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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors positively impact on multiple aging regulatory pathways: Could they be used to protect against human aging? Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16094. [PMID: 38924381 PMCID: PMC11200104 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-a classical blood pressure regulator-largely contributes to healthy organ development and function. Besides, RAS activation promotes age-related changes and age-associated diseases, which are attenuated/abolished by RAS-blockade in several mammalian species. RAS-blockers also increase rodent lifespan. In previous work, we discussed how RAS-blockade downregulates mTOR and growth hormone/IGF-1 signaling, and stimulates AMPK activity (together with klotho, sirtuin, and vitamin D-receptor upregulation), and proposed that at least some of RAS-blockade's aging benefits are mediated through regulation of these intermediaries and their signaling to mitochondria. Here, we included RAS-blockade's impact on other aging regulatory pathways, that is, TGF-ß, NF-kB, PI3K, MAPK, PKC, Notch, and Wnt, all of which affect mitochondria. No direct evidence is available on RAS/RAS-blockade-aging regulatory pathway-mitochondria interactions. However, existing results allow to conjecture that RAS-blockers neutralize mitochondrial dysfunction by acting on the discussed pathways. The reviewed evidence led us to propose that the foundation is laid for conducting clinical trials aimed at testing whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)-even at subclinical doses-offer the possibility to live longer and in better health. As ACEi and ARB are low cost and well-tolerated anti-hypertension therapies in use for over 35 years, investigating their administration to attenuate/prevent aging effects seems simple to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Inserra
- Department of MedicineMaimonides UniversityBuenos AiresArgentina
- Master of Vascular Mechanics and Arterial Hypertension, Postgraduate DepartmentAustral UniversityPilarArgentina
| | - León Ferder
- Department of MedicineMaimonides UniversityBuenos AiresArgentina
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Vicenzetto C, Giordani AS, Menghi C, Baritussio A, Peloso Cattini MG, Pontara E, Bison E, Rizzo S, De Gaspari M, Basso C, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Marcolongo R, Caforio ALP. The Role of the Immune System in Pathobiology and Therapy of Myocarditis: A Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1156. [PMID: 38927363 PMCID: PMC11200507 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune system in myocarditis onset and progression involves a range of complex cellular and molecular pathways. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to myocarditis pathogenesis, regardless of its infectious or non-infectious nature and across different histological and clinical subtypes. The heterogeneity of myocarditis etiologies and molecular effectors is one of the determinants of its clinical variability, manifesting as a spectrum of disease phenotype and progression. This spectrum ranges from a fulminant presentation with spontaneous recovery to a slowly progressing, refractory heart failure with ventricular dysfunction, to arrhythmic storm and sudden cardiac death. In this review, we first examine the updated definition and classification of myocarditis at clinical, biomolecular and histopathological levels. We then discuss recent insights on the role of specific immune cell populations in myocarditis pathogenesis, with particular emphasis on established or potential therapeutic applications. Besides the well-known immunosuppressive agents, whose efficacy has been already demonstrated in human clinical trials, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects of other drugs commonly used in clinical practice for myocarditis management. The immunological complexity of myocarditis, while presenting a challenge to simplistic understanding, also represents an opportunity for the development of different therapeutic approaches with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vicenzetto
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Andrea Silvio Giordani
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Caterina Menghi
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Anna Baritussio
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Maria Grazia Peloso Cattini
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Elena Pontara
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Bison
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Monica De Gaspari
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Renzo Marcolongo
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Alida Linda Patrizia Caforio
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
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Yan R, He J, Liu G, Zhong J, Xu J, Zheng K, Ren Z, He Z, Zhu Q. Drug Repositioning for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 15:75. [PMID: 36680115 PMCID: PMC9861398 DOI: 10.3390/v15010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease in children caused by a group of enteroviruses. HFMD currently presents a major threat to infants and young children because of a lack of antiviral drugs in clinical practice. Drug repositioning is an attractive drug discovery strategy aimed at identifying and developing new drugs for diseases. Notably, repositioning of well-characterized therapeutics, including either approved or investigational drugs, is becoming a potential strategy to identify new treatments for virus infections. Various types of drugs, including antibacterial, cardiovascular, and anticancer agents, have been studied in relation to their therapeutic potential to treat HFMD. In this review, we summarize the major outbreaks of HFMD and the progress in drug repositioning to treat this disease. We also discuss the structural features and mode of action of these repositioned drugs and highlight the opportunities and challenges of drug repositioning for HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jiahao He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ge Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiapeng Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhendan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qinchang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
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Telmisartan restricts Chikungunya virus infection in vitro and in vivo through the AT1/PPAR-γ/MAPKs pathways. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0148921. [PMID: 34748384 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01489-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has re-emerged as a global public health threat. The inflammatory pathways of RAS and PPAR-γ are usually involved in viral infections. Thus, Telmisartan (TM) with known capacity to block AT1 receptor and activate PPAR-γ, was investigated against CHIKV. The anti-CHIKV effect of TM was investigated in vitro (Vero, RAW 264.7 cells and hPBMCs) and in vivo (C57BL/6 mice). TM was found to abrogate CHIKV infection efficiently (IC50 of 15.34-20.89μM in the Vero and RAW 264.7 cells respectively). Viral RNA and proteins were reduced remarkably. Additionally, TM interfered in the early and late stages of CHIKV life cycle with efficacy in both pre and post-treatment assay. Moreover, the agonist of AT1 receptor and antagonist of PPAR-γ increased CHIKV infection suggesting TM's anti-viral potential by modulating host factors. Besides, reduced activation of all major MAPKs, NF-κB (p65) and cytokines by TM through the inflammatory axis supported the fact that the anti-CHIKV efficacy of TM is partly mediated through the AT1/PPAR-γ/MAPKs pathways. Interestingly, at the human equivalent dose, TM abrogated CHIKV infection and inflammation significantly leading to reduced clinical score and complete survival of C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, TM reduced infection in hPBMC derived monocyte-macrophage populations in vitro. Hence, TM was found to reduce CHIKV infection by targeting both viral and host factors. Considering its safety and in vivo efficacy, it can be a suitable candidate in future for repurposing against CHIKV.
