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Yang G, Yang Y, Liu Y, Liu X. Regulation of alveolar macrophage death in pulmonary fibrosis: a review. Apoptosis 2023; 28:1505-1519. [PMID: 37707713 PMCID: PMC10618387 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a disease in which excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation occurs in pulmonary mesenchyme, which induces the destruction of alveolar structures and poor prognosis. Macrophage death is responsible for ECM accumulation after alveolar epithelial injury in PF. Depending on the local micro-environments, macrophages can be polarized to either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophage phenotypes. In general, M1 macrophages can promote inflammation and sterilization, stop the continuous damage process and prevent excessive repair, while M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory and promote tissue repair, and excessive M2 macrophage activity may inhibit the absorption and degradation of ECM. Emerging evidence has revealed that death forms such as pyroptosis mediated by inflammasome affect polarization direction and ultimately lead to the development of PF. Pharmacological manipulation of macrophages death signals may serve as a logical therapeutic strategy for PF. This review will focus on the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation and underlying mechanisms of macrophages and their mediators in the influence of macrophage death on the development of PF. We expect to provide help in developing effective therapeutic strategies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghao Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoshu Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Ren Y, Qin S, Liu X, Feng B, Liu J, Zhang J, Yuan P, Yu K, Mei H, Chen M. Hyperoxia can Induce Lung Injury by Upregulating AECII Autophagy and Apoptosis Via the mTOR Pathway. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00945-2. [PMID: 37938537 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen therapy is a crucial medical intervention, but it is undeniable that it can lead to lung damage. The mTOR pathway plays a pivotal role in governing cell survival, including autophagy and apoptosis, two phenomena deeply entwined with the evolution of diseases. However, it is unclarified whether the mTOR pathway is involved in hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI). The current study aims to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of HALI by constructing in vitro and in vivo models using H2O2 and hyperoxia exposure, respectively. To investigate the role of mTOR, the experiment was divided into five groups, including normal group, injury group, mTOR inhibitor group, mTOR activator group, and DMSO control group. Western blotting, Autophagy double labeling, TUNEL staining, and HE staining were applied to evaluate protein expression, autophagy activity, cell apoptosis, and pathological changes in lung tissues. Our data revealed that hyperoxia can induce autophagy and apoptosis in Type II alveolar epithelial cell (AECII) isolated from the treated rats, as well as injuries in the rat lung tissues; also, H2O2 stimulation increased autophagy and apoptosis in MLE-12 cells. Noticeably, the experiments performed in both in vitro and in vivo models proved that the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin (Rapa) functioned synergistically with hyperoxia or H2O2 to promote AECII autophagy, which led to increased apoptosis and exacerbated lung injury. On the contrary, activation of mTOR with MHY1485 suppressed autophagy activity, consequently resulting in reduced apoptosis and lung injury in H2O2-challenged MLE-12 cells and hyperoxia-exposed rats. In conclusion, hyperoxia caused lung injury via mTOR-mediated AECII autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcong Ren
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Banghai Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zunyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Junya Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong Mei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
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Li Y, Chen Y, Xiao X, Deng S, Kuang J, Wang Y. CX3CL1 represses autophagy via CX3CR1/ CaMKIIδ/HDAC4/Rubicon axis and exacerbates chronic intermittent hypoxia induced Kupffer cell apoptosis. Cell Signal 2023; 111:110873. [PMID: 37640194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nocturnal hypoxemia is an established factor in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of term metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Kupffer cells (KCs) are resident macrophages in the liver, and their activity is closely related to the progress of MAFLD. KC insufficient autophagy is involved in MAFLD pathogenesis. Herein, the regulatory mechanism of KC autophagy under chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) condition was investigated. METHODS Primary KCs and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were isolated from mouse liver. Immunofluorescence was employed to detect immunofluorescence intensity of LC3 protein and HDAC4 distribution. KC apoptosis was measured by TUNEL staining. Dual-luciferase reporter and ChIP assays were performed to analyze the interactions between HDAC4, MEF2C and RUBCN. RESULTS Herein, our results revealed that CIH-induced increased CX3CL1 in HSCs inhibited KC autophagy and promoted cell apoptosis by interacting with CX3CR1. Meanwhile, CX3CL1 treatment inhibited KC autophagy (p < 0.001, fold change: 0.059) and promoted cell apoptosis (p < 0.001, fold change: 8.18). Rubicon knockdown promoted KC autophagy (p < 0.001, fold change: 2.90) and inhibited cell apoptosis (p < 0.05, fold change: 0.23), while these effects were reversed by CX3CL1 treatment (p < 0.01, fold change: 6.59; p < 0.001, fold change: 0.35). Our mechanistic experiments demonstrated that HDAC4 overexpression transcriptionally inhibited RUBCN expression by interacting with MEF2C, thereby promoting KC autophagy and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Moreover, CaMKIIδ inhibition promoted the translocation of HDAC4 from the cytosol to the nucleus to promote KC autophagy and inhibit the apoptosis. CONCLUSION Taken together, CIH-induced increased CX3CL1 expression in HSCs inhibited KC autophagy and promoted apoptosis by regulating the CX3CR1/ CaMKIIδ/HDAC4/Rubicon axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayong Li
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yuanguo Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Silei Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Jingjie Kuang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yina Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, PR China.
