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Raya Tonetti F, Eguileor A, Mrdjen M, Pathak V, Travers J, Nagy LE, Llorente C. Gut-liver axis: Recent concepts in pathophysiology in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00873. [PMID: 38691396 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The growing recognition of the role of the gut microbiome's impact on alcohol-associated diseases, especially in alcohol-associated liver disease, emphasizes the need to understand molecular mechanisms involved in governing organ-organ communication to identify novel avenues to combat alcohol-associated diseases. The gut-liver axis refers to the bidirectional communication and interaction between the gut and the liver. Intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis within the gut-liver axis, and this axis plays a significant role in alcohol-associated liver disease. The intricate communication between intestine and liver involves communication between multiple cellular components in each organ that enable them to carry out their physiological functions. In this review, we focus on novel approaches to understanding how chronic alcohol exposure impacts the microbiome and individual cells within the liver and intestine, as well as the impact of ethanol on the molecular machinery required for intraorgan and interorgan communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Raya Tonetti
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alvaro Eguileor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marko Mrdjen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vai Pathak
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Travers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Mao J, Tan L, Tian C, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Li Y. Research progress on rodent models and its mechanisms of liver injury. Life Sci 2024; 337:122343. [PMID: 38104860 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the most important organ for biological transformation in the body and is crucial for maintaining the body's vital activities. Liver injury is a serious pathological condition that is commonly found in many liver diseases. It has a high incidence rate, is difficult to cure, and is prone to recurrence. Liver injury can cause serious harm to the body, ranging from mild to severe fatty liver disease. If the condition continues to worsen, it can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, ultimately resulting in liver failure or liver cancer, which can seriously endanger human life and health. Therefore, establishing an rodent model that mimics the pathogenesis and severity of clinical liver injury is of great significance for better understanding the pathogenesis of liver injury patients and developing more effective clinical treatment methods. The author of this article summarizes common chemical liver injury models, immune liver injury models, alcoholic liver injury models, drug-induced liver injury models, and systematically elaborates on the modeling methods, mechanisms of action, pathways of action, and advantages or disadvantages of each type of model. The aim of this study is to establish reliable rodent models for researchers to use in exploring anti-liver injury and hepatoprotective drugs. By creating more accurate theoretical frameworks, we hope to provide new insights into the treatment of clinical liver injury diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Mao
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lihong Tan
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhaojing Zhu
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Grama A, Mititelu A, Sîrbe C, Benţa G, Pop TL. Immune-mediated cholangiopathies in children: the need to better understand the pathophysiology for finding the future possible treatment targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206025. [PMID: 37928553 PMCID: PMC10623351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are defined as focal or extensive damage of the bile ducts. According to the pathogenetic mechanism, it may be immune-mediated or due to genetic, infectious, toxic, vascular, and obstructive causes. Their chronic evolution is characterized by inflammation, obstruction of bile flow, cholangiocyte proliferation, and progression toward fibrosis and cirrhosis. Immune-mediated cholangiopathies comprise primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), autoimmune cholangitis and IgG4-associated cholangitis in adults and biliary atresia (BA), neonatal sclerosing cholangitis (NSC) in children. The main purpose of this narrative review was to highlight the similarities and differences among immune-mediated cholangiopathies, especially those frequent in children in which cholangiocyte senescence plays a key role (BA, NSC, and PSC). These three entities have many similarities in terms of clinical and histopathological manifestations, and the distinction between them can be hard to achieve. In BA, bile duct destruction occurs due to aggression of the biliary cells due to viral infections or toxins during the intrauterine period or immediately after birth. The consequence is the activation of the immune system leading to severe inflammation and fibrosis of the extrahepatic biliary tract, lumen stenosis, and impairment of the biliary flow. PSC is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, leading to secondary biliary cirrhosis. It is a multifactorial disease that occurs because of genetic predisposition [human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA haplotypes], autoimmunity (cellular immune response, autoantibodies, association with inflammatory bowel disease), environmental factors (infections or toxic bile), and host factors (intestinal microbiota). NSC seems to be a distinct subgroup of childhood PSC that appears due to the interaction between genetic predisposition (HLA B8 and DR3) and the disruption of the immune system, validated by elevated IgG levels or specific antibodies [antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA)]. Currently, the exact mechanism of immune cholangiopathy is not fully understood, and further data are required to identify individuals at high risk of developing these conditions. A better understanding of the immune mechanisms and pathophysiology of BA, NSC, and PSC will open new perspectives for future treatments and better methods of preventing severe evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Grama
