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Khaksar G, Myint SLL, Hasriadi, Towiwat P, Sirikantaramas S, Rodsiri R. Durian fruit pulp extract enhances intracellular glutathione levels, mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation for neuroprotection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15153. [PMID: 38956206 PMCID: PMC11220076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) fruit pulp is a rich source of γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), a direct precursor to the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). This study elucidated the in vitro neuroprotective potential of unripe durian fruit pulp extract (UDE) against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells. Treatments with γ-EC, GSH standards, or UDE exhibited no cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells, except at high concentrations. A 4-h pretreatment with 100 µM γ-EC or UDE containing 100 µM γ-EC significantly increased SH-SY5Y cell viability post H2O2 induction. Moreover, a similar pretreatment reduced LPS-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines in BV-2 cells. The neuroprotective effect of UDE is primarily attributed to γ-EC provision and the promotion of GSH synthesis, which in turn elevates intracellular GSH levels and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. This study identifies γ-EC in UDE as a potential neuroprotective biomarker boosting intracellular GSH levels, providing insights into UDE's therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Khaksar
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Su Lwin Lwin Myint
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hasriadi
- Animal Models of Chronic Inflammation-Associated Diseases for Drug Discovery Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasarapa Towiwat
- Animal Models of Chronic Inflammation-Associated Diseases for Drug Discovery Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Ratchanee Rodsiri
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Gu X, Dong M, Xia S, Li H, Bao X, Cao X, Xu Y. γ-Glutamylcysteine ameliorates blood-brain barrier permeability and neutrophil extracellular traps formation after ischemic stroke by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signalling in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176409. [PMID: 38365105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
During the inflammatory response after stroke, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is significantly disrupted, compromising its integrity. This disruption allows many peripheral neutrophils to infiltrate the injury site in the brain and release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which further increase BBB permeability. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of γ-Glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), an immediate precursor of GSH, against BBB breakdown and NET formation after ischemic stroke. Our data indicated that γ-GC treatment effectively attenuated BBB damage, decreased neutrophil infiltration, and suppressed the release of NETs, ultimately leading to the amelioration of ischemic injury. Transcriptomic data and subsequent validation studies revealed that mechanistically, γ-GC exerts its effect by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway after ischemic stroke. This research suggests that γ-GC may hold promise as a therapeutic agent for alleviating brain injury following an ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, China.
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Do D, Guruk M, Kus-Liśkiewicz M, Damblon C, Arguelles-Arias A, Erten H, Fickers P. Biosynthesis of the antioxidant γ-glutamyl-cysteine with engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300564. [PMID: 38403441 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The dipeptide γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), the first intermediate of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, is considered as a promising drug to reduce or prevent plethora of age-related disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. The unusual γ-linkage between the two constitutive amino acids, namely cysteine and glutamate, renders its chemical synthesis particularly challenging. Herein, we report on the metabolic engineering of the non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for efficient γ-GC synthesis. The yeast was first converted into a γ-GC producer by disruption of gene GSH2 encoding GSH synthase and by constitutive expression of GSH1 encoding glutamylcysteine ligase. Subsequently genes involved in cysteine and glutamate anabolism, namely MET4, CYSE, CYSF, and GDH1 were overexpressed with the aim to increase their intracellular availability. With such a strategy, a γ-GC titer of 464 nmol mg-1 protein (93 mg gDCW-1 ) was obtained within 24 h of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem Do
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
- Dong Thap Medical College, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam
| | - Mümine Guruk
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Christian Damblon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale, Département de Chimie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anthony Arguelles-Arias
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Huseyin Erten
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Patrick Fickers
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
