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Niazifar M, Besharati M, Jabbar M, Ghazanfar S, Asad M, Palangi V, Eseceli H, Lackner M. Slow-release non-protein nitrogen sources in animal nutrition: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33752. [PMID: 39027513 PMCID: PMC11255499 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, feeding protein supply according to need in high-yielding lactating cows has become a big challenge. Protein is the most costly bulk constituent of animal diet, and the price of protein sources is increasing steadily, which is different from milk price rising. Therefore, one way for farmers to reduce feed costs is to reduce dietary protein share. Ruminants obtain their amino acids from 2 sources: amino acids from ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) and microbial protein synthesized in the rumen. A key goal in ruminant nutrition strategies, maximizing the use of rumen degradable protein (RDP), is through its efficient conversion into microbial protein. Urea is a supplement and a possible source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in ruminants' diets which meets bacteria's ammonia needs. Rumen ammonia sources include protein, peptides, amino acids, and other nitrogen-bearing compounds. As urea, uric acid, nitrate, and possibly nucleic acid are rapidly converted to ammonia, the ammonia reservoir indicates that the ruminal metabolism of ammonia is relatively small. Bacteria in the rumen can obtain between 40 and 95 percent of their nitrogen demand from ammonia, depending on their diet. Using NPN (non-protein nitrogen) as a reliable nitrogen source for ruminants was recognized over 100 years ago. Urea is quickly released in the rumen, its use in the diet is limited due to ammonia toxicity. So, the solution to this problem is that the product in nitrogen release rate from urea changes according to the digestion of fibers in the rumen. In the past, several slow-release products were made and evaluated. Slow-release urea (SRU) sources will also affect microbial growth and livestock performance compared to conventional plant protein sources. Acceptance of SRU sources, depending on their price compared to conventional plant protein ingredients is feasible. Studies has shown that the use of slow-release urea did not have a negative effect on digestibility, rumen parameters, milk production and livestock performance. Single-cell protein (SCP) is an emerging alternative protein source, currently being mainly studied for chicken and aquatic species.Finally, it is concluded that slow release urea can be used in feeding ruminants without any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Niazifar
- Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Ntural Resources, University of Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maghsoud Besharati
- Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Ntural Resources, University of Tabriz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Jabbar
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Valiollah Palangi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Hüseyin Eseceli
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, TR, 10200, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkiye
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200, Vienna, Austria
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Saro C, Degeneffe MA, Andrés S, Mateo J, Caro I, López-Ferreras L, Horst EH, López S, Giráldez FJ. Conventional Feed-Grade or Slow-Release Coated Urea as Sources of Dietary Nitrogen for Fattening Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3465. [PMID: 38003083 PMCID: PMC10668866 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two Assaf male lambs (29.2 ± 0.9 kg live weight and 89 ± 0.2 days of age), distributed in two experimental groups, were used to evaluate the use of either feed-grade conventional urea (Control diet; n = 11) or slow-release urea (SRU diet; n = 11) as sources of dietary nitrogen on animal performance, ruminal fermentation, blood acid-base status, plasmatic metabolic profile, and carcass and meat quality. Animals were housed individually and fed ad libitum. At the end of the fattening period (day 70), the animals were slaughtered to compare the fermentation patterns in ruminal digesta and to evaluate the carcass and meat characteristics. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between treatments in the dry matter intake, final live weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion rate. Regarding the ruminal fermentation parameters, the molar proportion of propionic acid was higher (p < 0.05) and that of butyric acid was lower (p < 0.05) with the SRU than with the Control diet. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between experimental treatments in the blood acid-base status and biochemical profile, except for the concentration of urea in plasma, which was significantly (p < 0. 05) greater in SRU than in Control lambs. No statistically significant differences were observed between treatments (p > 0.05) in the carcass and meat characteristics. In conclusion, the use of slow-release urea as a replacement for feed-grade conventional urea in the diet of Assaf fattening lambs, under the experimental conditions of this study, did not improve animal performance and increased the feeding costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saro
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso Degeneffe
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Sonia Andrés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Javier Mateo
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Irma Caro
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.M.); (I.C.)
