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El-Sherbiny M, Fahmy EK, Eisa NH, Said E, Elkattawy HA, Ebrahim HA, Elsherbiny NM, Ghoneim FM. Nanogold Particles Suppresses 5-Flurouracil-Induced Renal Injury: An Insight into the Modulation of Nrf-2 and Its Downstream Targets, HO-1 and γ-GCS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247684. [PMID: 34946766 PMCID: PMC8707269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the field of nanotechnology has revolutionized various aspects in the fields of modern sciences. Nano-medicine is one of the primary fields for the application of nanotechnology techniques. The current study sheds light on the reno-protective impacts of gold nano-particles; nanogold (AuNPs) against 5-flurouracil (5-FU)-induced renal toxicity. Indeed, the use of 5-FU has been associated with kidney injury which greatly curbs its therapeutic application. In the current study, 5-FU injection was associated with a significant escalation in the indices of renal injury, i.e., creatinine and urea. Alongside this, histopathological and ultra-histopathological changes confirmed the onset of renal injury. Both gene and/or protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and downstream antioxidant enzymes revealed consistent paralleled anomalies. AuNPs administration induced a significant renal protection on functional, biochemical, and structural levels. Renal expression of the major sensor of the cellular oxidative status Nrf-2 escalated with a paralleled reduction in the renal expression of the other contributor to this axis, known as Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1). On the level of the effector downstream targets, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) AuNPs significantly restored their gene and protein expression. Additionally, combination of AuNPs with 5-FU showed better cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells compared to monotreatments. Thus, it can be inferred that AuNPs conferred reno-protective impact against 5-FU with an evident modulatory impact on Nrf-2/Keap-1 and its downstream effectors, HO-1 and γ-GCS, suggesting its potential use in 5-FU regimens to improve its therapeutic outcomes and minimize its underlying nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.-S.); (H.A.E.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Eslam K. Fahmy
- Medical Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada H. Eisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura 7723730, Egypt
| | - Hany A. Elkattawy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.-S.); (H.A.E.)
- Medical Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Zagazig Obesity Management & Research Unit, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hasnaa Ali Ebrahim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nehal M. Elsherbiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Fatma M. Ghoneim
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
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Kageyama S, Ii H, Taniguchi K, Kubota S, Yoshida T, Isono T, Chano T, Yoshiya T, Ito K, Yoshiki T, Kawauchi A, Nakata S. Mechanisms of Tumor Growth Inhibition by Depletion of γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT): A Novel Molecular Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072054. [PMID: 30011933 PMCID: PMC6073726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT), which is one of the major enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism, is upregulated in a wide range of cancers—glioma, breast, lung, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, urinary bladder, prostate, cervical, ovarian cancers and osteosarcoma—and promotes cancer progression; its depletion leads to the suppression of proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells. It has been demonstrated that the suppression or inhibition of GGCT has an antitumor effect in cancer-bearing xenograft mice. Based on these observations, GGCT is now recognized as a promising therapeutic target in various cancers. This review summarizes recent advances on the mechanisms of the antitumor activity of GGCT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kageyama
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Ii
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Keiko Taniguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Shigehisa Kubota
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Isono
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Tokuhiro Chano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | | | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiro Yoshiki
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kawauchi
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Susumu Nakata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Wang CK, Yang SC, Hsu SC, Chang FP, Lin YT, Chen SF, Cheng CL, Hsiao M, Lu FL, Lu J. CHAC2 is essential for self-renewal and glutathione maintenance in human embryonic stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:439-451. [PMID: 29054545 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the major non-enzymatic antioxidant, plays a critical role in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) neutralization. Moreover, GSH is required for the self-renewal maintenance of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and is highly accumulated in undifferentiated cells. Among 8 GSH biosynthesis-related enzymes, we found CHAC2 is highly enriched in undifferentiated hESCs. CHAC2 downregulation in hESCs efficiently decreased the levels of GSH and blocked self-renewal. The self-renewal of sh-CHAC2 cells can be rescued by GSH supplement. CHAC2 downregulation promoted mesoderm differentiation and hampered both teratoma formation and the expression of Nrf2 and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). Notably, CHAC1 knockdown restored the self-renewability of CHAC2-downregulated cells. Although both CHAC1 and CHAC2 purified protein alone showed the catalytic activities to GSH, our data extraordinarily revealed that CHAC2 prevented CHAC1-mediated GSH degradation, which suggests that CHAC2 competes with CHAC1 to maintain GSH homeostasis. This is the first report to demonstrate that CHAC2 is critical for GSH maintenance and the novel roles of the CHAC family in hESC renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kai Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Chih Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ching Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan 350, Taiwan, ROC; The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Management Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Pei Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Tsen Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Fu Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Lun Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Frank Leigh Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jean Lu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics and System Biology Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC; National Core Facility Program for Biotechnology, National RNAi Platform, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC.
