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Mohammadi MF, Dehghani A, Zarabadi K, Kahani SM, Sayyad S, Ashrafi MR, Heidari M, Mohammadi P, Garshasbi M, Tavasoli AR. Persistent basal ganglia involvement in aminoacylase-1 deficiency: expanding imaging findings and review of literature. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:449-456. [PMID: 37523070 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminoacylase-1 deficiency (ACY1D) is an autosomal recessive rare inborn error of metabolism, which is caused by disease-causing variants in the ACY1. This disorder is characterized by increased urinary excretion of specific N-acetyl amino acids. Affected individuals demonstrate heterogeneous clinical manifestations which are primarily neurologic problems. In neuroimaging, corpus callosum hypoplasia, cerebellar vermis atrophy, and delayed myelination of cerebral white matter have been reported. AIMS Finding disease-causing variant and expanding imaging findings in a patient with persistent basal ganglia involvement. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed in order to identify disease-causing variants in an affected 5-year-old male patient who presented with neurologic regression superimposed on neurodevelopmental delay following a febrile illness. He had inability to walk, cognitive impairment, speech delay, febrile-induced seizures, truncal hypotonia, moderate to severe generalized dystonia, and recurrent metabolic decompensation. RESULTS All metabolic tests were normal except for a moderate metabolic acidosis following febrile illnesses. The results of serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ages 1 and 4.5 years revealed persistent bilateral and symmetric abnormal signals in basal ganglia mainly caudate and globus pallidus nuclei with progression over time in addition to a mild supratentorial atrophy. A homozygous missense variant [NM_000666.3: c.1057C>T; p.(Arg353Cys)] was identified in the ACY1, consistent with aminoacylase-1 deficiency. Variant confirmation in patient and segregation analysis in his family were performed using Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Our findings expanded the phenotype spectrum of ACY1-related neurodegeneration by demonstrating persistent basal ganglia involvement and moderate to severe generalized dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farid Mohammadi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- PardisGene Co., Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Dehghani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Zarabadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Kahani
- PardisGene Co., Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Sayyad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Ashrafi
- Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Heidari
- Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Mohammadi
- PardisGene Co., Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Pediatric Headache Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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2
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Dobritzsch D, Meijer J, Meinsma R, Maurer D, Monavari AA, Gummesson A, Reims A, Cayuela JA, Kuklina N, Benoist JF, Perrin L, Assmann B, Hoffmann GF, Bierau J, Kaindl AM, van Kuilenburg ABP. β-Ureidopropionase deficiency due to novel and rare UPB1 mutations affecting pre-mRNA splicing and protein structural integrity and catalytic activity. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 136:177-185. [PMID: 35151535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
β-Ureidopropionase is the third enzyme of the pyrimidine degradation pathway and catalyses the conversion of N-carbamyl-β-alanine and N-carbamyl-β-aminoisobutyric acid to β-alanine and β-aminoisobutyric acid, ammonia and CO2. To date, only a limited number of genetically confirmed patients with a complete β-ureidopropionase deficiency have been reported. Here, we report on the clinical, biochemical and molecular findings of 10 newly identified β-ureidopropionase deficient individuals. Patients presented mainly with neurological abnormalities and markedly elevated levels of N-carbamyl-β-alanine and N-carbamyl-β-aminoisobutyric acid in urine. Analysis of UPB1, encoding β-ureidopropionase, showed 5 novel missense variants and two novel splice-site variants. Functional expression of the UPB1 variants in mammalian cells showed that recombinant ß-ureidopropionase carrying the p.Ala120Ser, p.Thr129Met, p.Ser300Leu and p.Asn345Ile variant yielded no or significantly decreased β-ureidopropionase activity. Analysis of the crystal structure of human ß-ureidopropionase indicated that the point mutations affect substrate binding or prevent the proper subunit association to larger oligomers and thus a fully functional β-ureidopropionase. A minigene approach showed that the intronic variants c.[364 + 6 T > G] and c.[916 + 1_916 + 2dup] led to skipping of exon 3 and 8, respectively, in the process of UPB1 pre-mRNA splicing. The c.[899C > T] (p.Ser300Leu) variant was identified in two unrelated Swedish β-ureidopropionase patients, indicating that β-ureidopropionase deficiency may be more common than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Dobritzsch
- Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Meijer
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Meinsma
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ardeshir A Monavari
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anders Gummesson
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Reims
- Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jorge A Cayuela
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalia Kuklina
- Drammen Hospital, Pediatric Department/Habilitation Center, Vestre Viken HF, Drammen, Norway
| | - Jean-François Benoist
- Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Service de Biochimie Hormonologie, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Service de Biochimie Hormonologie, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Assmann
- University Children's Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- University Children's Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Center for Chronically Sick Children, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - André B P van Kuilenburg
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Jordans S, Hardt R, Becker I, Winter D, Wang-Eckhardt L, Eckhardt M. Age-Dependent Increase in Schmidt-Lanterman Incisures and a Cadm4-Associated Membrane Skeletal Complex in Fatty Acid 2-hydroxylase Deficient Mice: a Mouse Model of Spastic Paraplegia SPG35. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3969-3979. [PMID: 35445918 PMCID: PMC9167166 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PNS and CNS myelin contain large amounts of galactocerebroside and sulfatide with 2-hydroxylated fatty acids. The underlying hydroxylation reaction is catalyzed by fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H). Deficiency in this enzyme causes a complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia, SPG35, which is associated with leukodystrophy. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics of purified myelin isolated from sciatic nerves of Fa2h-deficient (Fa2h−/−) mice revealed an increase in the concentration of the three proteins Cadm4, Mpp6 (Pals2), and protein band 4.1G (Epb41l2) in 17-month-old, but not in young (4 to 6-month-old), Fa2h−/− mice. These proteins are known to form a complex, together with the protein Lin7, in Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (SLIs). Accordingly, the number of SLIs was significantly increased in 17-month-old but not 4-month-old Fa2h−/− mice compared to age-matched wild-type mice. On the other hand, the relative increase in the SLI frequency was less pronounced than expected from Cadm4, Lin7, Mpp6 (Pals2), and band 4.1G (Epb41l2) protein levels. This suggests that the latter not only reflect the higher SLI frequency but that the concentration of the Cadm4 containing complex itself is increased in the SLIs or compact myelin of Fa2h−/− mice and may potentially play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The proteome data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD030244.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Jordans
- Department for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53117, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Hardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ivonne Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lihua Wang-Eckhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Rodionov RN, Jarzebska N, Schneider A, Rexin A, Sradnick J, Brilloff S, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Bode-Böger SM, Todorov V, Hugo C, Weiss N, Hohenstein B. ADMA elevation does not exacerbate development of diabetic nephropathy in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2020; 40:100-105. [PMID: 31818438 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2019.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular disease is nowadays the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease is significantly increased in patients with diabetic nephropathy. It has been suggested that asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthases (NOS), may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. ADMA is mainly metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1). The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that elevation of systemic ADMA levels by knocking out DDAH1 would exacerbate functional and structural glomerular abnormalities in a murine model of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetes in adult DDAH1 knock-out and wild type mice. Healthy mice served as controls. Mice were sacrificed after 20 weeks of diabetes. Plasma ADMA levels were assessed by isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry and albumin by ELISA. Kidneys were used for FACS analysis and were also stained for markers of inflammation, cell proliferation, glomerular cells and cell matrix. RESULTS STZ led to development of diabetes mellitus in all injected animals. Deficiency of DDAH1 led to a significant increase in plasma ADMA levels in healthy and diabetic mice. The diabetic state itself did not influence systemic ADMA levels. Diabetic mice of both genotypes developed albuminuria and had increased glomerulosclerosis index. There were no changes in desmin expression, glomerular cell proliferation rate, matrix expansion and expression of Mac-2 antigen in the diabetic mice of both genotypes as compared to the healthy ones. CONCLUSIONS In summary, STZ-induced diabetes led to the development of early features of diabetic nephropathy. Deficiency of DDAH1 and subsequent increase in systemic ADMA levels did not exacerbate these changes, indicating that ADMA is not the major mediator of diabetic nephropathy in this experiment model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman N Rodionov
- University Center for Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Natalia Jarzebska
- University Center for Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Alfred Schneider
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annett Rexin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Sradnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silke Brilloff