- Departamento de Pediatría e Inmunología, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Psiquiatría e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda. Ramón y Cajal 7, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Egon Henrique Horst
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Parana Midwestern State University, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil;
| | - Secundino López
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Giráldez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
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Simoni M, Fernandez-Turren G, Righi F, Rodríguez-Prado M, Calsamiglia S. A network meta-analysis of the impact of feed-grade and slow-release ureas on lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3233-3245. [PMID: 36907762 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
A network meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of feeding feed-grade urea (FGU) or slow-release urea (SRU) as a replacement for true protein supplements (control; CTR) in high-producing dairy cattle diets. Research papers were selected (n = 44) from experiments published between 1971 and 2021 based on the following criteria: dairy breed, detailed description of the isonitrogenous diets fed, provision of FGU or SRU (or both), high-yielding cows (>25 kg/cow per day), and results that included at least milk yield and composition, but data on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation profile, and N utilization were also considered. Most studies compared only 2 treatments, and a network meta-analysis approach was adopted to compare the effects among CTR, FGU, and SRU. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model network meta-analysis. Forest plots of milk yield were used to visualize the estimated effect size of treatments. Cows included in the study produced 32.9 ± 5.7 L/d of milk, 3.46 ± 5.0% of fat, and 3.11 ± 0.2% of protein with an intake of 22.1 ± 3.45 kg of dry matter. Average diet composition was 1.65 ± 0.07 Mcal of net energy for lactation, 16.4 ± 1.45% CP, 30.8 ± 5.91% neutral detergent fiber, and 23.0 ± 4.62% starch. Average supply of FGU was 209 g/cow per day, whereas the average supply of SRU was 204 g/cow per day. With some exceptions, feeding FGU and SRU did not affect nutrient intake and digestibility, N utilization, and milk yield and composition. However, the FGU reduced the acetate proportion (61.6 vs. 59.7 mol/100 mol) and the SRU reduced the butyrate proportion (12.4 vs. 11.9 mol/100 mol) compared with CTR. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration increased from 8.47 to 11.5 and 9.3 mg/dL in CTR, FGU, and SRU, respectively. Urinary nitrogen excretion increased from 171 to 198 g/d in CTR versus the 2 urea treatments, respectively. The use of moderate doses of FGU in high-producing dairy cows may be justified based on its lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - G Fernandez-Turren
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos, Instituto de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42, CP 80100 San José, Uruguay
| | - F Righi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M Rodríguez-Prado
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S Calsamiglia
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain.
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Mazinani M, Naserian AA, Mesgaran MD, Valizadeh R, Salem AZM. Dietary polymer-coated urea enhances the goats lactational performance, excretion of microbial purine derivatives and blood metabolites in the semi-arid zone of Iran. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v45i1.58041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of using different sources of nitrogen to supply part of degradable intake protein needs in lactating goat performance and its effect on excretion of microbial purine derivatives and blood metabolites. Thirty-two lactating Saanen goats (body weight 38.85 ± 2.14 kg and 1979 ± 0.25 g day-1 milk yield) were used in a one-way ANOVA completely randomized design. Goats were assigned to the following treatments for a 10-wk experimental period: 1) Control (canola meal as a nitrogen source); 2) Urea (0.5% urea); 3) Optigen (0.55% Optigen- Alltech. Inc., Lexington, KY) and 4) Polymer-Coated Urea (PCU- international patent number: A01K5/00, 0.7% PCU) based on dry mater intake. Non-protein nitrogen groups had a comparative effect (p > 0.05) between control and other treatments on milk composition, microbial protein synthesis and they affected on blood factors including urea, cholesterol, and ALT. Dry matter intake decreased (p > 0.05) in PCU, Optigen, Urea than Control goats. Synthesis of microbial protein in PCU goats was 22.5 g day-1 and it was greater (p > 0.05) than other treatments. Plasma cholesterol was increased in PCU and Optigen, whereas urea concentration was increased in Urea and Control goats. Milk production was higher in PCU than Urea and Control. Feed conversion ratio was improved (p > 0.05) in PCU and Optigen goats versus other treatments. This study demonstrated that polymer-coated urea can be utilized as a nitrogen source and improve goats milk performance.
