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Velikogne S, Breukelaar WB, Hamm F, Glabonjat RA, Kroutil W. C=C-Ene-Reductases Reduce the C=N Bond of Oximes. ACS Catal 2020; 10:13377-13382. [PMID: 33251037 PMCID: PMC7685226 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although enzymes have been found for many reactions, there are still transformations for which no enzyme is known. For instance, not a single defined enzyme has been described for the reduction of the C=N bond of an oxime, only whole organisms. Such an enzymatic reduction of an oxime may give access to (chiral) amines. By serendipity, we found that the oxime moiety adjacent to a ketone as well as an ester group can be reduced by ene-reductases (ERs) to an intermediate amino group. ERs are well-known enzymes for the reduction of activated alkenes, as of α,β-unsaturated ketones. For the specific substrate used here, the amine intermediate spontaneously reacts further to tetrasubstituted pyrazines. This reduction reaction represents an unexpected promiscuous activity of ERs expanding the toolkit of transformations using enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Velikogne
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Willem B. Breukelaar
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Hamm
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ronald A. Glabonjat
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Chen Q, Zhang D, Bi Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Li Y, Bian H. The protective effects of liguzinediol on congestive heart failure induced by myocardial infarction and its relative mechanism. Chin Med 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 32549908 PMCID: PMC7296683 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular diseases in the world. Currently, the drugs used to treat HF in the clinic may cause serious side effects. Liguzinediol, 2, 5-dimethyl-3, 6-dimethyl-pyrazine, is a compound synthesized after the structural modification of ligustrazine (one active ingredient of Szechwan Lovage Rhizome). We aimed to observe the effects of liguzinediol on preventing HF and explore the related mechanisms. Methods The ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery was operated to established the myocardial infarction (MI) model in Sprague–Dawley rats. Cardiac functions were recorded by echocardiography and hemodynamics. The changes in the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS), inflammation, and oxidative stress were detected by radioimmunoassay and Elisa kits. Western blot and real-time PCR were applied to determine the expressions of the TGF-β1/Smads pathway. Results Firstly, liguzinediol enhanced the systolic and diastolic functions of the heart in MI rats. Liguzinediol improved ventricular remodeling by reducing myocardial cell necrosis, as well as reducing collagen deposition and myocardial fibrosis. Then, liguzinediol suppressed the activation of RAAS, inhibited the synthesis of pro-inflammation factors, and reduced oxidative stress. In the end, liguzinediol also down-regulated the expressions of the TGF-β1/Smads pathway. Conclusions Liguzinediol could alleviate HF caused by MI in rats, and the protective effect was associated with the regulation of the TGF-β1/Smads pathway.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Dini Zhang
- Key Laboratory on Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042 China
| | - Yunhui Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Qinghai Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Huimin Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
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Zhu H, Qian C, Cai J, Shen M, Li W, Liu J, Wang T, Wen H. Crystal Structure of Liguzinediol, 2,5-Dimethylol-3,6-dimethylpyrazine. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774518050152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shen F, Wen HM, Shan CX, Kang A, Dong B, Chai C, Zhang JY, Zhang Q, Li W. Sulfotransferase-catalyzed biotransformation of liguzinediol and comparison of its metabolism in different species using UFLC-QTOF-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1089:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Liguzinediol Enhances the Inotropic Effect of Rat Hearts via Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase (PP1 and PP2A) Activities. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 69:236-244. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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You X, Wen H, Wang X, Shan C, Cui X, Dai Z, Chai C, Dong B, Li W. Study on Pharmacokinetics of Liguzinediol and Four Metabolites in Rats by UFLC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhu HH, Chen YQ, Cheng D, Li W, Wang TL, Wen HM, Chen L, Liu J. Synthesis and positive inotropic activity evaluation of liguzinediol metabolites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:882-884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ma SF, Luo Y, Ding YJ, Chen Y, Pu SX, Wu HJ, Wang ZF, Tao BB, Wang WW, Zhu YC. Hydrogen Sulfide Targets the Cys320/Cys529 Motif in Kv4.2 to Inhibit the Ito Potassium Channels in Cardiomyocytes and Regularizes Fatal Arrhythmia in Myocardial Infarction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:129-47. [PMID: 25756524 PMCID: PMC4492614 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The mechanisms underlying numerous biological roles of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) remain largely unknown. We have previously reported an inhibitory role of H2S in the L-type calcium channels in cardiomyocytes. This prompts us to examine the mechanisms underlying the potential regulation of H2S on the ion channels. RESULTS H2S showed a novel inhibitory effect on Ito potassium channels, and this effect was blocked by mutation at the Cys320 and/or Cys529 residues of the Kv4.2 subunit. H2S broke the disulfide bridge between a pair of oxidized cysteine residues; however, it did not modify single cysteine residues. H2S extended action potential duration in epicardial myocytes and regularized fatal arrhythmia in a rat model of myocardial infarction. H2S treatment significantly increased survival by ∼1.4-fold in the critical 2-h time window after myocardial infarction with a protection against ventricular premature beats and fatal arrhythmia. However, H2S did not change the function of other ion channels, including IK1 and INa. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION H2S targets the Cys320/Cys529 motif in Kv4.2 to regulate the Ito potassium channels. H2S also shows a potent regularizing effect against fatal arrhythmia in a rat model of myocardial infarction. The study provides the first piece of evidence for the role of H2S in regulating Ito potassium channels and also the specific motif in an ion channel labile for H2S regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Feng Ma
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China .,2 Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jiong Ding
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Xin Pu
