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Vorn R, Yoo HY. Food Restriction Augmented Alpha1-Adrenergic Mediated Contraction in Mesenteric Arteries. Biol Res Nurs 2023; 25:198-209. [PMID: 36203228 DOI: 10.1177/10998004221132247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Food restriction (FR) enhances sensitivity to cardiopulmonary reflexes and α1-adrenoreceptors in females in the presence of hypotension. However, the effect of FR on cardiopulmonary and vascular function in males is not well-understood. This study examines the effects of FR on cardiopulmonary, isolated arterial function, and potential underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups and monitored for 5 weeks: (1) control (n = 30), (2) 20% food reduction (FR20, n = 30), and (3) 40% food reduction (FR40, n = 30). Non-invasive blood pressure was measured twice a week. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was measured using isolated/perfused lungs. The isolated vascular reactivity was assessed using double-wire myographs. FR rats exhibited a lower mean arterial pressure and heart rate; however, only the FR40 group exhibited statistically significant differences. We observed that FR enhanced sensitivity (EC50) to vasoconstriction induced by the α1-adrenoreceptor phenylephrine (PhE) but not to serotonin, U46619, or high K+ in the mesenteric arteries. PhE-mediated vasoconstriction in the mesenteric arteries was eliminated in the presence of the eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME). In addition, incubation with NOX2/4 inhibitors (apocynin, GKT137831, and VAS2870) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger inhibitor (Tiron) eliminated the differences in PhE-mediated vasoconstriction, but the cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) in the mesenteric arteries did not. Augmentation of α1-adrenergic-mediated contraction via the inhibition of the eNOS-NO pathway increased the activation of ROS through NOX2/4 in response to FR. Reduced eNOS-NO signaling may be a pathophysiological counterbalance to prevent hypovolemic shock in response to FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rany Vorn
- Department of Nursing, 26729Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
- School of Nursing, 1466Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hae Young Yoo
- Department of Nursing, 26729Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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De Souza AMA, Almeida JFQ, Shults N, Ji H, Li J, Sandberg K. Susceptibility of female rats to cardiac arrhythmias following refeeding after severe food restriction. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:11. [PMID: 35292078 PMCID: PMC8922835 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have shown malnutrition and inadequate caloric consumption have adverse acute effects on cardiovascular structure and function. Methods To determine the adverse long term cardiovascular effects, we studied cardiac morphology and function in female (F) and male (M) severe food restricted rats 3 months after refeeding (sFR-Refed). Results Two weeks of a normal chow diet in which calories were reduced by 60% decreased body weight (BW) by approximately 15% in both sexes. Within 2 weeks of refeeding, no differences in BW were detected between CT and sFR-Refed groups. However, male rats gained almost 3 times more BW than the females over the 3-month refeeding period. Sex differences were also observed in cardiac pathology. Hearts from F-sFR-Refed rats exhibited more atrophy and less hypertrophy, while M-sFR-Refed rats predominantly exhibited hypertrophic remodeling. While there were no differences in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in the isolated heart between M-CT and M-sFR-Refed rats, I/R induced twice as many arrhythmias in the F-sFR-Refed rats compared to F-CT. Conclusions These findings indicate the female heart is more susceptible to the long term adverse cardiovascular effects of sFR months after refeeding. Thus, this study provides a rationale for studying sex differences in cardiovascular risk in individuals who experience sFR for voluntary (e.g., very low-calorie dieting) or involuntary (e.g., poverty) reasons earlier in life. What are the long-term effects of a 2-week period of severe food restriction (sFR) on cardiac structure and function months after refeeding (sFR-Refed) in male and female rats? This study shows sex differences exist in cardiac pathology months after refeeding. A majority of cardiomyocytes were atrophied in F-sFR-Refed rats, while in M-sFR-Refed rats, the cardiomyocytes predominantly exhibited hypertrophic remodeling. While there were no differences in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in the isolated heart between M-CT and M-sFR-Refed rats, I/R induced twice as many arrhythmias in the F-sFR-Refed rats compared to the controls. Our findings have implications for the long-term risk of developing cardiovascular disease in individuals who have voluntarily or involuntarily experienced periods of sFR earlier in their lives, and that woman may be at greater cardiovascular risk than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M A De Souza
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jonathas F Q Almeida
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Nataliia Shults
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - James Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Suite 232 Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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de Souza AMA, Ecelbarger CM, Sandberg K. Caloric Restriction and Cardiovascular Health: the Good, the Bad, and the Renin-Angiotensin System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:220-234. [PMID: 34159807 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Much excitement exists over the cardioprotective and life-extending effects of caloric restriction (CR). This review integrates population studies with experimental animal research to address the positive and negative impact of mild and severe CR on cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, with a particular focus on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We also highlight the gaps in knowledge and areas ripe for future physiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M A de Souza