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Uejima D, Nishijo K, Kajita Y, Ishibe T, Aoyama T, Kageyama S, Iwaki H, Nakamura T, Iida H, Yoshiki T, Toguchida J. Involvement of cancer biomarker C7orf24 in the growth of human osteosarcoma. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:1297-1305. [PMID: 21508379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up-regulation of the expression of the gene C7orf24, encoding γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase, is a common event in cancers derived from various tissues, but its involvement in osteosarcomas (OS) has not yet been demonstrated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of C7orf24 was analyzed in human OS cell lines and primary tumor samples. The biological effects of C7orf24 on growth, motility, and invasion in the OS cell lines were investigated using siRNA for C7orf24. Genes related to the function of C7orf24 were sought by genome-wide gene expression profiling. RESULTS The level of C7orf24 expression was much higher in the OS cell lines and OS primary tumors than in normal osteoblasts. Down-regulation of C7orf24 expression inhibited the growth of the cell lines in association with enhancement of cell-clustering. Treatment with C7orf24-siRNA inhibited cell motility and invasion. Gene ontology suggested the function of C7orf24 to be related to cell adhesion and protein transport. CONCLUSION C7orf24 is also involved in the growth of OS, and is a potential biomarker for this type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Uejima
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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York MJ, Crossley MJ, Hyslop SJ, Fisher ML, Kuchel PW. gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase: inhibition by D-beta-aminoglutaryl-L-alanine and analysis of the solvent kinetic isotope effect. Eur J Biochem 1989; 184:97-101. [PMID: 2570694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spin-echo NMR spectroscopy was used to record the cleavage of a gamma-glutamyl--amino-acid by (5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino-acid 5-glutamyltransferase (cyclizing) (gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase) in human erythrocyte hemolysates. The Michaelis-Menten steady-state kinetic parameters were obtained by fitting the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation to the reaction time curves. The product, L-5-oxoproline, was shown to be an inhibitor of the reaction. The active site of the enzyme was probed by studies of the inhibition by D- and L-beta-aminoglutaryl-L-alanine which are the beta-amino-acid isomers of D- and L-gamma-glutamyl-L-alanine (the latter being a natural substrate of the enzyme); the D-isomer was the more potent inhibitor (Ki = 0.30 +/- 0.02 mmol/l water). When the alanyl alpha-carboxyl of the inhibitor was reduced to a hydroxyl (i.e. to give D-beta-aminoglutaryl-L-alaninol) the potency of inhibition was reduced. The previously reported kinetic isotope effect of solvent 2H2O on the enzyme-catalyzed reaction has been further studied using a proton inventory. We propose that the solvent kinetic isotope effect is due to an intramolecular proton transfer between the glutamyl amino group and the peptide bond nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J York
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, Australia
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Larsson A, Mattsson B, Wauters EA, van Gool JD, Duran M, Wadman SK. 5-oxoprolinuria due to hereditary 5-oxoprolinase deficiency in two brothers--a new inborn error of the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Acta Paediatr Scand 1981; 70:301-8. [PMID: 6113726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1981.tb16556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two brothers, aged 16 and 11 years, had recurrent episodes of vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain, starting in infancy. In spite of extensive investigations no cause of their enterocolitis could be established. After several years symptomatic treatment was discontinued without any recurrence of symptoms. Their father and several