agonists, except SNC80, blocked acute thermal nociception. Opioid-related ligands, especially Ro 64-6198, were much more potent for their antihyperalgesic than antinociceptive effects. Both effects were mediated by the corresponding receptor mechanisms. Only fentanyl produced scratching at antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive doses consistent with its pruritic effects in humans, illustrating a translational profile of MOP agonists in nonhuman primates. Similar to SNC80, systemically administered NSAIDs ketorolac and naproxen dose-dependently attenuated carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia but not acute nociception. CONCLUSION Using two different pain modalities in nonhuman primates, effectiveness of clinically available analgesics like fentanyl, ketorolac and naproxen was distinguished and their efficacies and potencies were compared with the selective KOP, DOP, and NOP agonists. The opioid-related ligands displayed differential pharmacological properties in regulating hyperalgesia and acute nociception in the same subjects. Such preclinical primate models can be used to investigate novel analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devki D. Sukhtankar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,Corresponding authors: Dr. D. Sukhtankar () and Dr. H. Lee ()
| | - Heeseung Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, S. Korea,Corresponding authors: Dr. D. Sukhtankar () and Dr. H. Lee ()
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mei-Chuan Ko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Involvement of μ-opioid receptors in antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:331-7. [PMID: 23499661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is approved for treatment of chronic migraine and has been investigated in various other painful conditions. Recent evidence demonstrated retrograde axonal transport and suggested the involvement of CNS in antinociceptive effect of BTX-A. However, the mechanism of BTX-A central antinociceptive action is unknown. In this study we investigated the potential role of opioid receptors in BTX-A's antinociceptive activity. In formalin-induced inflammatory pain we assessed the effect of opioid antagonists on antinociceptive activity of BTX-A. Naltrexone was injected subcutaneously (0.02-2 mg/kg) or intrathecally (0.07 μg/10 μl-350 μg/10 μl), while selective μ-antagonist naloxonazine was administered intraperitoneally (5 mg/kg) prior to nociceptive testing. The influence of naltrexone (2 mg/kg s.c.) on BTX-A antinociceptive activity was examined additionally in an experimental neuropathy induced by partial sciatic nerve transection. To investigate the effects of naltrexone and BTX-A on neuronal activation in spinal cord, c-Fos expression was immunohistochemically examined in a model of formalin-induced pain. Antinociceptive effects of BTX-A in formalin and sciatic nerve transection-induced pain were prevented by non-selective opioid antagonist naltrexone. Similarly, BTX-A-induced pain reduction was abolished by low dose of intrathecal naltrexone and by selective μ-antagonist naloxonazine. BTX-A-induced decrease in dorsal horn c-Fos expression was prevented by naltrexone. Prevention of BTX-A effects on pain and c-Fos expression by opioid antagonists suggest that the central antinociceptive action of BTX-A might be associated with the activity of endogenous opioid system (involving μ-opioid receptor). These results provide first insights into the mechanism of BTX-A's central antinociceptive activity.
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Paiva-Lima P, Rezende RM, Leite R, Duarte IDG, Bakhle YS, Francischi JN. Crucial involvement of actin filaments in celecoxib and morphine analgesia in a model of inflammatory pain. J Pain Res 2012; 5:535-45. [PMID: 23166451 PMCID: PMC3500925 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s36870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celecoxib exerted analgesic effects (hypoalgesia) reversed by opioid receptor antagonists in a model of inflammatory pain. To analyze this celecoxib-induced hypoalgesia further, we assessed the effects of several disruptors of cytoskeletal components in our model of inflammation. METHODS Hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli was induced in rat hind paws by intraplantar injection of carrageenan and measured using the Randall-Selitto method over the next 8 hours. The effects of systemic pretreatment with celecoxib and a range of cytoskeletal disruptors (colchicine, nocodazole, cytochalasin B, latrunculin B, acrylamide, each given by intraplantar injection) on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia were similarly investigated. Morphine and other selective cyclo-oxygenase 1 (SC-560), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (SC-236), and nonselective cyclo-oxygenase (indomethacin) inhibitors were also tested under similar conditions. RESULTS None of the cytoskeletal disruptors affected the peak intensity of carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, and its duration was increased only by nocodazole and colchicine. Pretreatment with celecoxib 30 minutes before carrageenan reversed the hyperalgesia and raised the nociceptive threshold (hypoalgesia). All analgesic effects of celecoxib were blocked by nocodazole, colchicine, cytochalasin B, and latrunculin B. Pretreatment with morphine also induced hypoalgesia in carrageenan-inflamed paws, an effect reversed by colchicine and cytochalasin B. However, the analgesic effects of indomethacin were not reversed by disruption of actin filaments with cytochalasin B or latrunculin B. CONCLUSION These data strengthen the correlation between cytoskeletal structures and the processes of pain and analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Paiva-Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Inflammation and Pain, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Inflammation and Pain, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Igor DG Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Inflammation and Pain, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - YS Bakhle
- Leukocyte Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Janetti N Francischi