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Carolyn M Ecelbarger
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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4
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De Souza AMA, Linares A, Speth RC, Campos GV, Ji H, Chianca D, Sandberg K, De Menezes RCA. Severe food restriction activates the central renin angiotensin system. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14338. [PMID: 31925945 PMCID: PMC6954120 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that 2 weeks of a severe food restricted (sFR) diet (40% of the caloric intake of the control (CT) diet) up‐regulated the circulating renin angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) in female Fischer rats, most likely as a result of the fall in plasma volume. In this study, we investigated the role of the central RAS in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) dysregulation associated with sFR. Although sFR reduced basal mean MAP and HR, the magnitude of the pressor response to intracerebroventricular (icv) microinjection of Ang‐[1‐8] was not affected; however, HR was 57 ± 13 bpm lower 26 min after Ang‐[1‐8] microinjection in the sFR rats and a similar response was observed after losartan was microinjected. The major catabolic pathway of Ang‐[1‐8] in the hypothalamus was via Ang‐[1‐7]; however, no differences were detected in the rate of Ang‐[1‐8] synthesis or degradation between CT and sFR animals. While sFR had no effect on the AT1R binding in the subfornical organ (SFO), the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) of the paraventricular anteroventral third ventricle, ligand binding increased 1.4‐fold in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. These findings suggest that sFR stimulates the central RAS by increasing AT1R expression in the PVN as a compensatory response to the reduction in basal MAP and HR. These findings have implications for people experiencing a period of sFR since an activated central RAS could increase their risk of disorders involving over activation of the RAS including renal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Linares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Robert C Speth
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Glenda V Campos
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hong Ji
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deoclécio Chianca
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade, Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rodrigo C A De Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade, Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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de Souza AMA, Ji H, Wu X, Sandberg K, West CA. Persistent Renin-Angiotensin System Sensitization Months After Body Weight Recovery From Severe Food Restriction in Female Fischer Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017246. [PMID: 32674648 PMCID: PMC7660733 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Prior exposure to periods of severe food restriction (sFR) is associated with increased risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in life. Methods and Results To investigate the mechanism of these long-term adverse effects of sFR, 4-month-old female Fischer rats were divided in 2 groups and maintained on a normal diet ad libitum (control) or on an sFR diet with 60% reduction in daily food intake for 2 weeks that resulted in a 15% reduction in body weight. After the 2-week sFR period ended, both groups received normal chow ad libitum for 3 months. Within 2 weeks after refeeding was initiated in the sFR group, body weight was restored to control levels; however, plasma angiotensinogen (1.3-fold; P<0.05), Ang-[1-8] (2.0-fold; P<0.05), and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity (1.1-fold; P<0.01) were all elevated 3 months after refeeding. Angiotensin type 1 receptor activity was also increased as evidenced by augmented pressor responses to angiotensin-[1-8] (P<0.01) and depressor responses to the angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan (P<0.01) in the sFR group. Conclusions These results indicate that sensitization of the renin-angiotensin system persisted months after the sFR period ended. These findings may have implications for women who voluntarily or involuntarily experience an extended period of sFR and thus may be at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease through sensitization of the renin-angiotensin system even though their body weight, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate appear normal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine Georgetown University Washington DC
| | - Xie Wu
- Department of Medicine Georgetown University Washington DC
| | | | - Crystal A West
- Department of Medicine Georgetown University Washington DC
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Almeida JFQ, Shults N, de Souza AMA, Ji H, Wu X, Woods J, Sandberg K. Short-term very low caloric intake causes endothelial dysfunction and increased susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias and pathology in male rats. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1172-1184. [PMID: 32410300 PMCID: PMC7496402 DOI: 10.1113/ep088434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of a 2 week period of severe food restriction on vascular reactivity of resistance arteries and on cardiac structure and function? What is the main finding and its importance? This study showed, for the first time, that a 2 week period of severe food restriction in adult male Fischer rats caused endothelial dysfunction in mesenteric arteries and increased the susceptibility to ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced arrhythmias and cardiac pathology. Our findings might have ramifications for cardiovascular risk in people who experience periods of inadequate caloric intake.