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mititelu
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Sîrbe
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Benţa
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tudor Lucian Pop
- 2Pediatric Discipline, Department of Mother and Child, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 2Pediatric Clinic and Center of Expertise in Pediatric Liver Rare Disorders, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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D’Onofrio F, Renga G, Puccetti M, Pariano M, Bellet MM, Santarelli I, Stincardini C, Mosci P, Ricci M, Giovagnoli S, Costantini C, Romani L. Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde Restores Gut Mucosal Integrity and Protects from Liver Fibrosis in Murine Sclerosing Cholangitis. Cells 2021; 10:1622. [PMID: 34209524 PMCID: PMC8305598 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a long-term liver disease characterized by a progressive course of cholestasis with liver inflammation and fibrosis. Intestinal barrier dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PSC. According to the "leaky gut" hypothesis, gut inflammation alters the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, with the translocation of gut-derived products that enter the enterohepatic circulation and cause hepatic inflammation. Thus, the administration of molecules that preserve epithelial barrier integrity would represent a promising therapeutic strategy. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-IAld) is a microbial-derived product working at the interface between the host and the microbiota and is able to promote mucosal immune homeostasis in a variety of preclinical settings. Herein, by resorting to a murine model of PSC, we found that 3-IAld formulated for localized delivery in the gut alleviates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by modulating the intestinal microbiota and activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-IL-22 axis to restore mucosal integrity. This study points to the therapeutic potential of 3-IAld in liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella D’Onofrio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (M.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Marina Maria Bellet
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Ilaria Santarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Claudia Stincardini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Paolo Mosci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (M.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (M.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.R.); (M.P.); (M.M.B.); (I.S.); (C.S.); (P.M.); (C.C.)
- University Research Center on Functional Genomics (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Mariotti V, Fiorotto R, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. New insights on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in biliary pathophysiology. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100251. [PMID: 34151244 PMCID: PMC8189933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) includes 5 members (VEGF-A to -D, and placenta growth factor), which regulate several critical biological processes. VEGF-A exerts a variety of biological effects through high-affinity binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR-1, -2 and -3), co-receptors and accessory proteins. In addition to its fundamental function in angiogenesis and endothelial cell biology, VEGF/VEGFR signalling also plays a role in other cell types including epithelial cells. This review provides an overview of VEGF signalling in biliary epithelial cell biology in both normal and pathologic conditions. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling stimulates bile duct proliferation in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. VEGF/VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 and angiopoietins are involved at different stages of biliary development. In certain conditions, cholangiocytes maintain the ability to secrete VEGF-A, and to express a functional VEGFR-2 receptor. For example, in polycystic liver disease, VEGF secreted by cystic cells stimulates cyst growth and vascular remodelling through a PKA/RAS/ERK/HIF1α-dependent mechanism, unveiling a new level of complexity in VEFG/VEGFR-2 regulation in epithelial cells. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling is also reactivated during the liver repair process. In this context, pro-angiogenic factors mediate the interactions between epithelial, mesenchymal and inflammatory cells. This process takes place during the wound healing response, however, in chronic biliary diseases, it may lead to pathological neo-angiogenesis, a condition strictly linked with fibrosis progression, the development of cirrhosis and related complications, and cholangiocarcinoma. Novel observations indicate that in cholangiocarcinoma, VEGF is a determinant of lymphangiogenesis and of the immune response to the tumour. Better insights into the role of VEGF signalling in biliary pathophysiology might help in the search for effective therapeutic strategies.