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Liu A, Zhang M, Wu Y, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Su X, Zhu X, Shi W, Liu J, Zhang Y, Huang C, Yan Z, Lin J. ASPS Exhibits Anti-Rheumatic Effects by Reprogramming Gut Microbiota and Increasing Serum γ-Glutamylcysteine Level. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205645. [PMID: 36417588 PMCID: PMC9875676 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an essential cause of labor loss and disability for people worldwide. Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS) is one of the most important active components from A. senticosus, which exhibits various pharmacological activities such as antioxidation and immunomodulation. However, no studies have reported the application of ASPS in treating RA. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of ASPS on RA and reveal its underlying mechanism. The potential therapeutic effect of ASPS against RA is initially verified in this study using the collagen-induced arthritis model. Moreover, the protective benefits of ASPS are transmitted through the fecal microbiota and blocked by simultaneous antibiotic cocktail treatment, indicating that gut microbiota may be correlated with ASPS. The 16S rRNA sequencing using feces samples and untargeted UPLC-MS metabolomics using serum samples further reveal that ASPS reprograms the arthritic progression triggered dysbiosis, enhances the expression of γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC) synthetase, and enriches the serum concentration of GGC. Furthermore, metabolites GGC is found to be able to effectively interrupt NLRP3 inflammasome activation via inhibiting ASC nucleation and therefore attenuate inflammatory arthritis. Taken together, this work highlights ASPS's therapeutic potential against RA, which mainly exhibits its effects via modulating gut microbiota and regulating GGC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuzhou Dushu Lake HospitalDushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow UniversityMedical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215125China
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Yanglin Wu
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuzhou Dushu Lake HospitalDushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow UniversityMedical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215125China
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuzhou Dushu Lake HospitalDushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow UniversityMedical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215125China
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuzhou Dushu Lake HospitalDushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow UniversityMedical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215125China
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Xinlin Su
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Weidong Shi
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Jiangyun Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Biology and Food EngineeringChangshu Institute of TechnologyChangshu215500China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of OrthopaedicsChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing100029China
| | - Zhaowei Yan
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of OrthopaedicsSuzhou Dushu Lake HospitalDushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow UniversityMedical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215125China
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Sulodexide Increases Glutathione Synthesis and Causes Pro-Reducing Shift in Glutathione-Redox State in HUVECs Exposed to Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation: Implication for Protection of Endothelium against Ischemic Injury. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175465. [PMID: 36080234 PMCID: PMC9457652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulodexide (SDX), a purified glycosaminoglycan mixture used to treat vascular diseases, has been reported to exert endothelial protective effects against ischemic injury. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be fully elucidated. The emerging evidence indicated that a relatively high intracellular concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and a maintenance of the redox environment participate in the endothelial cell survival during ischemia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that SDX alleviates oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced human umbilical endothelial cells’ (HUVECs) injury, which serves as the in vitro model of ischemia, by affecting the redox state of the GSH: glutathione disulfide (GSSG) pool. The cellular GSH, GSSG and total glutathione (tGSH) concentrations were measured by colorimetric method and the redox potential (ΔEh) of the GSSG/2GSH couple was calculated, using the Nernst equation. Furthermore, the levels of the glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLc) and the glutathione synthetase (GSS) proteins, a key enzyme for de novo GSH synthesis, were determined using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). We demonstrated that the SDX treatment in OGD conditions significantly elevated the intracellular GSH, enhanced the GSH:GSSG ratio, shifting the redox potential to a more pro-reducing status. Furthermore, SDX increased the levels of both GCLc and GSS. The results show that SDX protects the human endothelial cells against ischemic stress by affecting the GSH levels and cellular redox state. These changes suggest that the reduction in the ischemia-induced vascular endothelial cell injury through repressing apoptosis and oxidative stress associated with SDX treatment may be due to an increase in GSH synthesis and modulation of the GSH redox system.
