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Shakya R, Amonruttanapun P, Limboonreung T, Chongthammakun S. 17β-estradiol mitigates the inhibition of SH-SY5Y cell differentiation through WNT1 expression. Cells Dev 2023; 176:203881. [PMID: 37914154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) and canonical WNT-signaling represent crucial regulatory pathways for microtubule dynamics and synaptic formation. However, it is unclear yet whether E2-induced canonical WNT ligands have significant impact on neurogenic repair under inflammatory condition. In this study, first, we prepared the chronic activated-microglial-conditioned media, known to be comprised of neuro-inflammatory components. Long term exposure of microglial conditioned media to SH-SY5Y cells showed a negative impact on differentiation markers, microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) and synaptophysin (SYP), which was successfully rescued by pre and co-treatment of 10 nM 17β-estradiol. The inhibition of estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ significantly blocked the E2-mediated recovery in the expression of differentiation marker, SYP. Furthermore, the inflammatory inhibition of canonical signaling ligand, WNT1 was also found to be rescued by E2. To our surprise, E2 was unable to replicate this success with β-catenin, which is considered to be the intracellular transducer of canonical WNT signaling. However, WNT antagonist - Dkk1 blocked the E2-mediated recovery in the expression of the differentiation marker, MAP2. Therefore, our data suggests that E2-mediated recovery in SH-SY5Y differentiation follows a divergent pathway from the conventional canonical WNT signaling pathway, which seems to regulate microtubule stability without the involvement of β-catenin. This mechanism provides fresh insight into how estradiol contributes to the restoration of differentiation marker proteins in the context of chronic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Neuroscience Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Kathmandu University, School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre 11008, Nepal.
| | - Prateep Amonruttanapun
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand.
| | - Tanapol Limboonreung
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
| | - Sukumal Chongthammakun
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Neuroscience Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Li D, Liu X, Liu T, Liu H, Tong L, Jia S, Wang YF. Neurochemical regulation of the expression and function of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes. Glia 2019; 68:878-897. [PMID: 31626364 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a type III intermediate filament, is a marker of mature astrocytes. The expression of GFAP gene is regulated by many transcription factors (TFs), mainly Janus kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 cascade and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling. GFAP expression is also modulated by protein kinase and other signaling molecules that are elicited by neuronal activity and hormones. Abnormal expression of GFAP proteins occurs in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, brain edema-eliciting diseases, traumatic brain injury, psychiatric disorders and others. GFAP, mainly in α-isoform, is the major component of cytoskeleton and the scaffold of astrocytes, which is essential for the maintenance of astrocytic structure and shape. GFAP also has highly morphological plasticity because of its quick changes in assembling and polymerizing states in response to environmental challenges. This plasticity and its corresponding cellular morphological changes endow astrocytes the functions of physical barrier between adjacent neurons and stabilizer of extracellular environment. Moreover, GFAP colocalizes and even molecularly associates with many functional molecules. This feature allows GFAP to function as a platform for direct interactions between different molecules. Last, GFAP involves transportation and localization of other functional proteins and thus serves as a protein transport guide in astrocytes. This guiding role of GFAP involves an elastic retraction and extension cytoskeletal network that couples with GFAP reassembling, transporting, and membrane protein recycling machinery. This paper reviews our current understanding of the expression and functions of GFAP as well as their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Li
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuwei Jia
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Sadrtdinova II, Khizmatullina ZR. [Reactive changes in morphological and morphometric parameters of immunopositive astrocytes of the amygdala in response to hormone level in absence epilepsy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:61-66. [PMID: 30698546 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811810261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the changes in the morphological and morphometric parameters of immunopositive astrocytes of the amygdala in absence epilepsy depending on hormonal profile. MATERIAL AND METHODS Adult female WAG/Rij rats were used as experimental subjects. The astrocytes were detected on serial sections using a reaction to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) with pre-stained hematoxylin. Quantitative analysis was carried out for a 204.8´153.6 μm2 field of view. RESULTS In the control group, astrocytes had a relatively regular stellate form and GFAP was moderately expressed in their bodies and processes. The number of astrocytes was 18.20±2.87, and their area was 164±3.29 μm2. After ovariectomy, a high expression of the protein, both in the bodies and in the processes of astrocytes, increasing the cell size to 188.85±4.97 μm2 (p<0.05) was observed. The astrocytes increased to 34.55±3.03 (p<0.05). In addition, the deformation of the processes and their diffuse defibration were observed. After hormone replacement therapy, a decrease in GFAP expression was detected, the area of astrocytes became smaller in comparison with the group after ovariectomy: 173.54±5.48 μm2 (p<0.05). Morphological changes in glial cells were manifested as a decrease in the size of their bodies, the processes became smooth without diffuse sprouting and swelling, which is probably associated with neuroprotective functions of estradiol. CONCLUSION Thus, the results of our study demonstrated that the deficiency of female sex hormones led to the increase in both the amount and area of astrocytes in the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, and hormone replacement therapy positively affected the structural and quantitative characteristics of astrocytes due to the endogenous protective role of estradiol.