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Inflammation and Pain, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Su TF, Zhang LH, Peng M, Wu CH, Pan W, Tian B, Shi J, Pan HL, Li M. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors contribute to upregulation of β-endorphin in inflamed skin tissues by electroacupuncture. Mol Pain 2011; 7:98. [PMID: 22177137 PMCID: PMC3281798 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture (EA) can produce analgesia by increasing the β-endorphin level and activation of peripheral μ-opioid receptors in inflamed tissues. Endogenous cannabinoids and peripheral cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2Rs) are also involved in the antinociceptive effect of EA on inflammatory pain. However, little is known about how peripheral CB2Rs interact with the endogenous opioid system at the inflammatory site and how this interaction contributes to the antinociceptive effect of EA on inflammatory pain. In this study, we determined the role of peripheral CB2Rs in the effects of EA on the expression of β-endorphin in inflamed skin tissues and inflammatory pain. RESULTS Inflammatory pain was induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the left hindpaw of rats. Thermal hyperalgesia was tested with a radiant heat stimulus, and mechanical allodynia was quantified using von Frey filaments. The mRNA level of POMC and protein level of β-endorphin were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The β-endorphin-containing keratinocytes and immune cells in the inflamed skin tissues were detected by double-immunofluorescence labeling. The CB2R agonist AM1241 or EA significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, whereas the selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effect produced by them. AM1241 or EA significantly increased the mRNA level of POMC and the protein level of β-endorphin in inflamed skin tissues, and these effects were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the CB2R antagonist AM630. AM1241 or EA also significantly increased the percentage of β-endorphin-immunoreactive keratinocytes, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes in inflamed skin tissues, and these effects were blocked by AM630. CONCLUSIONS EA and CB2R stimulation reduce inflammatory pain through activation of μ-opioid receptors. EA increases endogenous opioid expression in keratinocytes and infiltrating immune cells at the inflammatory site through CB2R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-feng Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-third consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2010 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the detection of morphine by the pharmacologist Friedrich Sertürner in 1806, opioids have been used as potent centrally acting analgesics. In addition to the central site of action, peripheral endogenous opioid analgesic systems have been extensively studied, especially in the past two decades. This review is not only mentioned to give a brief summary in this well investigated field of peripheral opioid receptors, but also to highlight the role of peripheral opioid receptors in other physiological and pathophysiological conditions. RECENT FINDINGS A number of studies, which initially focused on nociception, also revealed an important role of the peripheral opioid receptor system in opioid-induced bowel dysfunction and pruritus, as well as in wound healing, cardioprotection, and the analgesic effects of celecoxib. SUMMARY Efforts continue to develop opioid analgesics unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, which act only peripherally in low doses, thus providing adequate analgesia without central and systemic side-effects.The awareness of the influence of peripheral opioid receptors beyond nociception may also have therapeutic ramifications on the other fields mentioned above. For example, the treatment of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction by methylnaltrexone is one of the major findings in the previous years.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24:463-5. [DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e3283499d5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gassani BCA, Rezende RM, Paiva-Lima P, Ferreira-Alves DL, dos Reis WGP, Bakhle Y, de Francischi JN. Is the sulphonamide radical in the celecoxib molecule essential for its analgesic activity? Pharmacol Res 2010; 62:439-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rezende RM, Paiva-Lima P, Dos Reis WGP, Camêlo VM, Bakhle YS, de Francischi JN. Celecoxib induces tolerance in a model of peripheral inflammatory pain in rats. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:551-7. [PMID: 20691196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Like most NSAIDs, celecoxib exhibits analgesic effects in models of inflammatory pain but these appear to be dependent on endogenous opioid release. Therefore, this study has assessed the ability of celecoxib to induce tolerance in rats, comparable to that induced by morphine. Rats were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) twice daily with divided doses of celecoxib, morphine or indomethacin. Inflammation was induced in one hind paw of rats by injecting prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2); 200 ng) 30 min after drug administration, on days 1, 3, 5 and 6 or 7. Nociceptive thresholds to mechanical stimulation were measured 3 h after PGE(2) injection, on the same days. On days 6 or 7, analgesic effects of the full doses of test drugs were assessed. Celecoxib-induced tolerance, as did morphine, an effect not shown by another NSAID, indomethacin. Cross-tolerance between celecoxib and morphine was observed as they did not induce analgesia when animals were chronically treated with morphine or celecoxib, respectively. In addition, tolerance to celecoxib's analgesic effects persisted for at least two days after the end of the chronic treatment with celecoxib. Naltrexone prevented induction of tolerance to morphine or celecoxib. The present results strengthen the possibility that celecoxib has also mechanisms of analgesia unrelated to COX inhibition but dependent on endogenous opioid release. Our results also imply the existence of a new class of analgesics without the deleterious effects of COX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Machado Rezende
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Inflammation and Pain, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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