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Ehteshamfar S, Akhbari M, Afshari JT, Seyedi M, Nikfar B, Shapouri‐Moghaddam A, Ghanbarzadeh E, Momtazi‐Borojeni AA. Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory impacts of berberine on activation of autoreactive T cells in autoimmune inflammation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13573-13588. [PMID: 33135395 PMCID: PMC7754052 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive inflammatory CD4+ T cells, such as T helper (Th)1 and Th17 subtypes, have been found to associate with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, CD4+ Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are crucial for the immune tolerance and have a critical role in the suppression of the excessive immune and inflammatory response promoted by these Th cells. In contrast, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are immune cells that through their inflammatory functions promote autoreactive T-cell responses in autoimmune conditions. In recent years, there has been increasing attention to exploring effective immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory agents from the herbal collection of traditional medicine. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is one of the main active ingredients extracted from medicinal herbs and has been shown to exert various biological and pharmacological effects that are suggested to be mainly attributed to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Several lines of experimental study have recently investigated the therapeutic potential of berberine for treating autoimmune conditions in animal models of human autoimmune diseases. Here, we aimed to seek mechanisms underlying immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of berberine on autoreactive inflammatory responses in autoimmune conditions. Reported data reveal that berberine can directly suppress functions and differentiation of pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells, and indirectly decrease Th cell-mediated inflammation through modulating or suppressing other cells assisting autoreactive inflammation, such as Tregs, DCs and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed‐Morteza Ehteshamfar
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineBuAli Research InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Masoume Akhbari
- Department of Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Jalil Tavakol Afshari
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineBuAli Research InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Banafsheh Nikfar
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research CenterPars HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abbas Shapouri‐Moghaddam
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineBuAli Research InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Wei Y, Wang H, Xi C, Li N, Li D, Yao C, Sun G, Ge H, Hu K, Zhang Q. Antiviral Effects of Novel 2-Benzoxyl-Phenylpyridine Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:E1409. [PMID: 32204528 PMCID: PMC7144376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the most common cause of acute and chronic viral myocarditis, primarily in children, while human adenovirus infections represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, in people of all ages. A series of novel 2-benzoxyl-phenylpyridine derivatives were evaluated for their potential antiviral activities against CVB3 and adenovirus type 7 (ADV7). Preliminary assays indicated that some of these compounds exhibited excellent antiviral effects on both CVB3 and ADV7 viruses; they could effectively inhibit virus-induced cytopathic effects, reduce viral progeny yields, and had similar or superior antiviral activities compared with the control drug, ribavirin. Further, these compounds targeted the early stages of CVB3 replication in cells, including viral RNA replication and protein synthesis, rather than inactivating the virus directly, inhibiting virus adsorption/entry, or affecting viral release from cells. Our data demonstrate that the tested 2-benzoxyl-phenylpyridine derivatives are effective inhibitors of CVB3 and ADV7, raising the possibility that these compounds might be feasible candidates for anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Haijie Wang
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Caili Xi
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Ni Li
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Dong Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Ge Sun
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Hongmei Ge
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Y.W.); (H.W.); (C.X.); (N.L.); (C.Y.); (G.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;
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Therapies to limit myocardial injury in animal models of myocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:48. [PMID: 31673885 PMCID: PMC6823299 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current myocarditis guidelines do not advocate treatment to prevent myocardial injury and scar deposition in patients with myocarditis and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. We aimed to ascertain the utility of beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and antagonists of the renin–angiotensin system in ameliorating myocardial injury, scar formation and calcification in animal in vivo models of myocarditis. The project was prospectively registered with the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (CRD42018089336). Primary outcomes (necrosis, fibrosis and calcification) were meta-analysed with random-effects modelling. 52 studies were systematically reviewed. Meta-analysis was performed compared with untreated controls. In each study, we identified all independent comparisons of treatment versus control groups. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) indicated treatment reduced necrosis by 16.9% (71 controlled analyses, 95% CI 13.2–20.7%; P < 0.001), however there was less evidence of an effect after accounting for publication bias. Treatment led to a 12.8% reduction in fibrosis (73 controlled analyses, 95% CI 7.6–18.0%; P < 0.001). After accounting for publication bias this was attenuated to 7.8% but remained significant. Treatment reduced calcification by 4.1% (28 controlled analyses, 95% CI 0.2–8.0%; P < 0.0395). We observed significant heterogeneity in effect size in all primary endpoints, which was predominantly driven by differences between drug categories. Beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were the only agents that were effective for both necrosis and fibrosis, while only ACE inhibitors had a significant effect on calcification. This study provides evidence for a role for ACE inhibitors and beta blockers to prevent myocardial injury and scar deposition in in vivo models of myocarditis. There is a need for further well-designed studies to assess the translational application of these treatments.