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
| | - Hang-Jing Wu
- 3 Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Feng Wang
- 3 Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Bei Tao
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wei Wang
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Chun Zhu
- 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College , Shanghai, China
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Cheng D, Zhou Y, Li W, Shan CX, Chai C, Cui XB, Kang B, Wang TL, Wen HM. Identification, Characterization, Synthesis and Quantification of Related Impurities of Liguzinediol. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1280-8. [PMID: 25680683 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method was employed to create an impurity profile for liguzinediol as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which resulted in the identification of two related impurities. Therefore, in order to improve the quality control of the liguzinediol-API, we identified and then developed a method for quantifying the two impurities (impurity-1 and impurity-2) by LC-TOF-MS-MS and then chemically synthesized them for further studies. Based on spectral data from IR, MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR, the structures of impurity-1 and impurity-2 were characterized as 2-hydroxymethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine and 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, respectively. We further validated the method according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines to demonstrate the sensitivity, precision, linearity, accuracy and stability of the method described. In addition, the potential mechanisms underlying formation of impurity-1 and impurity-2 in the liguzinediol-API are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen-Xiao Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuan Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bi Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tian-Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of liguzinediol mono- and dual ester prodrugs as promising inotropic agents. Molecules 2014; 19:18057-72. [PMID: 25379643 PMCID: PMC6271266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent positive inotropic effect, together with the relatively low safety risk of liguzinediol (LZDO), relative to currently available inotropic drugs, has prompted us to intensively research and develop LZDO as a potent positive inotropic agent. In this study, to obtain LZDO alternatives for oral chronic administration, a series of long-chain fatty carboxylic mono- and dual-esters of LZDO were synthesized, and preliminarily evaluated for physicochemical properties and bioconversion. Enhanced lipophilic properties and decreased solubility of the prodrugs were observed as the side chain length increased. All esters showed conspicuous chemical stability in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Moreover, the enzymatic hydrolysis of esters in human plasma and human liver microsomes confirmed that the majority of esters were converted to LZDO, with release profiles that varied due to the size and structure of the side chain. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies following oral administration of monopivaloyl (M5), monodecyl (M10) and monododecyl (M12) esters demonstrated the evidently extended half-lives relative to LZDO dosed alone. In particular the monopivaloyl ester M5 exhibited an optimal pharmacokinetic profile with appropriate physiochemical characteristics.
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Li Y, Song P, Zhu Q, Yin QY, Ji JW, Li W, Bian HM. Liguzinediol improved the heart function and inhibited myocardial cell apoptosis in rats with heart failure. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1257-64. [PMID: 25220638 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Liguzinediol is a novel derivative of ligustrazine isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii Franch), and produces significant positive inotropic effect in isolated rat hearts. In this study we investigated the effects of liguzinediol on a rat model of heart failure. METHODS To induce heart failure, male SD rats were injected with doxorubicin (DOX, 2 mg/kg, ip) once a week for 4 weeks. Then the rats were administered with liguzinediol (5, 10, 20 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), po) for 2 weeks. Hemodynamic examination was conducted to evaluate heart function. Myocardial cell apoptosis was examined morphologically. The expression of related genes and proteins were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining and Western blot assays, respectively. RESULTS Oral administration of liguzinediol dose-dependently improved the heart function in DOX-treated rats. Electron microscopy revealed that liguzinediol (10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) markedly attenuated DOX-induced injury of cardiomyocytes, and decreased the number of apoptotic bodies in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, liguzinediol significantly decreased Bax protein level, and increased Bcl-2 protein level in cardiomyocytes of DOX-treated rats, led to an increase in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Moreover, liguzinediol significantly decreased the expression of both cleaved caspase-3 and NF-κB in cardiomyocytes of DOX-treated rats. Administration of digitalis (0.0225 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) also markedly improved the heart function and the morphology of cardiomyocytes in DOX-treated rats. CONCLUSION Liguzinediol improves the heart function and inhibits myocardial cell apoptosis in the rat model of heart failure, which is associated with regulating Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and NF-κB expression.
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The hypotensive agent dodoneine inhibits L-type Ca2+ current with negative inotropic effect on rat heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 728:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Liu Z, Li W, Wen HM, Bian HM, Zhang J, Chen L, Chen L, Yang KD. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and pharmacokinetic study of novel liguzinediol prodrugs. Molecules 2013; 18:4561-72. [PMID: 23599014 PMCID: PMC6270099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liguzinediol (LZDO) ester prodrugs 3-5 were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their potential use in prolonging the half-life of the parent drug LZDO (1a) in vivo. Prodrugs 3-5 were found to display a potent positive inotropic effect on the myocardium, without the risk of arrhythmia. Prodrugs 3-5 rapidly underwent enzymatic hydrolysis to release the parent compound LZDO in 1-3 h in rat liver microsomes and rat plasma. The half-life of the parent compound was prolonged after intragastric administration of prodrug 3, which was found to be a superior prodrug candidate for increasing myocardial contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
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