- University Center for Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str.44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Bode-Böger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str.44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Todorov
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Norbert Weiss
- University Center for Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Hohenstein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Fang Y, Cai C, Wang C, Sun B, Zhang X, Fan W, Hu W, Meng Y, Lin S, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Shu J. Clinical and genetic analysis of 7 Chinese patients with β-ureidopropionase deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14021. [PMID: 30608453 PMCID: PMC6344145 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Ureidopropionase (βUP) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease caused by abnormal changes in the pyrimidine-degradation pathway. This study aimed to investigate the mutation of β-ureidopropionase gene (UPB1) gene and clinical features of 7 Chinese patients with βUP deficiency.We reported 7 Chinese patients with βUP deficiency who were admitted at Tianjin Children's Hospital. Urine metabolomics was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then genetic testing of UPB1 was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.The patients presented with developmental delay, seizures, autism, abnormal magnetic resonance imaging, and significantly elevated levels of N-carbamyl-β-alanine and N-carbamyl-β-aminoisobutyric acid in urine. Subsequent analysis of UPB1 mutation revealed 2 novel missense mutations (c.851G>T and c.853G>A), 3 previously reported mutations including 2 missense mutations (c.977G>A and c.91G>A) and 1 splice site mutation (c.917-1 G>A).The results suggested that the UPB1 mutation may contribute to βUP deficiency. The c.977G>A is the most common mutation in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bei Sun
- Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University
| | | | - Wenxuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin
| | - Wenchao Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | - Chunhua Zhang
- MILS International, Department of Research and Development, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin
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6
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Sass JO, Vaithilingam J, Gemperle-Britschgi C, Delnooz CCS, Kluijtmans LAJ, van de Warrenburg BPC, Wevers RA. Expanding the phenotype in aminoacylase 1 (ACY1) deficiency: characterization of the molecular defect in a 63-year-old woman with generalized dystonia. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:587-92. [PMID: 26686503 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1) deficiency is an organic aciduria due to mutations in the ACY1 gene. It is considered much underdiagnosed. Most individuals known to be affected by ACY1 deficiency have presented with neurologic symptoms. We report here a cognitively normal 63-year-old woman who around the age of 12 years had developed dystonic symptoms that gradually evolved into generalized dystonia. Extensive investigations, including metabolic diagnostics and diagnostic exome sequencing, were performed to elucidate the cause of dystonia. Findings were only compatible with a diagnosis of ACY1 deficiency: the urinary metabolite pattern with N-acetylated amino acids was characteristic, there was decreased ACY1 activity in immortalized lymphocytes, and two compound heterozygous ACY1 mutations were detected, one well-characterized c.1057C>T (p.Arg353Cys) and the other novel c.325A>G (p.Arg109Gly). Expression analysis in HEK293 cells revealed high residual activity of the enzyme with the latter mutation. However, following co-transfection of cells with stable expression of the c.1057C>T variant with either wild-type ACY1 or the c.325A>G mutant, only the wild-type enhanced ACY1 activity and ACY1 presence in the Western blot, suggesting an inhibiting interference between the two variants. Our report extends the clinical spectrum of ACY1 deficiency to include dystonia and indicates that screening for organic acidurias deserves consideration in patients with unexplained generalized dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Oliver Sass
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bioanalytics & Biochemistry, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359, Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Jathana Vaithilingam
- Clinical Chemistry & Biochemistry and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Gemperle-Britschgi
- Clinical Chemistry & Biochemistry and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cathérine C S Delnooz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A J Kluijtmans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P C van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
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8
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Borud O, Torp KH, Dahl T. Aspartylglycosaminuria, urinary excretion of aspartylglycosamines related to mental retardation. Monogr Hum Genet 2015; 10:23-6. [PMID: 723900 DOI: 10.1159/000401560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nakajima Y, Meijer J, Dobritzsch D, Ito T, Meinsma R, Abeling NGGM, Roelofsen J, Zoetekouw L, Watanabe Y, Tashiro K, Lee T, Takeshima Y, Mitsubuchi H, Yoneyama A, Ohta K, Eto K, Saito K, Kuhara T, van Kuilenburg ABP. Clinical, biochemical and molecular analysis of 13 Japanese patients with β-ureidopropionase deficiency demonstrates high prevalence of the c.977G > A (p.R326Q) mutation [corrected]. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:801-12. [PMID: 24526388 PMCID: PMC4158181 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
β-ureidopropionase (βUP) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by N-carbamyl-β-amino aciduria. To date, only 16 genetically confirmed patients with βUP deficiency have been reported. Here, we report on the clinical, biochemical and molecular findings of 13 Japanese βUP deficient patients. In this group of patients, three novel missense mutations (p.G31S, p.E271K, and p.I286T) and a recently described mutation (p.R326Q) were identified. The p.R326Q mutation was detected in all 13 patients with eight patients being homozygous for this mutation. Screening for the p.R326Q mutation in 110 Japanese individuals showed an allele frequency of 0.9 %. Transient expression of mutant βUP enzymes in HEK293 cells showed that the p.E271K and p.R326Q mutations cause profound decreases in activity (≤ 1.3 %). Conversely, βUP enzymes containing the p.G31S and p.I286T mutations possess residual activities of 50 and 70 %, respectively, suggesting we cannot exclude the presence of additional mutations in the non-coding region of the UPB1 gene. Analysis of a human βUP homology model revealed that the effects of the mutations (p.G31S, p.E271K, and p.R326Q) on enzyme activity are most likely linked to improper oligomer assembly. Highly variable phenotypes ranging from neurological involvement (including convulsions and autism) to asymptomatic, were observed in diagnosed patients. High prevalence of p.R326Q in the normal Japanese population indicates that βUP deficiency is not as rare as generally considered and screening for βUP deficiency should be included in diagnosis of patients with unexplained neurological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands,
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Zhang P, Xu X, Hu X, Wang H, Fassett J, Huo Y, Chen Y, Bache RJ. DDAH1 deficiency attenuates endothelial cell cycle progression and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79444. [PMID: 24260221 PMCID: PMC3832548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS). ADMA is eliminated largely by the action of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase1 (DDAH1). Decreased DDAH activity is found in several pathological conditions and is associated with increased risk of vascular disease. Overexpression of DDAH1 has been shown to augment endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis. To better understand the mechanism by which DDAH1 influences endothelial proliferation, this study examined the effect of DDAH1 deficiency on cell cycle progression and the expression of some cell cycle master regulatory proteins. DDAH1 KO decreased in vivo Matrigel angiogenesis and depressed endothelial repair in a mouse model of carotid artery wire injury. DDAH1 deficiency decreased VEGF expression in HUVEC and increased NF1 expression in both HUVEC and DDAH1 KO mice. The expression of active Ras could overcome the decreased VEGF expression caused by the DDAH1 depletion. The addition of VEGF and knockdown NF1 could both restore proliferation in cells with DDAH1 depletion. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that DDAH1 sRNAi knockdown in HUVEC caused G1 and G2/M arrest that was associated with decreased expression of CDC2, CDC25C, cyclin D1 and cyclin E. MEF cells from DDAH1 KO mice also demonstrated G2/M arrest that was associated with decreased cyclin D1 expression and Akt activity. Our findings indicate that DDAH1 exerts effects on cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression through multiple mechanisms, including VEGF, the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway, the Ras/PI3K/Akt pathway, and NF1 expression. Loss of DDAH1 effects on these pathways results in impaired endothelial cell proliferation and decreased angiogenesis. The findings provide background information that may be useful in the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate DDAH1 expression in cardiovascular diseases or tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xin Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xinli Hu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John Fassett
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Bache
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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Tylki-Szymanska A, Gradowska W, Sommer A, Heer A, Walter M, Reinhard C, Omran H, Sass JO, Jurecka A. Aminoacylase 1 deficiency associated with autistic behavior. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S211-4. [PMID: 20480396 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1) deficiency is a recently described inborn error of metabolism. Most of the patients reported so far have presented with rather heterogeneous neurologic symptoms. At this moment, it is not clear whether ACY1 deficiency represents a true metabolic disease with a causal relationship between the enzyme defect and the clinical phenotype or merely a biochemical abnormality. Here we present a patient identified in the course of selective screening for inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). The patient was diagnosed with autistic syndrome and admitted to the Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI) for metabolic evaluation. Organic acid analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed increased urinary excretion of several N-acetylated amino acids, including the derivatives of methionine, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblasts, ACY1 activity was deficient. The mutation analysis showed a homozygous c.1057C>T transition, predicting a p.Arg353Cys substitution. Both parents were heterozygous for the mutation and had normal results in the organic acid analysis using GC-MS. This article reports the findings of an ACY1-deficient patient presenting with autistic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tylki-Szymanska