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Key Words
- ADPKD, adult dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Anti-Angiogenic therapy
- BA, biliary atresia
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CLDs, chronic liver diseases
- Cholangiocytes
- Cholangiopathies
- DP, ductal plate
- DPM, ductal plate malformation
- DRCs, ductular reactive cells
- Development
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor type 1α
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IHBD, intrahepatic bile ducts
- IL-, interleukin-
- LECs, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- Liver repair
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- PBP, peribiliary plexus
- PC, polycystin
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PIGF, placental growth factor
- PLD, polycystic liver diseases
- Polycystic liver diseases
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factors
- VEGF-A
- VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling
- VEGFR-1/2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/2
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariotti
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Helal M, Yan C, Gong Z. Stimulation of hepatocarcinogenesis by activated cholangiocytes via Il17a/f1 pathway in kras transgenic zebrafish model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1372. [PMID: 33446803 PMCID: PMC7809472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been well known that tumor progression is dependent on secreted factors not only from tumor cells but also from other surrounding non-tumor cells. In the current study, we investigated the role of cholangiocytes during hepatocarcinogenesis following induction of oncogenic krasV12 expression in hepatocytes using an inducible transgenic zebrafish model. Upon induction of carcinogenesis in hepatocytes, a progressive cell proliferation in cholangiocytes was observed. The proliferative response in cholangiocytes was induced by enhanced lipogenesis and bile acids secretion from hepatocytes through activation of Sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 2 (S1pr2), a known cholangiocyte receptor involving in cholangiocyte proliferation. Enhancement and inhibition of S1pr2 could accelerate or inhibit cholangiocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis respectively. Gene expression analysis of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes showed that cholangiocytes stimulated carcinogenesis in hepatocytes via an inflammatory cytokine, Il17a/f1, which activated its receptor (Il17ra1a) on hepatocytes and enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis via an ERK dependent pathway. Thus, the enhancing effect of cholangiocytes on hepatocarcinogenesis is likely via an inflammatory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Helal
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.419615.e0000 0004 0404 7762Marine Pollution Lab, Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Chuan Yan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Weiskirchen R, Meurer SK, Liedtke C, Huber M. Mast Cells in Liver Fibrogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:E1429. [PMID: 31766207 PMCID: PMC6912398 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells of the myeloid lineage that are present in the connective tissue throughout the body and in mucosa tissue. They originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and circulate as MC progenitors in the blood. After migration to various tissues, they differentiate into their mature form, which is characterized by a phenotype containing large granules enriched in a variety of bioactive compounds, including histamine and heparin. These cells can be activated in a receptor-dependent and -independent manner. Particularly, the activation of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor, also known as FcεRI, that is expressed on the surface of MCs provoke specific signaling cascades that leads to intracellular calcium influx, activation of different transcription factors, degranulation, and cytokine production. Therefore, MCs modulate many aspects in physiological and pathological conditions, including wound healing, defense against pathogens, immune tolerance, allergy, anaphylaxis, autoimmune defects, inflammation, and infectious and other disorders. In the liver, MCs are mainly associated with connective tissue located in the surrounding of the hepatic arteries, veins, and bile ducts. Recent work has demonstrated a significant increase in MC number during hepatic injury, suggesting an important role of these cells in liver disease and progression. In the present review, we summarize aspects of MC function and mediators in experimental liver injury, their interaction with other hepatic cell types, and their contribution to the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Steffen K. Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Activity and Nitric Oxide Production During Multiple Ovalbumin Challenges. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:379-387. [PMID: 30411300 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mast cell-mediated allergic diseases are a significant global health problem. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by acute type 1 allergies greatly suppresses hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism. A recent in vitro study demonstrated that repeated FcεRI-mediated activation intrinsically modulates mast cell function. We investigated the effect of ovalbumin (OVA) challenges on CYP activity and NO production under real immune responses. METHODS After repeated sensitization with OVA once a week, serum nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) and total plasma immunoglobulin E concentrations were measured using commercially available kits. Hepatic microsomal CYP-specific activities and protein expression were determined using typical substrates and by western blot, respectively. In the liver, the levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), F4/80, and c-kit mRNA were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hepatic total NOS activity was measured using a colorimetric assay kit. RESULTS When mice received multiple OVA challenges, the 11th sensitization elevated NOx concentrations in serum and suppressed the activities of five major CYPs without altering protein expression levels. After the 7th, 11th, and 15th sensitizations, F4/80-positive Kupffer cell and hepatic c-kit-dependent mast cell mRNA levels were similar to those of the control. The 7th and 11th sensitizations increased hepatic iNOS mRNA expression to 15-fold and threefold above control levels, respectively, but did not enhance the total NOS activity in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Multiple OVA challenges, unlike acute sensitization, greatly reduced serum NOx levels. The challenge-suppressed hepatic CYP metabolism was likely related to the increased serum NOx. Serum NOx may be an endogenous marker for CYP metabolism inhibition in type 1 allergic diseases.