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Bethea CL, Reddy AP. Ovarian steroids regulate gene expression related to DNA repair and neurodegenerative diseases in serotonin neurons of macaques. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1565-78. [PMID: 25600110 PMCID: PMC4508249 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression often accompanies the perimenopausal transition and it often precedes overt symptomology in common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Serotonin dysfunction is frequently found in the different etiologies of depression. We have shown that ovariectomized (Ovx) monkeys treated with estradiol (E) for 28 days supplemented with placebo or progesterone (P) on days 14-28 had reduced DNA fragmentation in serotonin neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus, and long-term Ovx monkeys had fewer serotonin neurons than intact controls. We questioned the effect of E alone or E+P (estradiol supplemented with progesterone) on gene expression related to DNA repair, protein folding (chaperones), the ubiquitin-proteosome, axon transport and NDD-specific genes in serotonin neurons. Ovx macaques were treated with placebo, E or E+P (n=3 per group) for 1 month. Serotonin neurons were laser captured and subjected to microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Increases were confirmed with qRT-PCR in five genes that code for proteins involved in repair of strand breaks and nucleotide excision. NBN1, PCNA (proliferating nuclear antigen), GADD45A (DNA damage-inducible), RAD23A (DNA damage recognition) and GTF2H5 (gene transcription factor 2H5) significantly increased with E or E+P treatment (all analysis of variance (ANOVA), P<0.01). Chaperone genes HSP70 (heat-shock protein 70), HSP60 and HSP27 significantly increased with E or E+P treatment (all ANOVA, P<0.05). HSP90 showed a similar trend. Ubiquinase coding genes UBEA5, UBE2D3 and UBE3A (Parkin) increased with E or E+P (all ANOVA, P<0.003). Transport-related genes coding kinesin, dynein and dynactin increased with E or E+P treatment (all ANOVA, P<0.03). SCNA (α-synuclein) and ADAM10 (α-secretase) increased (both ANOVA, P<0.02) but PSEN1 (presenilin1) decreased (ANOVA, P<0.02) with treatment. APP decreased 10-fold with E or E+P administration. Newman-Keuls post hoc comparisons indicated variation in the response to E alone versus E+P across the different genes. In summary, E or E+P increased gene expression for DNA repair mechanisms in serotonin neurons, thereby rendering them less vulnerable to stress-induced DNA fragmentation. In addition, E or E+P regulated four genes encoding proteins that are often misfolded or malfunctioning in neuronal populations subserving overt NDD symptomology. The expression and regulation of these genes in serotonergic neurons invites speculation that they may mediate an underlying disease process in NDDs, which in turn may be ameliorated or delayed with timely hormone therapy in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Bethea
- Division of Reproductive Sciencesm, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR 97201
| | - Arubala P. Reddy
- Division of Reproductive Sciencesm, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006
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Steinmetz D, Ramos E, Campbell SN, Morales T, Rissman RA. Reproductive Stage and Modulation of Stress-Induced Tau Phosphorylation in Female Rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:827-34. [PMID: 26510116 PMCID: PMC4625411 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is implicated as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Although the specific mechanisms linking stress exposure and AD vulnerability have yet to be fully determined, our laboratory and others have shown that acute and repeated restraint stress in rodents leads to an increase in hippocampal tau phosphorylation (tau-P) and tau insolubility, a critical component of tau pathology in AD. Although tau phosphorylation induced by acute psychological stress is dependent on intact signaling through the type 1 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor, how sex steroids or other modulators contribute to this effect is unknown. A naturally occurring attenuation of the stress response is observed in female rats at the end of pregnancy and throughout lactation. To test the hypothesis that decreased sensitivity to stress during lactation modulates stress-induced tau-P, cohorts of virgin, lactating and weaned female rats were subjected to 30 min of restraint stress or no stress (control) and were killed 20 min or 24 h after the episode. Exposure to restraint stress induced a significant decrease in tau-P in the hippocampus of lactating rats killed 20 min after stress compared to lactating controls and virgins subjected to stress treatment. Lactating rats killed 24 hr after restraint stress exposure showed significant elevation in tau-P compared to lactating cohorts killed 20 min after stress. Levels of tau-P in these latter cohorts did not differ signficantly from control animals. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3-α levels were significantly decreased in stressed lactating animals at both timepoints. This suggests a steep, yet transient stress-induced dephosphorylation of tau, influenced by GSK3, in the hippocampus of lactating rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Steinmetz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Ramos
- Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Shannon N. Campbell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Teresa Morales
- Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Queretaro, Mexico
- Correspondence to: Robert A. Rissman, Ph.D., Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MTF 314 M/C 0624, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624; Tel: 858-246-0140; Fax: 858-246-0139;
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6
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Berent-Spillson A, Briceno E, Pinsky A, Simmen A, Persad CC, Zubieta JK, Smith YR. Distinct cognitive effects of estrogen and progesterone in menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 59:25-36. [PMID: 26010861 PMCID: PMC4490102 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of postmenopausal hormone treatment on cognitive outcomes are inconsistent in the literature. Emerging evidence suggests that cognitive effects are influenced by specific hormone formulations, and that progesterone is more likely to be associated with positive outcomes than synthetic progestin. There are very few studies of unopposed progesterone in postmenopausal women, and none that use functional neuroimaging, a sensitive measure of neurobiological function. In this study of 29 recently postmenopausal women, we used functional MRI and neuropsychological measures to separately assess the effects of estrogen or progesterone treatment on visual and verbal cognitive function. Women were randomized to receive 90 days of either estradiol or progesterone counterbalanced with placebo. After each treatment arm, women were given a battery of verbal and visual cognitive function and working memory tests, and underwent functional MRI including verbal processing and visual working memory tasks. We found that both estradiol and progesterone were associated with changes in activation patterns during verbal processing. Compared to placebo, women receiving estradiol treatment had greater activation in the left prefrontal cortex, a region associated with verbal processing and encoding. Progesterone was associated with changes in regional brain activation patterns during a visual memory task, with greater activation in the left prefrontal cortex and right hippocampus compared to placebo. Both treatments were associated with a statistically non-significant increase in number of words remembered following the verbal task performed during the fMRI scanning session, while only progesterone was associated with improved neuropsychological measures of verbal working memory compared to placebo. These results point to potential cognitive benefits of both estrogen and progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Berent-Spillson
- University of Michigan, Psychiatry Department, MBNI, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Emily Briceno
- University of Michigan, Psychiatry Department, Neuropsychology Division, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Alana Pinsky
- University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Angela Simmen
- University of Michigan, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, L4000 Womens SPC, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Carol C. Persad
- University of Michigan, Psychiatry Department, Neuropsychology Division, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- University of Michigan, Psychiatry Department, MBNI, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yolanda R. Smith
- University of Michigan, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, L4000 Womens SPC, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Corresponding author: Alison Berent-Spillson, 1-734-615-4252
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7
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Hansberg-Pastor V, González-Arenas A, Piña-Medina AG, Camacho-Arroyo I. Sex Hormones Regulate Cytoskeletal Proteins Involved in Brain Plasticity. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:165. [PMID: 26635640 PMCID: PMC4653291 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain of female mammals, including humans, a number of physiological and behavioral changes occur as a result of sex hormone exposure. Estradiol and progesterone regulate several brain functions, including learning and memory. Sex hormones contribute to shape the central nervous system by modulating the formation and turnover of the interconnections between neurons as well as controlling the function of glial cells. The dynamics of neuron and glial cells morphology depends on the cytoskeleton and its associated proteins. Cytoskeletal proteins are necessary to form neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines, as well as to regulate the diverse functions in astrocytes. The expression pattern of proteins, such as actin, microtubule-associated protein 2, Tau, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, changes in a tissue-specific manner in the brain, particularly when variations in sex hormone levels occur during the estrous or menstrual cycles or pregnancy. Here, we review the changes in structure and organization of neurons and glial cells that require the participation of cytoskeletal proteins whose expression and activity are regulated by estradiol and progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Hansberg-Pastor
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ana Gabriela Piña-Medina
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