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Guo G, Sun L, Yang L, Xu H. IDO1 depletion induces an anti-inflammatory response in macrophages in mice with chronic viral myocarditis. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2598-2613. [PMID: 31416389 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1652471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and myocardial weakness, two major hallmarks of chronic viral myocarditis (VMC), often lead to dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic heart failure. It has been reported that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) may play a pathogenic role in the progression of inflammatory diseases. Hence, the study is set out to investigate the potential role of IDO1 in chronic VMC by establishing a mouse model of VMC by intraperitoneally injected with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). After model establishment, the expression of IDO1 was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. IDO1 was identified as an up-regulated gene in CVB3-induced VMC. Then, in order to elucidate the potential role of IDO1 in VMC, macrophages were isolated and treated with the overexpression plasmid of IDO1 or IDO1 inhibitor (1-MT). After that, these transfected macrophages were co-cultured with normal cardiomyocytes, followed by measurement of inflammatory factors and evaluation of cardiomyocyte injury. The overexpression of IDO1 was observed to significantly enhance the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. By contrast, the treatment of 1-MT in macrophages reversed the promoting effects of IDO1 on cardiomyocyte injury. Co-culture experiment showed that overexpressed IDO1 impaired cardiomyocyte, which was alleviated upon treatment of 1-MT. Taken together, the key findings of the present study provide evidence that 1-MT-mediated IDO1 suppression could potentially reduce inflammatory response in macrophages and consequently ameliorate cardiomyocyte injury in mice with VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongliang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Department of Pediatric, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Haiming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
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Could angiotensin-modulating drugs be relevant for the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection? A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Parasitology 2019; 146:914-927. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201900009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough leucocytes are targets of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) effector molecules and RAS-modulating drugs exert immunomodulatory effects, their impact onTrypanosoma cruziinfection remains poorly understood. By using the framework of a systematic review, we integrated the preclinical and clinical evidence to investigate the relevance of angiotensin-inhibiting drugs onT. cruziinfections. From a comprehensive and structured search in biomedical databases, only original studies were analysed. In preclinical and clinical studies, captopril, enalapril and losartan were RAS-modulating drugs used. The mainin vitrofindings indicated that these drugs increased parasite uptake per host cells, IL-12 expression by infected dendritic cells and IFN-γby T lymphocytes, in addition to attenuating IL-10 and IL-17 production by CD8 + T cells. In animal models, reduced parasitaemia, tissue parasitism, leucocytes infiltration and mortality were often observed inT. cruzi-infected animals receiving RAS-modulating drugs. In patients with Chagas’ disease, these drugs exerted a controversial impact on cytokine and hormone levels, and a limited effect on cardiovascular function. Considering a detailed evaluation of reporting and methodological quality, the current preclinical and clinical evidence is at high risk of bias, and we hope that our critical analysis will be useful in mitigating the risk of bias in further studies.
