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Zheng YY, Hu ZN, Zhou GH. A review: analysis of technical challenges in cultured meat production and its commercialization. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38384235 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2315447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The cultured meat technology has developed rapidly in recent years, but there are still many technical challenges that hinder the large-scale production and commercialization of cultured meat. Firstly, it is necessary to lay the foundation for cultured meat production by obtaining seed cells and maintaining stable cell functions. Next, technologies such as bioreactors are used to expand the scale of cell culture, and three-dimensional culture technologies such as scaffold culture or 3D printing are used to construct the three-dimensional structure of cultured meat. At the same time, it can reduce production costs by developing serum-free medium suitable for cultured meat. Finally, the edible quality of cultured meat is improved by evaluating food safety and sensory flavor, and combining ethical and consumer acceptability issues. Therefore, this review fully demonstrates the current development status and existing technical challenges of the cultured meat production technology with regard to the key points described above, in order to provide research ideas for the industrial production of cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Nanjing, P.R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze-Nan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hong Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Nanjing, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Nanjing, P.R. China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Pan Y, Jiang Z, Ye Y, Zhu D, Li N, Yang G, Wang Y. Role and Mechanism of BMP4 in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2023:10.1007/s10439-023-03173-6. [PMID: 37014581 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is emerging as a promising cytokine for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. BMP4 has been shown to promote the regeneration of teeth, periodontal tissue, bone, cartilage, the thymus, hair, neurons, nucleus pulposus, and adipose tissue, as well as the formation of skeletal myotubes and vessels. BMP4 can also contribute to the formation of tissues in the heart, lung, and kidney. However, there are certain deficiencies, including the insufficiency of the mechanism of BMP4 in some fields and an appropriate carrier of BMP4 for clinical use. There has also been a lack of in vivo experiments and orthotopic transplantation studies in some fields. BMP4 has great distance from the clinical application. Therefore, there are many BMP4-related studies waiting to be explored. This review mainly discusses the effects, mechanisms, and applications of BMP4 in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering over the last 10 years in various domains and possible improvements. BMP4 has shown great potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The research of BMP4 has broad development space and great value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Pan
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuer Ye
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Danji Zhu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Na Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Himelreich Perić M, Mužić-Radović V, Marić T, Bulić-Jakuš F, Jurić-Lekić G, Takahashi M, Sinčić N, Ježek D, Katušić-Bojanac A. Transmembranous and enchondral osteogenesis in transplants of rat limb buds cultivated in serum- and protein-free culture medium. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:592-601. [PMID: 35815632 PMCID: PMC9541464 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage differentiates in rat limb buds cultivated in a chemically defined protein‐free medium in the same manner as in the richer serum‐supplemented medium. We aimed to investigate the remaining differentiation potential of pre‐cultivated limb buds by subsequent transplantation in vivo. Rat front (FLBs) and hind‐limb buds (HLBs) were isolated from Fischer rat dams at the 14th gestation day (GD 14) and cultivated at the air‐liquid interface in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) alone; with 5 μM of 5‐azacytidine (5azaC) or with rat serum (1:1). Overall growth was measured seven times during the culture by an ocular micrometre. After 14 days, explants were transplanted under the kidney capsule of adult males. Growth of limb buds was significantly lower in all limb buds cultivated in MEM than in those cultivated with serum. In MEM with 5azaC, growth of LBs was significantly lower only on day 3 of culture. Afterwards, it was higher throughout the culture period, although a statistically significant difference was assessed only for HLBs. In transplants, mixed structures developed with the differentiated transmembranous bone, cartilage with enchondral ossification, bone‐marrow, sebaceous gland, and hair that have never been found in vitro. Nerves differentiated only in transplants precultivated in the serum‐supplemented medium. We conclude that pre‐cultivation of LBs in a chemically defined protein‐free medium does not restrict osteogenesis and formation of epidermal appendages but is restrictive for neural tissue. These results are important for understanding limb development and regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Himelreich Perić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Mužić-Radović
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Heart and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism -Thalassotherapia Opatija, Opatija, Croatia
| | - Tihana Marić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Floriana Bulić-Jakuš
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Jurić-Lekić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Takahashi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Communicology, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Ježek
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Katušić-Bojanac
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Priester C, MacDonald A, Dhar M, Bow A. Examining the Characteristics and Applications of Mesenchymal, Induced Pluripotent, and Embryonic Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Approaches across the Germ Layers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E344. [PMID: 33114710 PMCID: PMC7692540 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine utilizes a wide array of technologies and techniques for repairing and restoring function to damaged tissues. Among these, stem cells offer one of the most potent and promising biological tools to facilitate such goals. Implementation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) offer varying advantages based on availability and efficacy in the target tissue. The focus of this review is to discuss characteristics of these three subset stem cell populations and examine their utility in tissue engineering. In particular, the development of therapeutics that utilize cell-based approaches, divided by germinal layer to further assess research targeting specific tissues of the mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm. The combinatorial application of MSCs, iPSCs, and ESCs with natural and synthetic scaffold technologies can enhance the reparative capacity and survival of implanted cells. Continued efforts to generate more standardized approaches for these cells may provide improved study-to-study variations on implementation, thereby increasing the clinical translatability of cell-based therapeutics. Coupling clinically translatable research with commercially oriented methods offers the potential to drastically advance medical treatments for multiple diseases and injuries, improving the quality of life for many individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Priester
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37998, USA;
| | - Amber MacDonald
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Madhu Dhar
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Austin Bow
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (A.M.); (M.D.)