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Gunun N, Khejornsart P, Polyorach S, Kaewpila C, Kimprasit T, Sanjun I, Cherdthong A, Wanapat M, Gunun P. Utilization of Mao ( Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) Pomace Meal to Substitute Rice Bran on Feed Utilization and Rumen Fermentation in Tropical Beef Cattle. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110585. [PMID: 36356062 PMCID: PMC9692892 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing rice bran with mao pomace meal on feed intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Four crossbred (50% Brahman × 50% Thai native) beef cattle with an initial body weight of 195 ± 13 kg and 16 months of age were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments included four levels of RB replacement with mao pomace meal at 0, 33, 67, and 100% in concentrate diets. Rice straw was used as a roughage source, fed ad libitum. Replacement of mao pomace meal with rice bran did not affect (p > 0.05) the intakes of concentrate, rice straw, and total dry matter intake. Ether extract intake decreased linearly when increasing the levels of mao pomace meal (p < 0.01). The experimental diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the digestibility of fiber and crude protein, while dry matter, organic matter, and ether extract digestibility decreased linearly in the group of mao pomace meal replacing rice bran (p < 0.05). Increasing levels of mao pomace meal in concentrate diets did not alter rumen pH, ammonia−nitrogen, or total volatile fatty acid concentration (p > 0.05). The proportion of propionate increased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas acetate and the acetate to propionate ratio decreased linearly (p < 0.05) when replacing rice bran with mao pomace meal. Moreover, the proportion of propionate was greatest, while acetate was lowest when mao pomace meal was included at 100% in the concentrate diet. In conclusion, the replacement of rice bran with mao pomace meal in a diet could enhance the efficiency of rumen fermentation. Nonetheless, it reduced the digestion of nutrients in tropical beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirawan Gunun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Technology, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand
| | - Pichad Khejornsart
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Polyorach
- Department of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Kaewpila
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Thachawech Kimprasit
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Ittipol Sanjun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pongsatorn Gunun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Feed intake, rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows fed diets formulated at two starch concentrations with either conventional urea or slow-release urea. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Effect of Feed Supplement Containing Dried Kratom Leaves on Apparent Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Serum Antioxidants, Hematology, and Nitrogen Balance in Goats. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to examine the influence of supplementation with dried kratom leaf (DKTL) on the performance, hematology, and nitrogen balance in goats. Four 12-month-old male crossbred (Thai Native x Anglo Nubian) goats with an initial body weight (BW) of 24.63 ± 0.95 kg were allocated randomly to receive four different levels of DKTL using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The DKTL was added to a total mixed ration (TMR) diet with doses of 0, 2.22, 4.44, and 6.66 g/day to investigate the treatment’s efficacy. The DKTL was high in secondary metabolites, including mitragynine, total phenolics, total tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. There were quadratic effects on total DMI in terms of kg/day (p = 0.04), %BW (p = 0.05), and g/kg BW.75 (p = 0.02). DKTL increased apparent digestibility with quadratic effects (DM; p = 0.01, OM; p = 0.01, CP; p = 0.04, NDF; p = 0.01, and ADF; p = 0.01). The pH value was within the rumen’s normal pH range, whereas NH3-N and BUN concentrations were lower with DKTL supplementation, and also reduced cholesterol (CHOL, p = 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, p = 0.01). The protozoa population decreased linearly as DKTL levels increased (p < 0.01), whereas Fibrobacter succinogenes increased quadratically at 0 h (p = 0.02), and mean values increased linearly (p < 0.01). The average value of acetic acid (C2) and methane production (CH4) decreased linearly (p < 0.05) when DKLT was added to the diet, whereas the quantity of propionic acid (C3) increased linearly (p = 0.01). Our results indicate that DKTL could be a great alternative supplement for goat feed. We believe that DKTL could provide opportunities to assist the goat meat industry in fulfilling the demands of health-conscious consumers.