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Lu S, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhou J, Liu H, Liang J, Jiang L, Hu J, Zhang Y, Ma L, Luo L, Jia S, Yin Z. Protective effect of γ-glutamylcysteine against UVB radiation in NIH-3T3 cells. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022; 38:522-530. [PMID: 35175655 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced oxidative stress is the main cause of photodamage to the skin. Glutathione (GSH) serves important physiological functions, including scavenging oxygen-free radicals and maintaining intracellular redox balance. γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), as an immediate precursor of GSH and harboring antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, represents an unexplored option for skin photodamage treatment. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether γ-GC can reduce UVB-induced NIH-3T3 cell damage. METHODS The experimental groups were as follows: control, UVB radiation, UVB radiation after pretreatment with γ-GC. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were used to measure cell proliferation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting to detect the apoptosis rate and apoptosis-associated proteins. The levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and GSH/GSSG (oxidized GSH) were measured to assess oxidative stress. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect DNA damage. The members of the MAPK signaling pathways were detected by immunoblotting. RESULTS UVB irradiation significantly reduced cell viability and destroyed the oxidative defense system. Pretreatment with γ-GC reduced UVB-induced cytotoxicity, restored the oxidation defense system, and inhibited activation of the MAPK pathway. It also reduced the apoptosis rate, downregulated the levels of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP. Furthermore, pretreatment with γ-GC reduced the accumulation of γH2AX after UVB radiation exposure, indicating that γ-GC could protect cells from DNA damage. CONCLUSION γ-GC protected NIH-3T3 from damage caused by UVB irradiation. The photoprotective effect of γ-GC is mediated via strengthening the endogenous antioxidant defense system, which prevents DNA damage and inhibits the activation of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyi Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanjuan Liang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longwei Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaochang Jia
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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γ-Glutamylcysteine Alleviates Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis by Inhibiting ROS-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2961079. [PMID: 34824669 PMCID: PMC8610689 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2961079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe and acute neurological disorder with limited therapeutic strategies currently available. Oxidative stress is one of the critical pathological factors in ischemia/reperfusion injury, and high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may drive neuronal apoptosis. Rescuing neurons in the penumbra is a potential way to recover from ischemic stroke. Endogenous levels of the potent ROS quencher glutathione (GSH) decrease significantly after cerebral ischemia. Here, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), an immediate precursor of GSH, on neuronal apoptosis and brain injury during ischemic stroke. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used to mimic cerebral ischemia in mice, neuronal cell lines, and primary neurons. Our data indicated that exogenous γ-GC treatment mitigated oxidative stress, as indicated by upregulated GSH and decreased ROS levels. In addition, γ-GC attenuated ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal apoptosis and brain injury in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, transcriptomics approaches and subsequent validation studies revealed that γ-GC attenuated penumbra neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathway in OGD/R-treated cells and ischemic brain tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report that γ-GC attenuates ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis by suppressing ROS-mediated ER stress. γ-GC may be a promising therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Liu Y, Chen Z, Li B, Yao H, Zarka M, Welch J, Sachdev P, Bridge W, Braidy N. Supplementation with γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) lessens oxidative stress, brain inflammation and amyloid pathology and improves spatial memory in a murine model of AD. Neurochem Int 2020; 144:104931. [PMID: 33276023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accumulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and abnormal aggregation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) have been shown to induce synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cellular depletion of the major endogenous antioxidant Glutathione (GSH) has been linked to cognitive decline and the development of AD pathology. Supplementation with γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), the immediate precursor and the limiting substrate for GSH biosynthesis, can transiently augment cellular GSH levels by bypassing the regulation of GSH homeostasis. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of γ-GC on oxidative stress and Aβ pathology in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. The APP/PS1 mice were fed γ-GC from 3 months of age with biomarkers of apoptosis and cell death, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and Aβ load being assessed at 6 months of age. RESULTS Our data showed that supplementation with γ-GC lowered the levels of brain lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and apoptosis, increased both total GSH and the glutathione/glutathione disulphide (GSH/GSSG) ratio and replenished ATP and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutamine synthetase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)), the latter being a key regulator of ferroptosis. Brain Aβ load was lower and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was markedly improved compared to APP/PS1 mice fed a standard chow diet. Alteration in brain cytokine levels and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes MMP-2 and MMP-9 suggested that γ-GC may lower inflammation and enhance Aβ plaque clearance in vivo. Spatial memory was also improved by γ-GC as determined using the Morris water maze. CONCLUSION Our data collectively suggested that supplementation with γ-GC may represent a novel strategy for the treatment and/or prevention of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital Huzhou, China