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Knockout serum replacement is an efficient serum substitute for cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. Cryobiology 2020; 92:208-214. [PMID: 32004575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The freeze-thaw procedure causes irreversible structural and functional changes in human spermatozoa. In order to decrease the detrimental effects of cryopreservation and improve the quality of post-thawed spermatozoa, the constituents of the freezing solution attracted considerable attention. In this study, for the first time, we evaluated the efficacy of knockout serum replacement (KSR) as a substitute for human serum albumin (HSA) for cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. Twenty semen samples were collected from normozoospermic men and divided them into five equal groups. One of the aliquots was diluted with glycerol-based medium as a control group (CON). The other four aliquots were diluted with the sucrose solution containing 5% HSA (H5), 10% HSA (H10), 5% KSR (K5), and 10% KSR (K10). The diluted samples were frozen and preserved in liquid nitrogen. Post thawed sperm parameters including motion characteristics, viability, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity and DNA intactness in all of the sucrose-based groups were comparable with glycerol-based medium. The replacement of HSA by 10% KSR in the freezing medium resulted in significantly higher post-thawed viability, acrosome integrity and DNA intactness compared with other sucrose-based groups. In conclusion, the addition of 10% KSR to the sucrose-based freezing solution improves the quality of post-thawed human spermatozoa and may have potential to develop chemically defined freezing medium.
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Expression of miRNAs from the Imprinted DLK1/DIO3 Locus Signals the Osteogenic Potential of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121523. [PMID: 31779280 PMCID: PMC6953034 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial variations in differentiation properties have been reported among human pluripotent cell lines (hPSC), which could affect their utility and clinical safety. We characterized the variable osteogenic capacity observed between different human pluripotent stem cell lines. By focusing on the miRNA expression profile, we demonstrated that the osteogenic differentiation propensity of human pluripotent stem cell lines could be associated with the methylation status and the expression of miRNAs from the imprinted DLK1/DIO3 locus. More specifically, quantitative analysis of the expression of six different miRNAs of that locus prospectively identified human embryonic stem cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cells with differential osteogenic differentiation capacities. At the molecular and functional levels, we showed that these miRNAs modulated the expression of the activin receptor type 2B and the downstream signal transduction, which impacted osteogenesis. In conclusion, miRNAs of the imprinted DLK1/DIO3 locus appear to have both a predictive value and a functional impact in determining the osteogenic fate of human pluripotent stem cells.