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b deficiency protects against hepatic fibrosis by modulating nadph oxidases. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101263. [PMID: 31299613 PMCID: PMC6624458 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is typically associated with the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The key role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in inflammatory responses has focused this study in understanding its implication in liver fibrosis. Here we show that hepatic PTP1B mRNA expression increased after bile duct ligation (BDL), while BDL-induced liver fibrosis was markedly reduced in mice lacking Ptpn1 (PTP1B−/−) as assessed by decreased collagen deposition and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. PTP1B−/− mice also showed a significant increase in mRNA levels of key markers of monocytes recruitment (Cd68, Adgre1 and Ccl2) compared to their wild-type (PTP1B+/+) littermates at early stages of injury after BDL. Interestingly, the lack of PTP1B strongly increased the NADPH oxidase (NOX) subunits Nox1/Nox4 ratio and downregulated Cybb expression after BDL, revealing a pro-survival pattern of NADPH oxidase induction in response to liver injury. Chimeric mice generated by transplantation of PTP1B−/− bone marrow (BM) into irradiated PTP1B+/+ mice revealed similar hepatic expression profile of NOX subunits than PTP1B−/− mice while these animals did not show differences in infiltration of myeloid cells at 7 days post-BDL, suggesting that PTP1B deletion in other liver cells is necessary for boosting the early inflammatory response to the BDL. PTP1B−/− BM transplantation into PTP1B+/+ mice also led to a blockade of TGF-β and α-SMA induction after BDL. In vitro experiments demonstrated that deficiency of PTP1B in hepatocytes protects against bile acid-induced apoptosis and abrogates hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation, an effect ameliorated by NOX1 inhibition. In conclusion, our results have revealed that the lack of PTP1B switches NOX expression pattern in response to liver injury after BDL and reduces HSC activation and liver fibrosis. PTP1B deficiency in mice ameliorates liver damage induced by cholestasis. The increased NOX1/NOX4 ratio in livers from PTP1B-/- mice was associated with protection against BDL-induced fibrosis. The lack of PTP1B exacerbates macrophage recruitment upon BDL which is dispensable for ameliorating cholestatic liver damage. Resistance of PTP1B-/- hepatocytes against bile acid-induced apoptosis protects from HSC activation in a NOX1-dependent manner.
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McDaniel K, Wu N, Zhou T, Huang L, Sato K, Venter J, Ceci L, Chen D, Ramos-Lorenzo S, Invernizzi P, Bernuzzi F, Wu C, Francis H, Glaser S, Alpini G, Meng F. Amelioration of Ductular Reaction by Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles in MDR2 Knockout Mice via Lethal-7 microRNA. Hepatology 2019; 69:2562-2578. [PMID: 30723922 PMCID: PMC7015419 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are diseases that affect cholangiocytes, the cells lining the biliary tract. Liver stem cells (LSCs) are able to differentiate into all cells of the liver and possibly influence the surrounding liver tissue by secretion of signaling molecules. One way in which cells can interact is through secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small membrane-bound vesicles that contain proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), and cytokines. We evaluated the contents of liver stem cell-derived EVs (LSCEVs), compared their miRNA contents to those of EVs isolated from hepatocytes, and evaluated the downstream targets of these miRNAs. We finally evaluated the crosstalk among LSCs, cholangiocytes, and human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We showed that LSCEVs were able to reduce ductular reaction and biliary fibrosis in multidrug resistance protein 2 (MDR2)-/- mice. Additionally, we showed that cholangiocyte growth was reduced and HSCs were deactivated in LSCEV-treated mice. Evaluation of LSCEV contents compared with EVs derived from hepatocytes showed a large increase in the miRNA, lethal-7 (let-7). Further evaluation of let-7 in MDR2-/- mice and human primary sclerosing cholangitis samples showed reduced levels of let-7 compared with controls. In liver tissues and isolated cholangiocytes, downstream targets of let-7 (identified by ingenuity pathway analysis), Lin28a (Lin28 homolog A), Lin28b (Lin28 homolog B), IL-13 (interleukin 13), NR1H4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4) and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), are elevated in MDR2-/- mice, but treatment with LSCEVs reduced levels of these mediators of ductular reaction and biliary fibrosis through the inhibition of NF-κB and IL-13 signaling pathways. Evaluation of crosstalk using cholangiocyte supernatants from LSCEV-treated cells on cultured HSCs showed that HSCs had reduced levels of fibrosis and increased senescence. Conclusion: Our studies indicate that LSCEVs could be a possible treatment for cholangiopathies or could be used for target validation for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly McDaniel