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Liu X, Zhang X, Ye L, Yuan H. Protective mechanisms of berberine against experimental autoimmune myocarditis in a rat model. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Bhakat S. Effect of T68A/N126Y mutations on the conformational and ligand binding landscape of Coxsackievirus B3 3C protease. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:2303-11. [PMID: 26077945 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
3C protease of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) plays an essential role in the viral replication cycle, and therefore, emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of human diseases caused by CVB3 infection. In this study, we report the first account of the molecular impact of the T68A/N126Y double mutant (Mutant(Bound)) using an integrated computational approach. Molecular dynamics simulation and post-dynamics binding free energy, principal component analysis (PCA), hydrogen bond occupancy, SASA, R(g) and RMSF confirm that T68A/N126Y instigated an increased conformational flexibility due to the loss of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bond interactions and other prominent binding forces, which led to a decreased protease grip on the ligand (3CPI). The double mutations triggered a distortion orientation of 3CPI in the active site and decreases the binding energy, ΔG(bind) (∼3 kcal mol(-1)), compared to the wild type (Wild(Bound)). The van der Waals and electrostatic energy contributions coming from residues 68 and 126 are lower for Mutant(Bound) when compared with Wild(Bound). In addition, variation in the overall enzyme motion as evident from the PCA, distorted hydrogen bonding network and loss of protein-ligand interactions resulted in a loss of inhibitor efficiency. The comprehensive molecular insight gained from this study should be of great importance in understanding the drug resistance against CVB3 3C protease; also, it will assist in the designing of novel Coxsackievirus B3 inhibitors with high ligand efficacy on resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumendranath Bhakat
- Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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Xie W, Wang L, Dai Q, Yu H, He X, Xiong J, Sheng H, Zhang D, Xin R, Qi Y, Hu F, Guo S, Zhang K. Activation of AMPK restricts coxsackievirus B3 replication by inhibiting lipid accumulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:155-67. [PMID: 26055448 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the major pathogen of human viral myocarditis. CVB3 has been found to manipulate and modify the cellular lipid metabolism for viral replication. The cellular AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of multiple metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism. Here we explore the potential roles AMPK plays in CVB3 infection. We found that AMPK is activated by the viral replication during CVB3 infection in Hela cells and primary myocardial cells. RNA interference mediated inhibition of AMPK could increase the CVB3 replication in cells, indicating that AMPK contributed to restricting the viral replication. Next, we showed that CVB3 replication could be inhibited by several different pharmacological AMPK activators including metformin, A769662 and AICAR. And the constitutively active AMPK mutant (CA-AMPK) could also inhibit the CVB3 replication. Furthermore, we found that CVB3 infection increased the cellular lipid levels and showed that the AMPK agonist AICAR both restricted CVB3 replication and reduced lipid accumulation through inhibiting the lipid synthesis associated gene expression. We further found that CVB3 infection would also induce AMPK activated in vivo. The AMPK agonist metformin, which has been widely used in diabetes therapy, could decrease the viral replication and further protect the mice from myocardial histological and functional changes in CVB3 induced myocarditis, and improve the survival rate of infected mice. Lastly, it was demonstrated that the AICAR-mediated restriction of viral replication could be rescued partially by exogenous palmitate, the first product of fatty acid biosynthesis, demonstrating that AMPK activation restricted CVB3 infection through its inhibition of lipid synthesis. Taken together, these data in the present study suggest a model in which AMPK is activated by CVB3 infection and restricts viral replication by inhibiting the cellular lipid accumulation, and inform a potential novel therapeutic strategy for CVB3-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Dai
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei He
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhi Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Halei Sheng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Xin
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajuan Qi
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Fuquan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA.
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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13
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Chai D, Yue Y, Xu W, Dong C, Xiong S. AIM2 co-immunization favors specific multifunctional CD8(+) T cell induction and ameliorates coxsackievirus B3-induced chronic myocarditis. Antiviral Res 2015; 119:68-77. [PMID: 25956163 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection can cause acute myocarditis and chronic myocarditis, leading to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with no effective therapeutic strategy. Therefore, we investigated the potential of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of DNA vaccine against CVB3-induced chronic myocarditis. Mice were infected with CVB3 and then intranasally immunized with chitosan-pcDNA3.1 (mock), chitosan-pAIM2 (CS-pAIM2), chitosan-pVP1 (CS-pVP1), or chitosan-pAIM2 plus chitosan-pVP1 (CS-pAIM2/CS-pVP1) at 7, 21, and 35d. Therapeutic efficacies of various vaccines were evaluated at day 56d. Compared with CS-pVP1 immunization, CS-pAIM2/CS-pVP1 co-immunization significantly increased survival rate, improved cardiac function, as well as decreased myocardial injury and fibrosis, this result indicated that CVB3-induced chronic myocarditis was alleviated. CVB3-specific T lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses of the CS-pAIM2/CS-pVP1 co-immunization group were also increased. More interestingly, CS-pAIM2/CS-pVP1 co-immunization could facilitate CVB3-specific multifunctional CD8(+) T cell induction in the intestinal mucosa, and this induction was closely correlated with myocardial scores, this result indicated that CS-pAIM2/CS-pVP1 vaccine exhibits therapeutic efficacy by enhancing multifunctional CD8(+) T cells. This study may represent a novel therapy for CVB3-induced chronic myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Chai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.
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