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Endocrinology and Diabetology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Caliebe A, Vater I, Plendl H, Gesk S, Siebert R, Cremer FW, Klein-Hitpass L. A 439 kb-sized homozygous deletion in 17p13.3 leading to biallelic loss of the ASPA as cause of Canavan disease detected by SNP-array analysis. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 99:184-5. [PMID: 19932039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Kuhara T, Ohse M, Inoue Y, Shinka T. Five cases of beta-ureidopropionase deficiency detected by GC/MS analysis of urine metabolome. J Mass Spectrom 2009; 44:214-221. [PMID: 18853477 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The clinical presentation of inborn errors of pyrimidine degradation varies considerably from asymptomatic to severe neurological illness. We have reported a method to screen for and make a chemical diagnosis of beta-ureidopropionase deficiency, leading to the discovery of the first asymptomatic case of this disease. In this method, the recovery of beta-ureidopropionate and beta-ureidoisobutyrate, the key biomarkers, was very high,and the adoption of GC/MS and targeted analysis enabled us to simultaneously obtain information related and unrelated to pyrimidine metabolism. The present study reports the results of a large-scale screening of 24,000 newborns using dried urine on filter paper. Identification of a total of four asymptomatic patients among newborns suggests the high incidence (1/6000) of this disease in Japan. While these newborns were asymptomatic, two additional cases detected at the age of 5 years as well as 3 months with this method for high-risk screening had autism and West syndrome, respectively.The key biomarkers and alpha-ureidobutyrate used as an internal standard were found to give not only their di-trimethylsilyl derivatives but also tri-trimethylsilyl derivatives, upon derivatization. The mass spectra and retention times of their tri-trimethylsilyl derivatives and data handling for quantification of the markers are presented.Identification of individuals with defects in pyrimidine metabolism would realize personalized medication in cancer chemotherapy with pyrimidine analogs such as 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuhara
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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15
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Keith JM, Apodaca R, Xiao W, Seierstad M, Pattabiraman K, Wu J, Webb M, Karbarz MJ, Brown S, Wilson S, Scott B, Tham CS, Luo L, Palmer J, Wennerholm M, Chaplan S, Breitenbucher JG. Thiadiazolopiperazinyl ureas as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4838-43. [PMID: 18693015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiadiazolopiperazinyl aryl urea fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors is described. The molecules were found to inhibit the enzyme by acting as mechanism-based substrates, forming a covalent bond with Ser241. SAR and PK properties are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Keith
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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16
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Guseva MR, Pavliuk EI. [The cherry-red spot is an early sign of Farber's lipogranulomatosis]. Vestn Oftalmol 2008; 124:51-53. [PMID: 18589658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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17
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Yaplito-Lee J, Pitt J, Meijer J, Zoetekouw L, Meinsma R, van Kuilenburg ABP. Beta-ureidopropionase deficiency presenting with congenital anomalies of the urogenital and colorectal systems. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 93:190-4. [PMID: 17964839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-ureidopropionase deficiency (McKusick 606673) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by mutations in the UPB1 gene. To date, five patients have been reported, including one putative case detected through newborn screening. Clinical presentation includes neurological and developmental problems. Here, we report another case of beta-ureidopropionase deficiency who presented with congenital anomalies of the urogenital and colorectal systems and with normal neurodevelopmental milestones. Analysis of a urine sample, because of the suspicion of renal stones on ultrasound, showed strongly elevated levels of the characteristic metabolites, N-carbamyl-beta-amino acids. Subsequent analysis of UPB1 identified a novel mutation 209 G>C (R70P) in exon 2 and a previously reported splice receptor mutation IVS1-2A>G. Expression studies of the R70P mutant enzyme showed that the mutant enzyme did not possess any residual activity. Long-term follow-up is required to determine the clinical significance of the beta-ureidopropionase deficiency in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yaplito-Lee
- Metabolic Service, Genetic Health Services Victoria, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic. 3052, Australia.
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18
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Engelke UFH, Sass JO, Van Coster RN, Gerlo E, Olbrich H, Krywawych S, Calvin J, Hart C, Omran H, Wevers RA. NMR spectroscopy of aminoacylase 1 deficiency, a novel inborn error of metabolism. NMR Biomed 2008; 21:138-47. [PMID: 17516490 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacylase 1 deficiency is a novel inborn error of metabolism. The clinical significance of the deficiency is under discussion, as well as the possible consequences of the defect for brain metabolism and function. This study includes the five originally published cases as well as three novel ones. NMR spectroscopy of urine, serum and cerebrospinal fluid has been used to study these patients. A typical profile with 11 accumulating N-acetylated amino acids was observed in urine from the patients. The concentration of most of the accumulating metabolites is typically 100-500 micromol/mmol creatinine. Two additional minor N-acetylated metabolites remain unidentified. The concentrations of the accumulating metabolites are <20 micromol/L in serum from the patients. Interestingly we found no evidence of an increased concentration of N-acetylated amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid from one patient. Our data define aminoacylase 1 deficiency at the metabolite level providing a specific urinary profile of accumulating N-acetylated amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo F H Engelke
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Moreira FA, Kaiser N, Monory K, Lutz B. Reduced anxiety-like behaviour induced by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is mediated by CB1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54:141-50. [PMID: 17709120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, referred to as endocannabinoids (eCBs), are the endogenous agonists for the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). Several pieces of evidence support a role for eCBs in the attenuation of anxiety-related behaviours, although the precise mechanism has remained uncertain. The fatty acid amid hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme responsible for the degradation of eCBs, has emerged as a promising target for anxiety-related disorders, since FAAH inhibitors are able to increase the levels of anandamide and thereby induce anxiolytic-like effects in rodents. The present study adopted both genetic and pharmacological approaches and tested the hypothesis that FAAH-deficient (FAAH(-/-)) mice as well as C57BL/6N mice treated with an FAAH inhibitor (URB597) would express reduced anxiety-like responses. Furthermore, as it is known that anandamide can bind several other targets than CB1 receptors, we investigated whether FAAH inhibition reduces anxiety via CB1 receptors. FAAH(-/-) mice showed reduced anxiety both in the elevated plus maze and in the light-dark test. These genotype-related differences were prevented by the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (3mg/kg). Moreover, URB597 (1mg/kg) induced an anxiolytic-like effect in C57BL/6N mice exposed to the elevated plus maze, which was prevented by rimonabant (3mg/kg). The present work provides genetic and pharmacological evidence supporting the inhibition of FAAH as an important mechanism for the alleviation of anxiety. In addition, it indicates an increased activation of CB1 receptors as a mechanism underlying the effects of FAAH inhibition in two models of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A Moreira
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Watanabe M, Kusano M, Oikawa A, Fukushima A, Noji M, Saito K. Physiological roles of the beta-substituted alanine synthase gene family in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2008; 146:310-20. [PMID: 18024555 PMCID: PMC2230570 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The beta-substituted alanine (Ala) synthase (Bsas) family in the large superfamily of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes comprises cysteine (Cys) synthase (CSase) [O-acetyl-serine (thiol) lyase] and beta-cyano-Ala synthase (CASase) in plants. Nine genomic sequences encode putative Bsas proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. The physiological roles of these Bsas isoforms in vivo were investigated by the characterization of T-DNA insertion mutants. Analyses of gene expression, activities of CSase and CASase, and levels of Cys and glutathione in the bsas mutants indicated that cytosolic Bsas1;1, plastidic Bsas2;1, and mitochondrial Bsas2;2 play major roles in Cys biosynthesis. Cytosolic Bsas1;1 has the most dominant contribution both in leaf and root, and mitochondrial Bsas2;2 plays a significant role in root. Mitochondrial Bsas3;1 is a genuine CASase. Nontargeted metabolome analyses of knockout mutants were carried out by a combination of gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The level of gamma-glutamyl-beta-cyano-Ala decreased in the mutant bsas3;1, indicating the crucial role of Bsas3;1 in beta-cyano-Ala metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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21
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Battista N, Bari M, Tarditi A, Mariotti C, Bachoud-Lévi AC, Zuccato C, Finazzi-Agrò A, Genitrini S, Peschanski M, Di Donato S, Cattaneo E, Maccarrone M. Severe deficiency of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity segregates with the Huntington's disease mutation in peripheral lymphocytes. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 27:108-16. [PMID: 17553686 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for peripheral markers of neurodegenerative diseases aims at identifying molecules that could help in monitoring the effects of future therapeutics in easily accessible cells. Here we focused on the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in Huntington's disease (HD). We assayed peripheral lymphocytes from HD patients and healthy controls, and found that the activity of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), was dramatically decreased (down to less than 10%) in HD compared to healthy subjects. Concomitantly, the endogenous levels of AEA were approximately 6-fold higher in HD versus healthy lymphocytes, while the other elements of the endocannabinoid system were not affected by HD. Low FAAH activity in HD lymphocytes was not due to down-regulation of protein expression, but rather to blockage of enzyme activity by a cytosolic and irreversible inhibitor. Finally, pre-HD patients showed defective FAAH activity, as did the brain of HD patients compared with healthy controls. Taken together, our data indicate that FAAH activity in lymphocytes mirrors some of the metabolic changes which take place in the brain, it is a measurable non-genetic peripheral marker that segregates with the HD mutation, and it might serve as a target to test chemicals active on the widespread toxic effects of the mutant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Piazza A Moro 45, Teramo, Italy