| | - Ben Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Martin Zarka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Welch
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wallace Bridge
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Novel Antioxidant Therapy with the Immediate Precursor to Glutathione, γ-Glutamylcysteine (GGC), Ameliorates LPS-Induced Cellular Stress in In Vitro 3D-Differentiated Airway Model from Primary Cystic Fibrosis Human Bronchial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121204. [PMID: 33266084 PMCID: PMC7760366 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic glutathione deficiency, inflammation, and oxidative stress are hallmarks of cystic fibrosis (CF), an inherited disease that causes persistent lung infections and severe damage to the respiratory system and many of the body organs. Improvements to current antioxidant therapeutic strategies are needed. The dietary supplement, γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), which is the immediate precursor to glutathione, rapidly boosts cellular glutathione levels following a single dose in healthy individuals. Efficacy of GGC against oxidative stress induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is a common and chronic pathogen infecting lungs of CF patients, remains unassessed. Primary mucocilliary differentiated airway (bronchial and/or nasal) epithelial cells were created from four individuals with CF. Airway oxidative stress and inflammation was induced by P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Parameters including global proteomics alterations, cell redox state (glutathione, oxidative stress), pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-8, IDO-1), and cellular health (membrane integrity, stress granule formation, cell metabolic viability) were assayed under six experimental conditions: (1) Mock, (2) LPS-challenged (3) therapeutic, (4) prophylactic (5) therapeutic and prophylactic and (6) GGC alone. Proteomic analysis identified perturbation of several pathways related to cellular respiration and stress responses upon LPS challenge. Most of these were resolved when cells were treated with GGC. While GGC did not resolve LPS-induced IL-8 and IDO-1 activity, it effectively attenuated LPS-induced oxidative stress and stress granule formation, while significantly increasing total intracellular glutathione levels, metabolic viability and improving epithelial cell barrier integrity. Both therapeutic and prophylactic treatments were successful. Together, these findings indicate that GGC has therapeutic potential for treatment and prevention of oxidative stress-related damage to airways in cystic fibrosis.
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Braidy N, Zarka M, Jugder BE, Welch J, Jayasena T, Chan DKY, Sachdev P, Bridge W. The Precursor to Glutathione (GSH), γ-Glutamylcysteine (GGC), Can Ameliorate Oxidative Damage and Neuroinflammation Induced by Aβ 40 Oligomers in Human Astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:177. [PMID: 31440155 PMCID: PMC6694290 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most abundant thiol antioxidants in cells. Many chronic and age-related diseases are associated with a decline in cellular GSH levels or impairment in the catalytic activity of the GSH biosynthetic enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), a precursor to glutathione (GSH), can replenish depleted GSH levels under oxidative stress conditions, by circumventing the regulation of GSH biosynthesis and providing the limiting substrate. Soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers have been shown to induce oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits which have been reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Calcium ions, which are increased with age and in AD, have been previously reported to enhance the formation of Aβ40 oligomers, which have been casually associated with the pathogenesis of the underlying neurodegenerative condition. In this study, we examined the potential beneficial effects of GGC against exogenous Aβ40 oligomers on biomarkers of apoptosis and cell death, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, in human astrocytes. Treatment with Aβ40 oligomers significantly reduced the cell viability and apoptosis of astrocyte brain cultures and increased oxidative modifications of DNA, lipids, and protein, enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine release and increased the activity of the proteolytic matrix metalloproteinase enzyme, matric metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and reduced the activity of MMP-9 after 24 h. Co-treatment of Aβ40 oligomers with GGC at 200 μM increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and led to significant increases in the levels of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and GSH and reduced the GSSG/GSH ratio. GGC also upregulated the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduced the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and attenuated the changes in metalloproteinase activity in oligomeric Aβ40-treated astrocytes. Our data provides renewed insight on the beneficial effects of increased GSH levels by GGC in human astrocytes, and identifies yet another potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate the cytotoxic effects of Aβ oligomers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Zarka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bat-Erdene Jugder
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Welch
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tharusha Jayasena