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery and Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Demeng Chen
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery and Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sugeily Ramos-Lorenzo
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Heather Francis
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research Department, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX
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11
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Tolefree JA, Garcia AJ, Farrell J, Meadows V, Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Francis N, Mirabel J, Francis H. Alcoholic liver disease and mast cells: What's your gut got to do with it? LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Sung S, Kim J, Jung Y. Liver-Derived Exosomes and Their Implications in Liver Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3715. [PMID: 30469540 PMCID: PMC6320937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a wide range of physiological functions in the body, and its health is maintained by complex cross-talk among hepatic cells, including parenchymal hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. Exosomes, which are one method of cellular communication, are endosomal-derived small vesicles that are released by donor cells and delivered to the target cells at both short and long distances. Because exosomes carry a variety of cargoes, including proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs originating from donor cells, exosomes convey cellular information that enables them to potentially serve as biomarkers and therapeutics in liver diseases. Hepatocytes release exosomes to neighboring hepatocytes or nonparenchymal cells to regulate liver regeneration and repair. Nonparenchymal cells, including hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and cholangiocytes, also secrete exosomes to regulate liver remodeling upon liver injury. Exosomes that are released from liver cancer cells create a favorable microenvironment for cancer growth and progression. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current findings and understanding of exosome-mediated intercellular communication in the liver, with a particular focus on the function of exosomes in both health and disease. Based on the current findings, we suggest the potential applications of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Sung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan 46241, Korea.
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13
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Tanino T, Bando T, Nojiri Y, Okada Y, Nagai N, Ueda Y, Sakurai E. Hepatic cytochrome P450 metabolism suppressed by mast cells in type 1 allergic mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:318-326. [PMID: 30395837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and Kupffer cells secrete interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which stimulate excess nitric oxide (NO) producing-inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Unlike Kupffer cells, immunoglobulin E-sensitized mast cells elicit sustained NO production. We investigated the participation of mast cell-released NO and cytokine-derived iNOS activation in type 1 allergy-suppressed hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism. Aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, completely suppressed serum nitrate plus nitrite (NOx) concentrations after primary and secondary sensitization of ICR mice and markedly attenuated allergy-suppressed hepatic CYP1A2, CYP2C, CYP2E1, and CYP3A activities. In the liver, primary and secondary sensitization enhanced iNOS-stimulating IFN-γ (5-15-fold) and TNF-α (3-5-fold) mRNA levels more than IL-1β (2-fold) and F4/80-positive Kupffer cell (2-fold) mRNA levels. When mast cell-deficient (-/-) mice were sensitized, hepatic CYP activities were not suppressed. Serum NOx levels in the sensitized -/- mice were similar with those in saline-treated ICR and -/- mice. In the liver of -/- mice, secondary sensitization markedly enhanced mRNA expression of iNOS (20-fold), IFN-γ (15-fold), and TNF-α (3-fold). However, hepatic total NOS activities in -/- mice were not significantly different between saline treatment and sensitization. Similarly, primary and secondary ICR mice did not significantly enhance total NOS activities in the liver and hepatocytes. The total NOS activities observed did not relate to the high levels of iNOS, IFN-γ, and TNF-α mRNA in the liver. Hepatic c-kit-positive mast cells in sensitized ICR mice were maintained at control levels. Therefore, our data suggest that mast cell-released NO participates in type 1 allergy-suppressed CYP1A2, CYP2C, CYP2E1, and CYP3A metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Tanino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Toru Bando
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yukie Nojiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yuna Okada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yukari Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sakurai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Bouji Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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