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22
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Wise LE, Cannavacciulo R, Cravatt BF, Martin BF, Lichtman AH. Evaluation of fatty acid amides in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Neuropharmacology 2007; 54:181-8. [PMID: 17675189 PMCID: PMC2200792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
While it has long been recognized that Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis, and other cannabinoid receptor agonists possess anti-inflammatory properties, their well known CNS effects have dampened enthusiasm for therapeutic development. On the other hand, genetic deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for degradation of fatty acid amides, including endogenous cannabinoid N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide; AEA), N-palmitoyl ethanolamine (PEA), N-oleoyl ethanolamine (OEA), and oleamide, also elicits anti-edema, but does not produce any apparent cannabinoid effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether exogenous administration of FAAs would augment the anti-inflammatory phenotype of FAAH (-/-) mice in the carrageenan model. Thus, we evaluated the effects of the FAAs AEA, PEA, OEA, and oleamide in wild-type and FAAH (-/-) mice. For comparison, we evaluated the anti-edema effects of THC, dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, diclofenac (DIC), a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, in both genotypes. A final study determined if tolerance to the anti-edema effects of PEA occurs after repeated dosing. PEA, THC, DEX, DIC elicited significant decreases in carrageenan-induced paw edema in wild-type mice. In contrast OEA produced a less reliable anti-edema effect than these other drugs, and AEA and oleamide failed to produce any significant decreases in paw edema. Moreover, none of the agents evaluated augmented the anti-edema phenotype of FAAH (-/-) mice, suggesting that maximal anti-edema effects had already been established. PEA was the most effective FAA in preventing paw edema and its effects did not undergo tolerance. While the present findings do not support a role for AEA in preventing carrageenan-induced edema, PEA administration and FAAH blockade elicited anti-edema effects of an equivalent magnitude as produced by THC, DEX, and DIC in this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Roberta Cannavacciulo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Cell Biology and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Billy F. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- *Corresponding Author Aron H. Lichtman, , Phone: 804.828.8480, Fax: 804.828.2117
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23
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Sass JO, Olbrich H, Mohr V, Hart C, Woldseth B, Krywawych S, Bjurulf B, Lakhani PK, Buchdahl RM, Omran H. NEUROLOGICAL FINDINGS IN AMINOACYLASE 1 DEFICIENCY. Neurology 2007; 68:2151-3. [PMID: 17562838 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000264933.56204.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J O Sass
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Children's Hospital Freiburg, Germany.
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24
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van Kuilenburg ABP, Meijer J, Dobritzsch D, Meinsma R, Duran M, Lohkamp B, Zoetekouw L, Abeling NGGM, van Tinteren HLG, Bosch AM. Clinical, biochemical and genetic findings in two siblings with a dihydropyrimidinase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 91:157-64. [PMID: 17383919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidinase (DHP) is the second enzyme of the pyrimidine degradation pathway and it catalyses the ring opening of 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine to N-carbamyl-beta-alanine and N-carbamyl-beta-aminoisobutyric acid, respectively. To date, only nine individuals have been reported suffering from a complete DHP deficiency. We report two siblings presenting with strongly elevated levels of 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. One of the siblings had a severe delay in speech development and white matter abnormalities, whereas the other one was free of symptoms. Analysis of the DHP gene (DPYS) showed that both patients were compound heterozygous for the missense mutation 1078T>C (W360R) in exon 6 and a novel missense mutation 1235G>T (R412M) in exon 7. Heterologous expression of the mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli showed that both missense mutations resulted in a mutant DHP enzyme without residual activity. Analysis of the crystal structure of eukaryotic DHP from the yeast Saccharomyces kluyveri and the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum suggests that the W360R and R412M mutations lead to structural instability of the enzyme which could potentially impair the assembly of the tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B P van Kuilenburg
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Gohma H, Kuramoto T, Matalon R, Surendran S, Tyring S, Kitada K, Sasa M, Serikawa T. Absence-like and tonic seizures in aspartoacylase/attractin double-mutant mice. Exp Anim 2007; 56:161-5. [PMID: 17460362 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.56.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Epileptic Rat (SER), a double-mutant for tremor and zitter mutations, shows spontaneous occurrences of absence-like and tonic seizures. Several lines of evidence suggest that the combined effect of Aspa and Atrn mutations is the most likely cause of the epileptic phenotype of the SER. To address this issue, we produced a new double-mutant mouse line carrying both homozygous Aspa-knockout and Atrn(mg-3J) mutant alleles. The Aspa/Atrn double-mutant mice exhibited absence-like and tonic seizures that were characterized by the appearance of 5-7 Hz spike-wave-like complexes and low voltage fast waves on EEGs. These results demonstrate directly that the simultaneous loss of the Aspa and Atrn gene functions causes epileptic seizures in the mouse and suggest that both Aspa and Atrn deficiencies might be responsible for epileptic seizures in the SER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Gohma
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Bátkai S, Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Cravatt BF, Csiszár A, Ungvári Z, Pacher P. Decreased age-related cardiac dysfunction, myocardial nitrative stress, inflammatory gene expression, and apoptosis in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H909-18. [PMID: 17434980 PMCID: PMC2225473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00373.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered important cross talk between inflammation, generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular aging. Inhibition of the endocannabinoid anandamide metabolizing enzyme, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), is emerging as a promising novel approach for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. In this study, we have investigated the age-associated decline of cardiac function and changes in inflammatory gene expression, nitrative stress, and apoptosis in FAAH knockout (FAAH(-/-)) mice and their wild-type (FAAH(+/+)) littermates. Additionally, we have explored the effects of anandamide on TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression and monocyte-endothelial adhesion in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). There was no difference in the cardiac function (measured by the pressure-volume conductance catheter system) between 2- to 3-mo-old (young) FAAH(-/-) and FAAH(+/+) mice. In contrast, the aging-associated decline in cardiac function and increased myocardial gene expression of TNF-alpha, gp91phox, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, caspase-3 and caspase-9, myocardial inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression, nitrotyrosine formation, poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase cleavage and caspase-3/9 activity, observed in 28- to 31-mo-old (aging) FAAH(+/+) mice, were largely attenuated in knockouts. There was no difference in the myocardial cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptor gene expression between young and aging FAAH(-/-) and FAAH(+/+) mice. Anandamide dose dependently attenuated the TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, NF-kappaB activation in HCAECs, and the adhesion of monocytes to HCAECs in a CB(1)- and CB(2)-dependent manner. These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of FAAH may represent a novel protective strategy against chronic inflammation, oxidative/nitrative stress, and apoptosis associated with cardiovascular aging and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Bátkai
- Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Ln., MSC-9413, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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27
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Min-Oo G, Fortin A, Pitari G, Tam M, Stevenson MM, Gros P. Complex genetic control of susceptibility to malaria: positional cloning of the Char9 locus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:511-24. [PMID: 17312006 PMCID: PMC2137903 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse strains AcB55 and AcB61 are resistant to malaria by virtue of a mutation in erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PklrI90N). Linkage analysis in [AcB55 × A/J] F2 mice detected a second locus (Char9; logarithm of odds = 4.74) that regulates the blood-stage replication of Plasmodium chabaudi AS independently of Pklr. We characterized the 77 genes of the Char9 locus for tissue-specific expression, strain-specific alterations in gene expression, and polymorphic variants that are possibly associated with differential susceptibility. We identified Vnn1/Vnn3 as the likely candidates responsible for Char9. Vnn3/Vnn1 map within a conserved haplotype block and show expression levels that are strictly cis-regulated by this haplotype. The absence of Vnn messenger RNA expression and lack of pantetheinase protein activity in tissues are associated with susceptibility to malaria and are linked to a complex rearrangement in the Vnn3 promoter region. The A/J strain also carries a unique nonsense mutation that leads to a truncated protein. Vanin genes code for a pantetheinase involved in the production of cysteamine, a key regulator of host responses to inflammatory stimuli. Administration of cystamine in vivo partially corrects susceptibility to malaria in A/J mice, as measured by reduced blood parasitemia and decreased mortality. These studies suggest that pantetheinase is critical for the host response to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula Min-Oo