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Cai H, Chen S, Li X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhuang Q. The Combined Model of CX3CR1-Related Immune Infiltration Genes to Evaluate the Prognosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837188. [PMID: 35222428 PMCID: PMC8866189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High expression of chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1) was shown to contribute to the progression of many fibrotic diseases. However, there is still no study for the role of CX3CR1 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Therefore, we aimed to identify CX3CR1-related immune infiltration genes (IIGs) in IPF and establish a combined risk model to evaluate the prognosis of IPF. Methods A discovery cohort of IPF patients (GSE70867) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. We identified the composition of 22 kinds of immune cells infiltration by CIBERSORT. The Cox regression model with the LASSO method was used for identifying prognostic genes and developing CX3CR1-related IIGs. Kaplan–Meier was applied to plot the survival curve of prognosis model. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected to be tested by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) from 15 clinical samples, including 8 healthy controls (HC), 4 patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and 3 patients with pulmonary fibrosis (FIB). Results We found that high expression of CX3CR1 in BALF contributed to the poor prognosis in IPF patients. ALR4C, RAB37, GPR56, MARCKS, PXN and RASSF2 were identified as CX3CR1-related IIGs, which were highly expressed in PBMC of UIP/FIB patients than that of HC. Moreover, the expression of PXN was higher in FIB patients’ PBMC than that of UIP ones. In the cohort of IPF patients, high infiltration of activated NK cells in BALF caused poor survival compared to low infiltration group. The infiltration of activated NK was regulated by CX3CR1-related IIGs. The combined risk model predicted that high expression of CX3CR1-related IIGs and high infiltrated activated NK cells caused poor prognosis in IPF patients. Conclusion We identified a group of CX3CR1-related IIGs in IPF patients. This combined risk model provided new insights in the prognosis and therapy of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Cai
- Transplantation Center, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hanying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Transplantation Center, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Zhuang
- Transplantation Center, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine, Changsha, China
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Sun S, Shen Y, Wang J, Li J, Cao J, Zhang J. Identification and Validation of Autophagy-Related Genes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:67-78. [PMID: 33469280 PMCID: PMC7811454 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s288428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autophagy plays essential roles in the development of COPD. We aim to identify and validate the potential autophagy-related genes of COPD through bioinformatics analysis and experiment validation. Methods The mRNA expression profile dataset GSE38974 was obtained from GEO database. The potential differentially expressed autophagy-related genes of COPD were screened by R software. Then, protein–protein interactions (PPI), correlation analysis, gene-ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were applied for the differentially expressed autophagy-related genes. Finally, RNA expression of top five differentially expressed autophagy-related genes was validated in blood samples from COPD patients and healthy controls by qRT-PCR. Results A total of 40 differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (14 up-regulated genes and 26 down-regulated genes) were identified between 23 COPD patients and 9 healthy controls. The PPI results demonstrated that these autophagy-related genes interacted with each other. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed autophagy-related genes indicated several enriched terms related to autophagy and mitophagy. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of HIF1A, CDKN1A, BAG3, ERBB2 and ATG16L1 in COPD patients and healthy controls were consistent with the bioinformatics analysis results from mRNA microarray. Conclusion We identified 40 potential autophagy-related genes of COPD through bioinformatics analysis. HIF1A, CDKN1A, BAG3, ERBB2 and ATG16L1 may affect the development of COPD by regulating autophagy. These results may expand our understanding of COPD and might be useful in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinna Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
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