paternal relatives have had kidney stones. Both boys developed urolithiasis and an oxalate-containing stone was removed from the elder brother's kidney. He had no hypercalciuria. His glomerular and tubular function tests were normal. Gas chromatography of urine from both brothers revealed massive excretion of L-5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid). Glutathione levels in erythrocytes of both patients were normal. The activities of enzymes of the gamma-glutamyl cycle were analysed in erythrocytes, leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. The level of glutathione synthetase was normal, as was the affinity of this enzyme for its substrate gamma-glutamyl-cysteine. Feedback inhibition of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase by glutathione was also normal. Both patients had a specific deficiency of 5-oxoprolinase, the activity of which was 2-4% of that of control subjects. Their parents had intermediate 5-oxoprolinase activities in fibroblasts, indicating a recessive mode of inheritance. Thus, 5-oxoprolinuria in these two patients was due to a lack of 5-oxoprolinase, i.e., a new inborn error in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.
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Bridges RJ, Griffith OW, Meister A. L-gamma-(Threo-beta-methyl)glutamyl-L-alpha-aminobutyrate, a selective substrate of alpha-glutamyl cyclotransferase. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:10787-92. [PMID: 6107299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
L-gamma(Threo-beta-methyl)glutamyl-L-alpha-aminobutyrate was was prepared and found to be an excellent substrate of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase; in contrast to gamma-glutamyl-glutamine and other good substrates of cyclotransferase, the new substrate is not acted upon by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. gamma-Glutamyl cyclotransferase converts the new substrate to alpha-aminobutyrate and 3-methyl-5-oxoproline; the latter compound is not a substrate of 5-oxoprolinase. These properties of L-gamma-(threo-beta-methyl)glutamyl-L-alpha-aminobutyrate facilitate its use in selectively determining cyclotransferase activity in biological materials that have transpeptidase activity. Thus, the new substrate was used here for the determination of the cyclotransferase activity of homogenates of various mouse tissues. The new substrate was also used to examine gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity in vivo; thus, the rate of respiratory 14CO2 formation after administration of L-gamma-(threo-beta-methyl)glutamyl-L-alpha-amino[14C]butyrate to mice provides a valid measure of cyclotransferase activity. beta-Aminoglutaryl-L-alpha-aminobutyrate is a competitive inhibitor of cyclotransferase (apparent Ki, 0.6 mM). Administration of beta-amino-glutaryl-L-alpha-aminobutyrate to mice out only decreased the level of 5-oxoproline in the kidney of control mice, but also of mice in which kidney 5-oxoproline levels were increased by administration of methionine. Administration of beta-aminoglutaryl-L-alpha-aminobutyrate to mice decreased the in vivo metabolism of L-(threo-beta-methyl)glutamyl-L-alpha-amino[14C]butyrate as indicated by a marked decrease in the rate of respiratory 14CO2 formation. The findings indicate that gamma-glutamyl cyclo-transferase is a major in vivo catalyst for the formation of 5-oxoproline.
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Abstract
Substrate analogs have been obtained that selectively inhibit the reactions of the gamma-glutamyl cycle or that are susceptible to only limited metabolism by the cycle. Thus, glutathione synthesis may be inhibited and analogs of glutathione may be synthesized that do not participate in transpeptidation. Specific inhibitors of gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase and 5-oxoprolinase have been obtained. The findings offer new approaches to the in vivo study of the cycle and also to the design of more specifically directed analogs of inhibitors such as methionine sulfoximine and 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine.
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