- Department of Biochemistry, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal H3G-1Y6, Quebec, Canada
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van Kuilenburg ABP, Meinsma R, Assman B, Hoffman GF, Voit T, Ribes A, Lorente I, Busch R, Mayatepek E, Abeling NGGM, Wevers RA, Rutsch F, van Gennip AH. Genetic analysis of the first 4 patients with beta-ureidopropionase deficiency. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2007; 25:1093-8. [PMID: 17065070 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600956870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
beta-Ureidopropionase is the third enzyme of the pyrimidine degradation pathway and it catalyses the irreversible hydrolysis of N-carbamyl-ss-aminoisobutyric acid or N-carbamyl-ss-alanine to beta-aminoisobutyric acid or ss-alanine, ammonia, and CO2. Analysis of the beta-ureidopropionase gene (UPB1) of the first 4 patients presenting with a complete enzyme deficiency, revealed the presence of 2 splice-site mutations (IVS1-2A>G and IVS8-1G>A) and one missense mutation (A85E). RT-PCR analysis of the complete beta-ureidopropionase cDNA suggested that both splice-site mutations lead to a variety of alternative splice variants, with deletions of a single or several exons. The alanine at position 85 was not conserved in other eukaryotic beta-ureidopropionase protein sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B P van Kuilenburg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wang H, Xie H, Sun X, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ, Cravatt BF, Dey SK. Differential regulation of endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation in the uterus during embryo implantation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 83:62-74. [PMID: 17259073 PMCID: PMC1805469 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Preimplantation embryo development to the blastocyst stage and uterine differentiation to the receptive state are prerequisites for embryo implantation. Burgeoning evidence suggests that endocannabinoid signaling is critical to early pregnancy events. Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) are two major endocannabinoids that bind to and activate G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. We have previously shown that a physiological tone of anandamide is critical to preimplantation events in mice, since either silencing or amplification of anandamide signaling causes retarded development and oviductal retention of embryos via CB1, leading to deferred implantation and compromised pregnancy outcome. Whether 2-AG, which also influences many biological functions, has any effects on early pregnancy remains unknown. Furthermore, mechanisms by which differential uterine endocannabinoid gradients are established under changing pregnancy state is not clearly understood. We show here that 2-AG is present at levels one order of magnitude higher than those of anandamide in the mouse uterus, but with similar patterns as anandamide, i.e. lower levels at implantation sites and higher at interimplantation sites. We also provide evidence that region- and stage-specific uterine expression of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and sn-1-diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase alpha (DAGLalpha) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) for synthesis and hydrolysis of anandamide and 2-AG, respectively, creates endocannabinoid gradients conducive to implantation. Our genetic evidence suggests that FAAH is the major degrading enzyme for anandamide, whereas COX-2, MAGL and to some extent COX-1 participate in metabolizing 2-AG in the pregnant uterus. The results suggest that aberrant functioning of these pathways impacting uterine anandamide and/or 2-AG levels would compromise pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Huirong Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Philip J. Kingsley
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sudhansu K. Dey
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- *Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Tel.: 615 322 8642; Fax: 615 322 4704; E-mail:
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Wise LE, Shelton CC, Cravatt BF, Martin BR, Lichtman AH. Assessment of anandamide's pharmacological effects in mice deficient of both fatty acid amide hydrolase and cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 557:44-8. [PMID: 17217945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether anandamide produces its behavioral effects through a cannabinoid CB(1) receptor mechanism of action. The behavioral effects of anandamide were evaluated in mice that lacked both fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and cannabinoid CB(1) receptors (DKO) as compared to FAAH (-/-), cannabinoid CB(1) (-/-), and wild type mice. Anandamide produced analgesia, catalepsy, and hypothermia in FAAH (-/-) mice, but failed to elicit any of these effects in the other three genotypes. In contrast, anandamide decreased locomotor behavior regardless of genotype, suggesting the involvement of multiple mechanisms of action, including its products of degradation. These findings indicate that the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor is the predominant target mediating anandamide's behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, United States
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31
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Abstract
Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide) is a lipid signal molecule that was the first endogenous agonist for cannabinoid receptors to be discovered. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) is widely distributed in neurons and nonneuronal cells in brain and peripheral organs including sperm, eggs, and preimplantation embryos. A study by Wang and colleagues in this issue of the JCI demonstrates that a critical balance between anandamide synthesis by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-selective phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and its degradation by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in mouse embryos and oviducts creates locally an appropriate "anandamide tone" required for normal embryo development, oviductal transport, implantation, and pregnancy (see the related article beginning on page 2122). Adverse effects of elevated levels of anandamide on these processes resulting from FAAH inactivation are mimicked by administration of (-)-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; the major psychoactive constituent of marijuana), due to enhanced signaling via CB1. These findings show that exogenous THC can swamp endogenous anandamide signaling systems, thereby affecting multiple physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Schuel
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
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Wang H, Xie H, Guo Y, Zhang H, Takahashi T, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ, Das SK, Cravatt BF, Dey SK. Fatty acid amide hydrolase deficiency limits early pregnancy events. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2122-31. [PMID: 16886060 PMCID: PMC1523389 DOI: 10.1172/jci28621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronized preimplantation embryo development and passage through the oviduct into the uterus are prerequisites for implantation, dysregulation of which often leads to pregnancy failure in women. Cannabinoid/endocannabinoid signaling via cannabinoid receptor CB1 is known to influence early pregnancy. Here we provide evidence that a critical balance between anandamide synthesis by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-selective phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and its degradation by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in mouse embryos and oviducts creates locally an appropriate "anandamide tone" for normal development of embryos and their oviductal transport. FAAH inactivation yielding higher anandamide or experimentally induced higher cannabinoid [(-)-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol] levels constrain preimplantation embryo development with aberrant expression of Cdx2, Nanog, and Oct3/4, genes known to direct lineage specification. Defective oviductal embryo transport arising from aberrant endocannabinoid signaling also led to deferred on-time implantation and poor pregnancy outcome. Intercrossing between wild-type and Faah-/- mice rescued developmental defects, not oviductal transport, implying that embryonic and maternal FAAH plays differential roles in these processes. The results suggest that FAAH is a key metabolic gatekeeper, regulating on-site anandamide tone to direct preimplantation events that determine the fate of pregnancy. This study uncovers what we believe to be a novel regulation of preimplantation processes, which could be clinically relevant for fertility regulation in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Huirong Xie
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Toshifumi Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Philip J. Kingsley
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sanjoy K. Das
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sudhansu K. Dey
- Department of Pediatrics,
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, and
Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Devi ARR, Gopikrishna M, Ratheesh R, Savithri G, Swarnalata G, Bashyam M. Farber lipogranulomatosis: clinical and molecular genetic analysis reveals a novel mutation in an Indian family. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:811-814. [PMID: 16951918 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Farber disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the acid ceramidase enzyme, leading to the accumulation of ceramide in various tissues. It usually manifests within a few months after birth with a unique triad of symptoms, including painful and progressive deformed joints, progressive hoarseness and subcutaneous nodules. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and mutations in the N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (ASAH1) gene, which codes for the acid ceramidase enzyme, have been shown to cause the disease. In the current study, we report the identification of a novel disease-causing mutation in the ASAH1 gene that results in Farber disease in an Indian family. The mutation was identified in the eighth exon and is a missense mutation resulting in replacement of Valine by Leucine at codon 182. Two affected siblings harboured the identical mutation. The possible mechanism(s) of disease caused by this mutation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akela Radha Rama Devi
- Diagnostics division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | - Munimanda Gopikrishna
- National Genomics and Transcriptomics Facility, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | - Raman Ratheesh
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | - Gorinabele Savithri
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | | | - Murali Bashyam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, 500076, India.