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Yang X, Zhu F, Zhang X, Gao Z, Cao Y. Ipsilateral versus bilateral limb-training in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells following cerebral infarction in rats. Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2698-704. [PMID: 25337116 PMCID: PMC4200738 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.34.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ipsilateral versus bilateral limb-training on promotion of endogenous neural stem cells in the peripheral infarct zone and the corresponding cerebral region in the unaffected hemisphere of rats with cerebral infarction. Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in Wistar rats. The rat forelimb on the unaffected side was either wrapped up with tape to force the use of the paretic forelimb in rats or not braked to allow bilateral forelimbs to participate in training. Daily training consisted of mesh drum training, balance beam training, and stick rolling training for a total of 40 minutes, once per day. Control rats received no training. At 14 days after functional training, rats receiving bilateral limb-training exhibited milder neurological impairment than that in the ipsilateral limb-training group or the control group. The number of nestin/glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and nestin/microtubule-associated protein 2-positive cells in the peripheral infarct zone and in the corresponding cerebral region in the unaffected hemisphere was significantly higher in rats receiving bilateral limb-training than in rats receiving ipsilateral limb-training. These data suggest that bilateral limb-training can promote the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells in the bilateral hemispheres after cerebral infarction and accelerate the recovery of neurologic function. In addition, bilateral limb-training produces better therapeutic effects than ipsilateral limb-training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyao Yang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Brain Hospital, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- The First People's Hospital of Dandong, Dandong 118000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Brain Hospital, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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González-Arenas A, Piña-Medina AG, González-Flores O, Galván-Rosas A, Camacho-Arroyo I. Sex hormones and expression pattern of cytoskeletal proteins in the rat brain throughout pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:154-8. [PMID: 23318880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy involves diverse changes in brain function that implicate a re-organization in neuronal cytoskeleton. In this physiological state, the brain is in contact with several hormones that it has never been exposed, as well as with very high levels of hormones that the brain has been in touch throughout life. Among the latter hormones are progesterone and estradiol which regulate several brain functions, including learning, memory, neuroprotection, and the display of sexual and maternal behavior. These functions involve changes in the structure and organization of neurons and glial cells that require the participation of cytoskeletal proteins whose expression and activity is regulated by estradiol and progesterone. We have found that the expression pattern of Microtubule Associated Protein 2, Tau, and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein changes in a tissue-specific manner in the brain of the rat throughout gestation and the start of lactation, suggesting that these proteins participate in the plastic changes observed in the brain during pregnancy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Pregnancy and Steroids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliesha González-Arenas
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., México
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Willing J, Wagner CK. Sensorimotor development in neonatal progesterone receptor knockout mice. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:16-24. [PMID: 23983142 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Early exposure to steroid hormones can permanently and dramatically alter neural development. This is best understood in the organizational effects of hormones during development of brain regions involved in reproductive behaviors or neuroendocrine function. However, recent evidence strongly suggests that steroid hormones play a vital role in shaping brain regions involved in cognitive behavior such as the cerebral cortex. The most abundantly expressed steroid hormone receptor in the developing rodent cortex is the progesterone receptor (PR). In the rat, PR is initially expressed in the developmentally-critical subplate at E18, and subsequently in laminas V and II/III through the first three postnatal weeks (Quadros et al. [2007] J Comp Neurol 504:42-56; Lopez & Wagner [2009]: J Comp Neurol 512:124-139), coinciding with significant periods of dendritic maturation, the arrival of afferents and synaptogenesis. In the present study, we investigated PR expression in the neonatal mouse somatosensory cortex. Additionally, to investigate the potential role of PR in developing cortex, we examined sensorimotor function in the first two postnatal weeks in PR knockout mice and their wildtype (WT) and heterozygous (HZ) counterparts. While the three genotypes were similar in most regards, PRKO and HZ mice lost the rooting reflex 2-3 days earlier than WT mice. These studies represent the first developmental behavioral assessment of PRKO mice and suggest PR expression may play an important role in the maturation of cortical connectivity and sensorimotor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany - SUNY, Albany, New York