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel K Y Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Aged Care and Rehabilitation, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wallace Bridge
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Kageyama S, Ii H, Taniguchi K, Kubota S, Yoshida T, Isono T, Chano T, Yoshiya T, Ito K, Yoshiki T, Kawauchi A, Nakata S. Mechanisms of Tumor Growth Inhibition by Depletion of γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT): A Novel Molecular Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072054. [PMID: 30011933 PMCID: PMC6073726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT), which is one of the major enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism, is upregulated in a wide range of cancers—glioma, breast, lung, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, urinary bladder, prostate, cervical, ovarian cancers and osteosarcoma—and promotes cancer progression; its depletion leads to the suppression of proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells. It has been demonstrated that the suppression or inhibition of GGCT has an antitumor effect in cancer-bearing xenograft mice. Based on these observations, GGCT is now recognized as a promising therapeutic target in various cancers. This review summarizes recent advances on the mechanisms of the antitumor activity of GGCT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kageyama
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Ii
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Keiko Taniguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Shigehisa Kubota
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Isono
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Tokuhiro Chano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | | | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiro Yoshiki
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kawauchi
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Susumu Nakata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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12
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Glutamate cysteine ligase and the age-related decline in cellular glutathione: The therapeutic potential of γ-glutamylcysteine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 593:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Xu F, Sudo Y, Sanechika S, Yamashita J, Shimaguchi S, Honda SI, Sumi-Ichinose C, Mori-Kojima M, Nakata R, Furuta T, Sakurai M, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Kondo K, Ichinose H. Disturbed biopterin and folate metabolism in the Qdpr-deficient mouse. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3924-31. [PMID: 25240194 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) catalyzes the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor for monoamine synthesis, phenylalanine hydroxylation and nitric oxide production. Here, we produced and analyzed a transgenic Qdpr(-/-) mouse model. Unexpectedly, the BH4 contents in the Qdpr(-/-) mice were not decreased and even increased in some tissues, whereas those of the oxidized form dihydrobiopterin (BH2) were significantly increased. We demonstrated that unlike the wild-type mice, dihydrofolate reductase regenerated BH4 from BH2 in the mutants. Furthermore, we revealed wide alterations in folate-associated metabolism in the Qdpr(-/-) mice, which suggests an interconnection between folate and biopterin metabolism in the transgenic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sudo
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Sanechika
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamashita
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Shimaguchi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Honda
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Chiho Sumi-Ichinose
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masayo Mori-Kojima
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Rieko Nakata
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Tadaomi Furuta
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Sakurai
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Kazunao Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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14
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Sotgia S, Zinellu A, Mangoni AA, Pintus G, Attia J, Carru C, McEvoy M. Clinical and biochemical correlates of serum L-ergothioneine concentrations in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84918. [PMID: 24392160 PMCID: PMC3879362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the increasing interest towards the biological role of L-ergothioneine, little is known about the serum concentrations of this unusual aminothiol in older adults. We addressed this issue in a representative sample of community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. Methods Body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum concentrations of L-ergothioneine, taurine, homocysteine, cysteine, glutathione, cysteinylglycine, and glutamylcysteine were evaluated in 439 subjects (age 55–85 years) randomly selected from the Hunter Community Study. Results Median L-ergothioneine concentration in the entire cohort was 1.01 IQR 0.78–1.33 µmol/L. Concentrations were not affected by gender (P = 0.41) or by presence of chronic medical conditions (P = 0.15). By considering only healthy subjects, we defined a reference interval for L-ergothioneine serum concentrations from 0.36 (90% CI 0.31–0.44) to 3.08 (90% CI 2.45–3.76) µmol/L. Using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis L-ergothioneine was negatively correlated with age (rpartial = −0.15; P = 0.0018) and with glutamylcysteine concentrations (rpartial = −0.13; P = 0.0063). Conclusions A thorough analysis of serum L-ergothioneine concentrations was performed in a large group of community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. Reference intervals were established. Age and glutamylcysteine were independently negatively associated with L-ergothioneine serum concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - John Attia
- Level 3 Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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15