- National Genomics and Transcriptomics Facility, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, 500076, India.
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34
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Mulder AM, Cravatt BF. Endocannabinoid Metabolism in the Absence of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH): Discovery of Phosphorylcholine Derivatives ofN-Acyl Ethanolamines†. Biochemistry 2006; 45:11267-77. [PMID: 16981687 DOI: 10.1021/bi061122s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid transmitters are tightly regulated by a balance of biosynthetic and degradative enzymes. Termination of the activity of the N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) class of lipid-signaling molecules, including the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), is principally mediated by the integral membrane enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in vivo. FAAH(-/-) mice are highly sensitized to the pharmacological effects of AEA; however, these animals eventually recover from AEA treatment, implying the existence of alternative routes for NAE metabolism. Here, we have pursued the characterization of these pathways by profiling the metabolome of FAAH(-/-) mice treated with AEA. Multiple AEA-induced metabolites were observed in brains from FAAH(-/-) mice, including a major product with a mass shift of +165 Da (m/z 513). The structure of this product was determined to be O-phosphorylcholine (PC)-AEA. Analysis of untreated mice identified PC-NAEs as endogenous constituents of the central nervous system (CNS) that were highly elevated in FAAH(-/-) animals. PC-NAEs were very poor substrates for FAAH; however, a vanadate-sensitive enzymatic activity was detected in brain membranes that converted PC-NAEs back to their parent NAEs. The choline-specific phosphodiesterase NPP6 was identified as a candidate enzyme responsible for this activity. These data indicate the presence of a complete metabolic pathway for the production and degradation of PC-NAEs in the CNS that constitutes an alternative route for endocannabinoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M Mulder
- Department of Cell Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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35
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McPhee SWJ, Janson CG, Li C, Samulski RJ, Camp AS, Francis J, Shera D, Lioutermann L, Feely M, Freese A, Leone P. Immune responses to AAV in a phase I study for Canavan disease. J Gene Med 2006; 8:577-88. [PMID: 16532510 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canavan disease is a rare leukodystrophy with no current treatment. rAAV-ASPA has been developed for gene delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) for Canavan disease. This study represents the first use of a viral vector in an attempt to ameliorate a neurodegenerative disorder. METHODS Subjects received intracranial infusions via six cranial burr holes. Adeno-associated virus, serotype 2 (AAV2), mediated intraparenchymal delivery of the human aspartoacylase cDNA at a maximum dose of 1 x 10(12) vector genomes per subject. The immune response and safety profiles were monitored in the follow-up of ten subjects. RESULTS Following rAAV2 administration, we found no evidence of AAV2 neutralizing antibody titers in serum for the majority of subjects tested (7/10). In a subset (3/10) of subjects, low to moderately high levels of AAV2 neutralizing antibody with respect to baseline were detected. In all subjects, there were minimal systemic signs of inflammation or immune stimulation. In subjects with catheter access to the brain lateral ventricle, cerebrospinal fluid was examined and there was a complete absence of neutralizing antibody titers with no overt signs of brain inflammation. CONCLUSIONS rAAV2 vector administration to the human CNS appears well tolerated. The low levels of immune response to AAV2 detected in 3/10 subjects in this study suggest at this dose and with intraparenchymal administration this approach is relatively safe. Long-term monitoring of subjects and expansion to phase II/III will be necessary in order to make definitive statements on safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W J McPhee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 401 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an integral membrane enzyme that catabolizes several bioactive lipids in vivo. Most of the physiological substrates of FAAH characterized to date belong to the N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) class of fatty acid amides, including the endocannabinoid anandamide, the anti-inflammatory lipid N-palmitoyl ethanolamine, and the satiating factor N-oleoyl ethanolamine. We recently identified a second structural class of fatty acid amides regulated by FAAH in vivo: the N-acyl taurines (NATs). Global metabolite profiling revealed high concentrations of long chain (> or = C20) saturated NATs in the central nervous system (CNS) of FAAH(-/-) mice. Here, we use metabolite profiling to characterize the FAAH-NAT system in peripheral mouse tissues. Livers and kidneys of FAAH(-/-) mice possessed dramatic elevations in NATs, which, in contrast to those detected in the CNS, were enriched in polyunsaturated acyl chains (e.g., C20:4, C22:6). Peripheral NATs rose more than 10-fold within 1 h following pharmacological inactivation of FAAH and reached levels up to approximately 5000 pmol/g tissue (C22:6 in kidney), implicating a constitutive and highly active pathway for NAT metabolism in which FAAH plays an integral part. Interestingly, NATs were found to activate multiple members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of calcium channels, including TRPV1 and TRPV4, which are both expressed in kidney. The dramatic elevation in endogenous levels of NATs following acute or chronic inactivation of FAAH, in conjunction with the pharmacological effects of these lipids on TRP channels, suggests the existence of a second major lipid signaling system regulated by FAAH in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Saghatelian
- Department of Cell Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) influence the signaling of many growth factors, and recent work shows that they can promote VEGF signaling in trans from the surface of an adjacent cell. This mode of signaling also alters the activation state and internalization of VEGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Selleck