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Yagoubi Y, Mekki I, Nasraoui M, Abdelmalek YB, Atti N. Effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) by-products and linseed (Linumusitatissimum) intake on digestibility, body weight gain, and estimated tissular composition in cull fat-tailed ewes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:101. [PMID: 35146584 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) residues (RR) as dietary supplement in association with linseed (Linumusitatissimum) on digestive aspects and body weight (BW) gain in fat-tailed Barbarine ewes. To achieve this, 24 cull ewes (BW: 33 ± 2.7 kg) were divided into four groups receiving a basal diet composed of 500 g of straw for two groups (S) and 300 g of straw in addition to 200 g of RR for two other groups (R). All animals received 750 g of concentrate; the usual concentrate (UC) was offered for one S (S-UC) and one R group (R-UC); the linseed concentrate (LC) was also offered for one S (S-LC) and one R group (R-LC). The fattening and digestibility trials lasted 90 days. The dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility were similar across the groups. However, the crude protein (CP) intake and digestibility and the neutral detergent fiber intake were significantly affected by the treatments (P > 0.05). The nitrogen intake (NI), the fecal, and retained nitrogen were significantly affected by the regimen (P < 0.05); however, the urinary nitrogen was unchanged. The nitrogen balance was positive for all groups averaging 60% of the NI. The ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, and protozoa concentration were not affected by the RR intake and linseed supply; however, the control time affected significantly these parameters. Final BW, the average daily gain, the muscle, and fat contents were neither affected by the basal diet nor by the concentrate type (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the RR intake in association with linseed did not alter the animal's performances by improving their productive characteristics and consequently, the commercial value of this sheep's category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathreb Yagoubi
- Laboratoire de Productions Animales et Fourragères, INRA-Tunisia, University of Carthage, rue Hédi Karray, 2049, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Ilyes Mekki
- Laboratoire de Productions Animales et Fourragères, INRA-Tunisia, University of Carthage, rue Hédi Karray, 2049, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Massara Nasraoui
- Laboratoire de Productions Animales et Fourragères, INRA-Tunisia, University of Carthage, rue Hédi Karray, 2049, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Yomna Ben Abdelmalek
- Laboratoire de Productions Animales et Fourragères, INRA-Tunisia, University of Carthage, rue Hédi Karray, 2049, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Naziha Atti
- Laboratoire de Productions Animales et Fourragères, INRA-Tunisia, University of Carthage, rue Hédi Karray, 2049, Ariana, Tunisia
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Slow-release urea partially replace soybean in the diet of Holstein dairy cows: intake, blood parameters, nutrients digestibility, energy utilization, and milk production. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present experiment aimed to evaluate the partial replacement of soybean with slow-release urea (Optigen 1200™) in the diet of lactating cows for 84 d. Three-hundred multiparous lactating Holstein (635 ± 25 kg of body weight, BW) cows were stratified by live body weight; parity and previous milk production were randomly assigned into two experimental groups with 150 cows per each treatment. In the control treatment, 25 g soybean meal was replaced by 5.7 g slow-release urea for 84 d. Optigen treatment did not affect feed intake, daily milk production, milk composition, or milk (feed) efficiency; however, increased (P<0.01) total BW gain and daily BW gain. Optigen treatment increased (P<0.01) the digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber. Optigen treatment increased (P<0.01) estimated N balance, milk urea-N, and net energy (NE) for gain. Without affecting blood total protein, creatinine, urea-N, triglycerides, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, or non-esterified free fatty acids, Optigen treatment increased the concentrations of blood albumin and cholesterol compared to the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, slow-release urea could replace soybean meal in ruminant diets with no adverse effects on feed intake, nitrogen utilization, or digestibility; however, improve the total tract digestibility of fiber and crude protein in cows.