Abstract Severe food restriction (sFR) is a common dieting strategy for rapid weight loss. Male Fischer rats were maintained on a control (CT) or sFR (40% of CT food intake) diet for 14 days to mimic low‐calorie crash diets. The sFR diet reduced body weight by 16%. Haematocrits were elevated by 10% in the sFR rats, which was consistent with the reduced plasma volume. Mesenteric arteries from sFR rats had increased sensitivity to vasoconstrictors, including angiotensin II [maximum (%): CT, 1.30 ± 0.46 versus sFR, 11.5 ± 1.6; P < 0.0001; n = 7] and phenylephrine [maximum (%): CT, 78.5 ± 2.8 versus sFR, 94.5 ± 1.7; P < 0.001; n = 7] and reduced sensitivity to the vasodilator acetylcholine [EC50 (nm): CT, 49.2 ± 5.2 versus sFR, 71.6 ± 6.8; P < 0.05; n = 7]. Isolated hearts from sFR rats had a 1.7‐fold increase in the rate of cardiac arrhythmias in response to ischaemia–reperfusion and more cardiac pathology, including myofibrillar disarray with contractions and cardiomyocyte lysis, than hearts from CT rats. The sFR dietary regimen is similar to very low‐calorie commercial and self‐help weight‐loss programmes, which provide ∼800–1000 kcal day−1. Therefore, these findings in rats warrant the study of cardiovascular function in individuals who engage in extreme dieting or are subjected to bouts of very low caloric intake for other reasons, such as socioeconomic factors and natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataliia Shults
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xie Wu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James Woods
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Shu Z, Wu T, Shahen M, Guo Z, Shu J, Wang HE, Shar AH, Farag MR, Alagawany M, El-Hack MEA, Liu C. System-Pharmacology Dissection of Traditional Chinese herbs SINI Decoction for Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20180424. [PMID: 31553364 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of death in the world, owing to noticeable incidence and mortality. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) SINI Decoction (SND) is used to prevent and treat CVDs, which has attracted extensive attention for its moderate and little side effects. However, the involved molecular mechanisms are exceedingly complicated and remain unclear. Systems pharmacology, as a novel approach that integrates systems biology and pharmacology plays a significant role in investigating the molecular mechanism of TCM. In systems pharmacology approach, we use to systematically uncover the mechanisms of action in Chinese medicinal formula SND as an effective treatment for CVDs, which mainly includes:1) molecular database building; 2) ADME evaluation; 3) target-fishing 4) network construction and analysis. The results show that 78 underlying valid ingredients and their corresponding 71 direct targets of SND were obtained. And SND take part in cardiomyocyte protection, blood pressure regulation, and lipid regulation module in treatment of CVDs by cooperative way. Systems pharmacology as an emerging field that investigates the molecular mechanisms of TCM through pharmacokinetic evaluation target prediction, and pathway analysis, which will facilitate the development of traditional Chinese herbs in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Shu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Shaanxi, Yangling, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Shaanxi, Yangling, China
| | - Mohamed Shahen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Shaanxi, Yangling, China.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Zihu Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Shaanxi, Yangling, China
| | - Jia Shu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Shaanxi, Yangling, China
| | - H E Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Shaanxi, Yangling, China
| | - Akhtar H Shar
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Shaanxi, Yangling, China
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Chaobin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Shaanxi, Yangling, China
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de Souza AMA, West CA, de Abreu ARR, Pai AV, Mesquita LBT, Ji H, Chianca D, de Menezes RCA, Sandberg K. Role of the Renin Angiotensin System in Blood Pressure Allostasis-induced by Severe Food Restriction in Female Fischer rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10327. [PMID: 29985423 PMCID: PMC6037681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe food restriction (FR) is associated with blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular dysfunction. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates BP and its dysregulation contributes to impaired cardiovascular function. Female Fischer rats were maintained on a control (CT) or severe FR (40% of CT) diet for 14 days. In response to severe FR, BP allostasis was achieved by up-regulating circulating Ang-[1–8] by 1.3-fold through increased angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and by increasing the expression of AT1Rs 1.7-fold in mesenteric vessels. Activation of the RAS countered the depressor effect of the severe plasma volume reduction (≥30%). The RAS, however, still underperformed as evidenced by reduced pressor responses to Ang-[1–8] even though AT1Rs were still responsive to the depressor effects of an AT1R antagonist. The aldosterone (ALDO) response was also inadequate as no changes in plasma ALDO were observed after the large fall in plasma volume. These findings have implications for individuals who have experienced a period(s) of severe FR (e.g., anorexia nervosa, dieters, natural disasters) and suggests increased activity of the RAS in order to achieve allostasis contributes to the cardiovascular dysfunction associated with inadequate food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Maria Arlindo de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA. .,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35460-000, Brazil.
| | - Crystal A West
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | | | - Amrita V Pai
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Laura Batista Tavares Mesquita
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35460-000, Brazil
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Deoclécio Chianca
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35460-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cunha Alvim de Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35460-000, Brazil
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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Campos GV, de Noronha SR, de Souza AA, Lima PM, Abreu AR, Chianca-Jr D, de Menezes RC. Estrogen receptor β activation within dorsal raphe nucleus reverses anxiety-like behavior induced by food restriction in female rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 357-358:57-64. [PMID: 29567265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe food restriction (FR), as observed in disorders like anorexia nervosa, has been associated to the reduction of estrogen levels, which in turn could lead to anxiety development. Estrogen receptors, mainly ERβ type, are commonly found in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons, an important nucleus related to anxiety modulation and the primary source of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain. Taking together, these findings suggest an involvement of estrogen in anxiety modulation during food restriction, possibly mediated by ERβ activation in serotonergic DRN neurons. Thus, the present study investigated the relationship between food restriction and anxiety-like behavior, and the involvement of DRN and ERβ on the modulation of anxiety-like behaviors in animals subjected to FR. For that, female Fischer rats were grouped in control group, with free access to food, or a FR group, which received 40% of control intake during 14 days. Animals were randomly treated with 17β-estradiol (E2), DPN (ERβ selective agonist), or their respective vehicles, PBS and DMSO. Behavioral tests were performed on Elevated T-Maze (ETM) and Open Field (OF). Our results suggest that FR probably reduced the estrogen levels, since the remained in the non-ovulatory cycle phases, and their uterine weight was lower when compared to control group. The FR rats showed increased inhibitory avoidance latency in theETM indicating that FR is associated with the development of an anxiety-like state. The injections of both E2 and DPN into DRN of FR animals had an anxiolytic effect. Those data suggest thatanxiety-like behavior induced by FR could be mediated by a reduction of ERβ activation in the DRN neurons, probably due to decreased estrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Viggiano Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences CBIOL/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Sylvana Rendeiro de Noronha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences CBIOL/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline Arlindo de Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences CBIOL/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcelo Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences CBIOL/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline Rezende Abreu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences CBIOL/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Deoclecio Chianca-Jr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences CBIOL/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cunha de Menezes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences CBIOL/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
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