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González-Arenas A, Piña-Medina AG, González-Flores O, Gómora-Arrati P, Carrillo-Martínez GE, Balandrán-Ruíz MA, Camacho-Arroyo I. Expression pattern of Tau in the rat brain during pregnancy and the beginning of lactation. Brain Res Bull 2012; 89:108-14. [PMID: 22884690 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy involves changes in brain function that implicate a re-organization in neuronal cytoskeleton. We analyzed the content of the microtubule associated protein Tau (65kDa isoform) and its phosphorylated form (PhosphoTau) in several rat brain regions throughout pregnancy and on day 2 of lactation by Western blot. In hypothalamus the content of Tau increased on days 2 and 18 of gestation compared with days 14, 21 and in lactation. PhosphoTau content increased throughout pregnancy. In preoptic area Tau content did not show significant changes throughout pregnancy or lactation, however, the content of PhosphoTau presented a decrease on day 21 of gestation. In hippocampus Tau content decreased on day 14 until day 21 compared with day 2 of gestation, however, in lactation day 2 the content of Tau increased meanwhile PhosphoTau content progressively increased throughout pregnancy. In frontal cortex Tau content decreased on day 21 of gestation compared with days 2, 14 and 18, with an increase in lactation, whereas PhosphoTau did not show significant changes. In cerebellum Tau protein decreased on days 14, 18 and 21 of pregnancy with an increase in lactation. PhosphoTau content increased throughout pregnancy and on day 2 of lactation. PhosphoTau/Tau ratio changes in each brain area along pregnancy and in lactation. Our data suggest that Tau expression and its phosphorylation pattern change in a tissue-dependent manner throughout pregnancy and the beginning of lactation in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliesha González-Arenas
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico
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12
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Barbati C, Pierdominici M, Gambardella L, Malchiodi Albedi F, Karas RH, Rosano G, Malorni W, Ortona E. Cell surface estrogen receptor alpha is upregulated during subchronic metabolic stress and inhibits neuronal cell degeneration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42339. [PMID: 22860116 PMCID: PMC3409197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classical nuclear estrogen receptor, the expression of non-nuclear estrogen receptors localized to the cell surface membrane (mER) has recently been demonstrated. Estrogen and its receptors have been implicated in the development or progression of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of these diseases has been associated with disturbances of two key cellular programs: apoptosis and autophagy. An excess of apoptosis or a defect in autophagy has been implicated in neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of ER in determining neuronal cell fate and the possible implication of these receptors in regulating either apoptosis or autophagy. The human neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y and mouse neuronal cells in primary culture were thus exposed to chronic minimal peroxide treatment (CMP), a form of subcytotoxic minimal chronic stress previously that mimics multiple aspects of long-term cell stress and represents a limited molecular proxy for neurodegenerative processes. We actually found that either E2 or E2-bovine serum albumin construct (E2BSA, i.e. a non-permeant form of E2) was capable of modulating intracellular cell signals and regulating cell survival and death. In particular, under CMP, the up-regulation of mERα, but not mERβ, was associated with functional signals (ERK phosphorylation and p38 dephosphorylation) compatible with autophagic cytoprotection triggering and leading to cell survival. The mERα trafficking appeared to be independent of the microfilament system cytoskeletal network but was seemingly associated with microtubular apparatus network, i.e., to MAP2 molecular chaperone. Importantly, antioxidant treatments, administration of siRNA to ERα, or the presence of antagonist of ERα hindered these events. These results support that the surface expression of mERα plays a pivotal role in determining cell fate, and that ligand-induced activation of mER signalling exerts a powerful cell-survival signal. These results shed new light on the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to neuronal cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Barbati
- San Raffaele Institute Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Pierdominici
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Richard H. Karas
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- San Raffaele Institute Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Ortona
- San Raffaele Institute Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Pinto-Almazán R, Calzada-Mendoza CC, Campos-Lara MG, Guerra-Araiza C. Effect of chronic administration of estradiol, progesterone, and tibolone on the expression and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and the microtubule-associated protein tau in the hippocampus and cerebellum of female rat. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:878-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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