- Department of Pediatrics, The Development Biology Center, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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Jakobsson L, Kreuger J, Holmborn K, Lundin L, Eriksson I, Kjellén L, Claesson-Welsh L. Heparan sulfate in trans potentiates VEGFR-mediated angiogenesis. Dev Cell 2006; 10:625-34. [PMID: 16678777 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several receptor tyrosine kinases require heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as coreceptors for efficient signal transduction. We have studied the role of HSPGs in the development of blood capillary structures from embryonic stem cells, a process strictly dependent on signaling via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). We show, by using chimeric cultures of embryonic stem cells defective in either HS production or VEGFR-2 synthesis, that VEGF signaling in endothelial cells is fully supported by HS expressed in trans by adjacent perivascular smooth muscle cells. Transactivation of VEGFR-2 leads to prolonged and enhanced signal transduction due to HS-dependent trapping of the active VEGFR-2 signaling complex. Our data imply that direct signaling via HSPG core proteins is dispensable for a functional VEGF response in endothelial cells. We propose that transactivation of tyrosine kinase receptors by HSPGs constitutes a mechanism for crosstalk between adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jakobsson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsv. 20, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Sass JO, Mohr V, Olbrich H, Engelke U, Horvath J, Fliegauf M, Loges NT, Schweitzer-Krantz S, Moebus R, Weiler P, Kispert A, Superti-Furga A, Wevers RA, Omran H. Mutations in ACY1, the gene encoding aminoacylase 1, cause a novel inborn error of metabolism. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:401-9. [PMID: 16465618 PMCID: PMC1380284 DOI: 10.1086/500563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process. Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1; EC 3.5.14) is the most abundant of the aminoacylases, a class of enzymes involved in hydrolysis of N-acetylated proteins. Here, we present four children with genetic deficiency of ACY1. They were identified through organic acid analyses using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealing increased urinary excretion of several N-acetylated amino acids, including the derivatives of methionine, glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, glycine, valine, and isoleucine. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of urine samples detected a distinct pattern of N-acetylated metabolites, consistent with ACY1 dysfunction. Functional analyses of patients' lymphoblasts demonstrated ACY1 deficiency. Mutation analysis uncovered recessive loss-of-function or missense ACY1 mutations in all four individuals affected. We conclude that ACY1 mutations in these children led to functional ACY1 deficiency and excretion of N-acetylated amino acids. Questions remain, however, as to the clinical significance of ACY1 deficiency. The ACY1-deficient individuals were ascertained through urine metabolic screening because of unspecific psychomotor delay (one subject), psychomotor delay with atrophy of the vermis and syringomyelia (one subject), marked muscular hypotonia (one subject), and follow-up for early treated biotinidase deficiency and normal clinical findings (one subject). Because ACY1 is evolutionarily conserved in fish, frog, mouse, and human and is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) in human, a role in CNS function or development is conceivable but has yet to be demonstrated. Thus, at this point, we cannot state whether ACY1 deficiency has pathogenic significance with pleiotropic clinical expression or is simply a biochemical variant. Awareness of this new genetic entity may help both in delineating its clinical significance and in avoiding erroneous diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Oliver Sass
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Children's Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Assmann B, Göhlich G, Baethmann M, Wevers RA, Van Gennip AH, Van Kuilenburg ABP, Dietrich C, Wagner L, Rotteveel JJ, Schaper J, Mayatepek E, Hoffmann GF, Voit T. Clinical findings and a therapeutic trial in the first patient with beta-ureidopropionase deficiency. Neuropediatrics 2006; 37:20-5. [PMID: 16541364 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical, neurophysiological and neuroradiological work-up as well as the results of a specific treatment trial are presented of the first patient diagnosed with beta-ureidopropionase deficiency (E.C. 3.5.1.6, McKusick 606673). The patient presented with an early-onset dystonic movement disorder, severe developmental delay with marked impairment of visual responsiveness in combination with severely delayed myelination in magnetic resonance imaging studies. In addition, there were partial optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy and mild cerebellar hypoplasia. The enzyme defect was expected to lead to intracerebral deficiency of beta-alanine which seems to be a neuromodulator at inhibitory synapses. Therefore, a therapeutic trial with supplementation of beta-alanine was undertaken over 1.5 years with no convincing clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Assmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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41
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Basavarajappa BS, Yalamanchili R, Cravatt BF, Cooper TB, Hungund BL. Increased ethanol consumption and preference and decreased ethanol sensitivity in female FAAH knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50:834-44. [PMID: 16448676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mice lacking cannabinoid (CB1) receptor gene consume markedly reduced levels of ethanol. Mice lacking the enzyme fatty acid amidohydrolase (FAAH) are severely impaired in their ability to degrade anandamide (AEA) and therefore represent a unique animal model in which to examine the function of AEA in vivo on ethanol-drinking behavior. In the current study, FAAH(-/-) mice were tested for ethanol, saccharin or quinine consumption and preference. Ethanol-induced hypothermia, and sleep time were used to evaluate the sensitivity to acute effects of ethanol. Ethanol intake and preference were increased only in female FAAH(-/-) mice. No significant difference in saccharin or quinine consumption or preference was observed between genotypes. Female FAAH(-/-) mice were less sensitive to the hypothermic and sedative/hypnotic effects of acute ethanol. Supersensitivity to exogenous AEA was noted in both male and female FAAH(-/-) mice. Following voluntary ethanol consumption, CB1 receptor levels and function were down-regulated in male FAAH(+/+), FAAH(-/-), and female FAAH(+/+) mice but not in female FAAH(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that absence of an effect in male mice indicates a sex-linked mechanism that is secondary (or modulatory) to FAAH function. Thus, the data suggest that FAAH may be indirectly related to ethanol intake and sensitivity and central endocannabinoidergic-mediated pathways may regulate ethanol consumption.
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42
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Assmann BE, Van Kuilenburg ABP, Distelmaier F, Abeling NGGM, Rosenbaum T, Schaper J, Duran M, Mayatepek E. beta-Ureidopropionase Deficiency Presenting with Febrile Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia 2006; 47:215-7. [PMID: 16417553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Beta-ureidopropionase is the third enzyme in the catabolic pathway of uracil and thymine. To date, only three other patients are reported with this inborn error of metabolism. We report the clinical presentation of a male patient who presented at the age of 4 months after an ALTE-like event (ALTE = acute life-threatening event) with febrile status epilepticus. Such a clinical presentation has not been reported before in this condition. Diagnosis was based on biochemical, enzymatic and molecular studies. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) at the age of 11 months demonstrated large subdural hematomata and global supratentorial atrophy. At that time the patient showed severe psychomotor retardation with muscular hypotonia, extremely limited visual contact and poorly controlled epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Pyrimidine degradation defects should be included in the differential diagnosis of convulsions, (febrile) status epilepticus, psychomotor retardation and possibly also ALTE-like events.