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Kondo S, Nakagawa Y, Mizuno M, Katagiri K, Tsuji K, Kiuchi S, Ono H, Muneta T, Koga H, Sekiya I. Transplantation of Aggregates of Autologous Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Cartilage Defects in the Femoral Condyle and the Femoral Groove in Microminipigs. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:2338-2347. [PMID: 31306591 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519859855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has demonstrated that patients with cartilage defects of the knee benefit from arthroscopic transplantation of autologous synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in terms of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), qualitative histologic findings, and Lysholm score. However, the effectiveness was limited by the number of cells obtained, so large-sized defects (>500 mm2) were not investigated. The use of MSC aggregates may enable treatment of larger defects by increasing the number of MSCs adhering to the cartilage defect. PURPOSE To investigate whether transplantation of aggregates of autologous synovial MSCs with 2-step surgery could promote articular cartilage regeneration in microminipig osteochondral defects. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Synovial MSCs derived from a microminipig were examined for in vitro colony-forming and multidifferentiation abilities. An aggregate of 250,000 synovial MSCs was formed with hanging drop culture, and 16 aggregates (for each defect) were implanted on both osteochondral defects (6 × 6 × 1.5 mm) created in the medial femoral condyle and femoral groove (MSC group). The defects in the contralateral knee were left empty (control group). The knee joints were evaluated at 4 and 12 weeks by macroscopic findings and histology. MRI T1rho mapping images were acquired at 12 weeks. For cell tracking, synovial MSCs were labeled with ferucarbotran before aggregate formation and were observed with MRI at 1 week. RESULTS Synovial MSCs showed in vitro colony-forming and multidifferentiation abilities. Regenerative cartilage formation was significantly better in the MSC group than in the control group, as indicated by International Cartilage Repair Society score (macro), modified Wakitani score (histology), and T1rho mapping (biochemical MRI) in the medial condyle at 12 weeks. Implanted cells, labeled with ferucarbotran, were observed in the osteochondral defects at 1 week with MRI. No significant difference was noted in the modified Wakitani score at 4 weeks in the medial condyle and at 4 and 12 weeks in the femoral groove. CONCLUSION Transplantation of autologous synovial MSC aggregates promoted articular cartilage regeneration at the medial femoral condyle at 12 weeks in microminipigs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Aggregates of autologous synovial MSCs could expand the indications for cartilage repair with synovial MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Kondo
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Katagiri
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tsuji
- Department of Cartilage Regeneration, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Muneta
- National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Chondrogenic Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells under Controllable Serum-Free Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112711. [PMID: 31159483 PMCID: PMC6600514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of damaged articular cartilage using currently available implantation techniques is not sufficient for the full recovery of patients. Pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-based therapies could bring new perspectives in the treatment of joint diseases. A number of protocols of in vitro differentiation of iPSC in chondrocytes for regenerative purposes have been recently described. However, in order to use these cells in clinics, the elimination of animal serum and feeder cells is essential. In our study, a strictly defined and controllable protocol was designed for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (BG01V, ND 41658*H, GPCCi001-A) in chondrocyte-like cells in serum- and a feeder cell-free system, using the embryoid bodies step. The extension of the protocol and culture conditions (monolayer versus 3D culture) was also tested after the initial 21 days of chondrogenic differentiation. Promotion of the chondrogenic differentiation in 3D culture via the elevated expression of genes related to chondrogenesis was achieved. Using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining techniques, the increased deposition of the specific extracellular matrix was indicated. As a result, chondrocyte-like cells in the early stages of their differentiation using pellet culture under fully controlled and defined conditions were obtained.
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Doğan A. Embryonic Stem Cells in Development and Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1079:1-15. [PMID: 29464659 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After progressive improvement in embryonic stem (ES) cell field, several studies have been conducted to explore the usage of ES cells in regenerative medicine. Unlimited self renewal and pluripoteny properties, combined with encouraging preclinical trials, remark that ES cell technology might be promising for clinical practice. ES cells, which can form three germ layers in vitro, are potential candidates to study development at the cellular and molecular level. Understanding the cell fate decision and differentiation processes during development might enable generating functional progenitor cells for tissue restoration. Progression in gene modifications and tissue engineering technology has facilitated the derivation of desired cells for therapy. Success in differentiation protocols and identification the regulatory pathways simplify the research for clinical applications. Although there are established protocols for cell differentiation in vitro and promising preclinical studies in vivo, many challenges need to be adressed before clinical translation. In this review, ES cells are discussed as a model of development in vitro and as a potential candidate for regenerative medicine. This review also dissusses current challenges for ES cell based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Doğan
- National Cancer Institute, CDBL, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Remodeling the Human Adult Stem Cell Niche for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6406025. [PMID: 29090011 PMCID: PMC5635271 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6406025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between stem cells and their surrounding microenvironment are pivotal to determine tissue homeostasis and stem cell renewal or differentiation and regeneration in vivo. Ever since they were postulated in 1978, stem cell niches have been identified and characterized in many germline and adult tissues. Comprehensive studies over the last decades helped to clarify the critical components of stem cell niches that include cellular, extracellular, biochemical, molecular, and physical regulators. This knowledge has direct impact on their inherent regenerative potential. Clinical applications demand readily available cell sources that, under controlled conditions, provide a specific therapeutic function. Thus, translational medicine aims at optimizing in vitro or in vivo the various components and complex architecture of the niche to exploit its therapeutic potential. Accordingly, the objective is to recreate the natural niche microenvironment during cell therapy process development and closely comply with the requests of regulatory authorities. In this paper, we review the most recent advances of translational medicine approaches that target the adult stem cell natural niche microenvironment for regenerative medicine applications.
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