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Transsulfuration pathway thiols and methylated arginines: the Hunter Community Study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54870. [PMID: 23365680 PMCID: PMC3554694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum homocysteine, when studied singly, has been reported to be positively associated both with the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine [ADMA, via inhibition of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity] and with symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). We investigated combined associations between transsulfuration pathway thiols, including homocysteine, and serum ADMA and SDMA concentrations at population level. Methods Data on clinical and demographic characteristics, medication exposure, C-reactive protein, serum ADMA and SDMA (LC-MS/MS), and thiols (homocysteine, cysteine, taurine, glutamylcysteine, total glutathione, and cysteinylglycine; capillary electrophoresis) were collected from a sample of the Hunter Community Study on human ageing [n = 498, median age (IQR) = 64 (60–70) years]. Results Regression analysis showed that: a) age (P = 0.001), gender (P = 0.03), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, P = 0.08), body mass index (P = 0.008), treatment with beta-blockers (P = 0.03), homocysteine (P = 0.02), and glutamylcysteine (P = 0.003) were independently associated with higher ADMA concentrations; and b) age (P = 0.001), absence of diabetes (P = 0.001), lower body mass index (P = 0.01), lower eGFR (P<0.001), cysteine (P = 0.007), and glutamylcysteine (P<0.001) were independently associated with higher SDMA concentrations. No significant associations were observed between methylated arginines and either glutathione or taurine concentrations. Conclusions After adjusting for clinical, demographic, biochemical, and pharmacological confounders the combined assessment of transsulfuration pathway thiols shows that glutamylcysteine has the strongest and positive independent associations with ADMA and SDMA. Whether this reflects a direct effect of glutamylcysteine on DDAH activity (for ADMA) and/or cationic amino acid transport requires further investigations.
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16
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Shen XC, Tao L, Li WK, Zhang YY, Luo H, Xia YY. Evidence-based antioxidant activity of the essential oil from Fructus A. zerumbet on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells' injury induced by ox-LDL. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:174. [PMID: 23039037 PMCID: PMC3517756 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential oil from Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet (FAZ) is its principal bioactive ingredient, and is widely used in Miao folk herbs in Guizhou province for the treatment of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have confirmed that FAZ ameliorates hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Because endothelial dysfunction often accompanies cardiovascular diseases, especially hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, the present study concentrated on evaluating the endothelial protective effects of the essential oil from FAZ (EOFAZ) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced injury of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and on the regulation of oxidative stress. METHODS Cell viability was analyzed with the MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion staining (TBES). Cell injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Biochemical enzymatic methods were used to evaluate the oxidative stress, including the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). RESULTS The redox status of HUVECs was significantly exacerbated after exposure to ox-LDL. EOFAZ protected HUVECs against ox-LDL injury as assessed by the MTT assay, TBES and LDH release. Furthermore, EOFAZ ameliorated the oxidative stress by elevating the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px, and increasing the GSH levels, in addition to attenuating the MDA contents. CONCLUSIONS The present data provide the first experimental evidence that EOFAZ protects endothelial cells against ox-LDL-induced injury, and indicate that this protection involves ameliorating the redox status.
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17
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Nakamura YK, Dubick MA, Omaye ST. Modulation of oxidative stress by γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer mixture in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1854-9. [PMID: 22490668 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Individually, γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), a dipeptide and precursor of glutathione (GSH), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a trans-fatty acid, exhibit antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to compare effects of co-administration of GGC and CLA to treatment with GGC alone on oxidative stress and GSH synthesis in human endothelial cells. Changes in levels of 8-epi-PGF2α, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), GSH, total antioxidants, GSH synthetase (GSS) expression, and transcription factor DNA binding were assessed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated with GGC alone (100 μmol/L) or combined with CLA isomer mixture (10, 50, 100 μmol/L) for 24h. Significantly higher levels of TBARS, 8-epi-PGF2α, GSH, and GSS protein were found in cells treated with GGC and 10 μmol/L CLA, compared to cells treated with GGC alone, indicative of prooxidant effects of CLA. Approximately 40% cell death was microscopically observed in cells incubated with GGC and 100 μmol/L CLA. Despite lower levels of GSH, treatment with GGC and 50 μmol/L CLA appeared to be protective from oxidative stress similar to treatment with GGC alone, as indicated by lower levels of TBARS, compared to control cells not treated with GGC and CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko K Nakamura
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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