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Van Coster RN, Gerlo EA, Giardina TG, Engelke UF, Smet JE, De Praeter CM, Meersschaut VA, De Meirleir LJ, Seneca SH, Devreese B, Leroy JG, Herga S, Perrier JP, Wevers RA, Lissens W. Aminoacylase I deficiency: a novel inborn error of metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1322-6. [PMID: 16274666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of a patient with aminoacylase I deficiency. High amounts of N-acetylated amino acids were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the urine, including the derivatives of serine, glutamic acid, alanine, methionine, glycine, and smaller amounts of threonine, leucine, valine, and isoleucine. NMR spectroscopy confirmed these findings and, in addition, showed the presence of N-acetylglutamine and N-acetylasparagine. In EBV transformed lymphoblasts, aminoacylase I activity was deficient. Loss of activity was due to decreased amounts of aminoacylase I protein. The amount of mRNA for the aminoacylase I was decreased. DNA sequencing of the encoding ACY1 gene showed a homozygous c.1057 C>T transition, predicting a p.Arg353Cys substitution. Both parents were heterozygous for the mutation. The mutation was also detected in 5/161 controls. To exclude the possibility of a genetic polymorphism, protein expression studies were performed showing that the mutant protein had lost catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Van Coster
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a mammalian integral membrane enzyme that degrades the fatty acid amide family of endogenous signaling lipids, which includes the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and the sleep-inducing substance oleamide. FAAH belongs to a large and diverse class of enzymes referred to as the amidase signature (AS) family. Investigations into the structure and function of FAAH, in combination with complementary studies of other AS enzymes, have engendered provocative molecular models to explain how this enzyme integrates into cell membranes and terminates fatty acid amide signaling in vivo. These studies, as well as their biological and therapeutic implications, are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele K McKinney
- Departments of Cell Biology and Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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45
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Surendran S, Szucs S, Tyring SK, Matalon R. Aspartoacylase gene knockout in the mouse: impact on reproduction. Reprod Toxicol 2005; 20:281-3. [PMID: 15907664 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 12/31/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Canavan disease (CD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene mutations resulting enzyme deficiency. The homozygous knockout mouse for CD showed symptoms similar observed in patients with CD. Canavan disease leads to early death. Therefore, a role of ASPA in reproduction was investigated using the mouse model for CD. Homozygous (KO/KO) pups, produced by mating female heterozygous (KO/+) mouse with KO/+ males had approximately 12% death incidence rates in the first 2 months of life. KO/KO mothers mated with KO/+ males showed fetal death. KO/KO mothers produced fewer offspring compared to KO/+ mothers. These data suggest that ASPA is necessary for normal reproduction and postnatal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Surendran
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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46
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Tacke U, Olbrich H, Sass JO, Fekete A, Horvath J, Ziyeh S, Kleijer WJ, Rolland MO, Fisher S, Payne S, Vargiami E, Zafeiriou DI, Omran H. Possible genotype-phenotype correlations in children with mild clinical course of Canavan disease. Neuropediatrics 2005; 36:252-5. [PMID: 16138249 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-865865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Canavan disease is characterised as a rare, neurodegenerative disease that usually causes death in early childhood. It is an autosomal recessive disorder due to an aspartoacylase (ASPA) deficiency. The causative gene has been mapped to chromosome 17 pter-p13. Here we describe three affected children from two Greek families with an unusually mild course of Canavan disease. All children presented with muscular hypotonia and macrocephaly. Diagnosis was based on elevated N-acetylaspartate in urine, reduced aspartoacylase activity in fibroblasts, and marked white matter changes on cerebral imaging. All three affected individuals exhibited continuous psychomotor development without any regression. Genetic analyses revealed compound heterozygous mutations (Y288 C; F295 S) in two individuals. The Y288 C variant was previously described in a child with macrocephaly, mild developmental delay, increased signal intensity in the basal ganglia, partial cortical blindness and retinitis pigmentosa, and slightly elevated N-acetylaspartate in the urine. Demonstration of the same variant in two unusually mildly affected Canavan disease patients and absence of this variant in 154 control chromosomes suggest a possible pathogenic role in mild Canavan disease. In the third individual, two homozygous sequence variants were identified, which comprise the known G274R mutation and a novel K213E variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Tacke
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Muscle Disease, University Children's Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
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47
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Pacher P, Bátkai S, Osei-Hyiaman D, Offertáler L, Liu J, Harvey-White J, Brassai A, Járai Z, Cravatt BF, Kunos G. Hemodynamic profile, responsiveness to anandamide, and baroreflex sensitivity of mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H533-41. [PMID: 15821037 PMCID: PMC2225481 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00107.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid anandamide exerts neurobehavioral, cardiovascular, and immune-regulatory effects through cannabinoid receptors (CB). Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme responsible for the in vivo degradation of anandamide. Recent experimental studies have suggested that targeting the endocannabinergic system by FAAH inhibitors is a promising novel approach for the treatment of anxiety, inflammation, and hypertension. In this study, we compared the cardiac performance of FAAH knockout (FAAH-/-) mice and their wild-type (FAAH+/+) littermates and analyzed the hemodynamic effects of anandamide using the Millar pressure-volume conductance catheter system. Baseline cardiovascular parameters, systolic and diastolic function at different preloads, and baroreflex sensitivity were similar in FAAH-/- and FAAH+/+ mice. FAAH-/- mice displayed increased sensitivity to anandamide-induced, CB1-mediated hypotension and decreased cardiac contractility compared with FAAH(+/+) littermates. In contrast, the hypotensive potency of synthetic CB1 agonist HU-210 and the level of expression of myocardial CB1 were similar in the two strains. The myocardial levels of anandamide and oleoylethanolamide, but not 2-arachidonylglycerol, were increased in FAAH-/- mice compared with FAAH+/+ mice. These results indicate that mice lacking FAAH have a normal hemodynamic profile, and their increased responsiveness to anandamide-induced hypotension and cardiodepression is due to the decreased degradation of anandamide rather than an increase in target organ sensitivity to CB1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- National Institutes of Health, NIAAA, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, 5625 Fishers Lane MSC 9413, Rm. 2S24, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA.
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48
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Wang L, Fuster M, Sriramarao P, Esko JD. Endothelial heparan sulfate deficiency impairs L-selectin- and chemokine-mediated neutrophil trafficking during inflammatory responses. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:902-10. [PMID: 16056228 DOI: 10.1038/ni1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Here we have studied the involvement of endothelial heparan sulfate in inflammation by inactivating the enzyme N-acetyl glucosamine N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 in endothelial cells and leukocytes, which is required for the addition of sulfate to the heparin sulfate chains. Mutant mice developed normally but showed impaired neutrophil infiltration in various inflammation models. These effects were due to changes in heparan sulfate specifically in endothelial cells. Decreased neutrophil infiltration was partially due to altered rolling velocity correlated with weaker binding of L-selectin to endothelial cells. Chemokine transcytosis across endothelial cells and presentation on the cell surface were also reduced, resulting in decreased neutrophil firm adhesion and migration. Thus, endothelial heparan sulfate has three functions in inflammation: by acting as a ligand for L-selectin during neutrophil rolling; in chemokine transcytosis; and by binding and presenting chemokines at the lumenal surface of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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49
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Klugmann M, Leichtlein CB, Symes CW, Serikawa T, Young D, During MJ. Restoration of aspartoacylase activity in CNS neurons does not ameliorate motor deficits and demyelination in a model of Canavan disease. Mol Ther 2005; 11:745-53. [PMID: 15851013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canavan disease is an early onset leukodystrophy associated with psychomotor retardation, seizures, and premature death. This disorder is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA). Normally, ASPA is enriched in oligodendrocytes and ASPA deficiency results in elevated levels of its substrate molecule, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), brain edema, and dysmyelination. Using adeno-associated virus, we permanently expressed ASPA in CNS neurons of the tremor rat, a genetic model of Canavan disease, and examined the efficacy of the treatment by monitoring NAA metabolism, myelination, motor behavior, and seizures. Assessment of ASPA protein and enzyme activity in whole brain hemispheres showed restoration to normal levels as long as 6 months after treatment. This finding correlated with a reduction of NAA levels, along with a rescue of the seizure phenotype. However, gross brain pathology, such as dilated ventricles and spongiform vacuolization, was unchanged. Moreover, hypomyelination and motor deficits were not resolved by ASPA gene transfer. Our data suggest that NAA-mediated neuronal hyperexcitation but not oligodendrocyte dysfunction can be compensated for by neuronal ASPA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klugmann
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Translational Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland School of Medicine, 85 Park Road, Auckland, New Zealand.
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50
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Madhavarao CN, Arun P, Moffett JR, Szucs S, Surendran S, Matalon R, Garbern J, Hristova D, Johnson A, Jiang W, Namboodiri MAA. Defective N-acetylaspartate catabolism reduces brain acetate levels and myelin lipid synthesis in Canavan's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:5221-6. [PMID: 15784740 PMCID: PMC555036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409184102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canavan's disease (CD) is a fatal, hereditary disorder of CNS development that has been linked to mutations in the gene for the enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA) (EC 3.5.1.15). ASPA acts to hydrolyze N-acetylaspartate (NAA) into l-aspartate and acetate, but the connection between ASPA deficiency and the failure of proper CNS development is unclear. We hypothesize that one function of ASPA is to provide acetate for the increased lipid synthesis that occurs during postnatal CNS myelination. The gene encoding ASPA has been inactivated in the mouse model of CD, and here we show significant decreases in the synthesis of six classes of myelin-associated lipids, as well as reduced acetate levels, in the brains of these mice at the time of peak postnatal CNS myelination. Analysis of the lipid content of white matter from a human CD patient showed decreased cerebroside and sulfatide relative to normal white matter. These results demonstrate that myelin lipid synthesis is significantly compromised in CD and provide direct evidence that defective myelin synthesis, resulting from a deficiency of NAA-derived acetate, is involved in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikkathur N Madhavarao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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