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Khonkhaeng B, Cherdthong A, Chantaprasarn N, Harvatine KJ, Foiklang S, Chanjula P, Wanapat M, So S, Polyorach S. Comparative effect of Volvariella volvacea-treated rice straw and purple corn stover fed at different levels on predicted methane production and milk fatty acid profiles in tropical dairy cows. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Alizadeh Z, Teymouri Yansari A, Chashnidel Y, Kazemifard M, Azarpajouh S. Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.48684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on feed intake, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, dry matter, nutrients digestion, and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in ram. Rams were used for four 21-day periods. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin square design. The experiment has consisted of the following four rations: 1) basic diet with soybean meal as a protein source, 2) basic diet with soybean meal plus 0.5 % of DM slow-release urea (SRU), 3) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1 % of DM SRU, and 4) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1.5 % of SRU, respectively. Soybean meal replacement by SRU decreased ruminal ammonia and blood urea. SRU increase in diets significantly increased acetic acid 3 hours after morning feeding, blood glucose, total purine, uric acid excretion, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein. The results showed that soybean meal replacement by SRU sources had no negative effect on rams performance.
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Effects of different sources of nitrogen on performance, relative population of rumen microorganisms, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters in male feedlotting lambs. Animal 2019; 14:1438-1446. [PMID: 31854286 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111900291x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow-release urea (SRU) can substitute dietary protein sources in the diet of feedlotting ruminant species . However, different SRU structures show varying results of productive performance. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen on performance, blood parameter, ruminal fermentation and relative population of rumen microorganisms in male Mehraban lambs. Thirty-five male lambs with an average initial BW of 34.7 ± 1.8 kg were assigned randomly to five treatments. Diets consisted of concentrate mixture and mineral and vitamin supplements plus (1) alfalfa and soybean meal, (2) wheat straw and soybean meal, (3) wheat straw and urea, (4) wheat straw and Optigen® (a commercial SRU supplement) and (5) wheat straw and SRU produced in the laboratory. No statistical difference was observed in animal performance and DM intake among treatments. The mean value of ruminal pH and ammonia was higher (P < 0.05) for the SRU diet compared with WU diet. The difference in pH is likely to be due to the higher ammonia level as VFAs concentrations were unchanged. The level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was different among treatments (P = 0.065). The highest concentration of BUN was recorded in Optigen diet (183.1 mg/l), whereas the lowest value was recorded in wheat straw-soybean meal diet (147 mg/l). The amount of albumin and total protein was not affected by the treatments. The relative population of total protozoa, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus in the SRU treatment was higher (P < 0.01) than that in urea treatment at 3 h post-feeding. During the period of lack of high-quality forage and in order to reduce dietary costs, low-quality forage with urea sources can be used in the diet. Results of microbial populations revealed that SRU can be used as a nitrogen source which can sustainably provide nitrogen for rumen microorganism without negative effects on the performance of feedlotting lambs.
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Reddy PRK, Kumar DS, Rao ER, Seshiah CV, Sateesh K, Rao KA, Reddy YPK, Hyder I. Environmental sustainability assessment of tropical dairy buffalo farming vis-a-vis sustainable feed replacement strategy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16745. [PMID: 31728009 PMCID: PMC6856187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53378-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding management in dairy animals is crucial for ensuring optimal production apart from making the farming as a whole, a more sustainable activity. In our study we evaluated the production and environmental effects of two different feeding regimens i.e., one dominated by traditional cottonseed meal (CSM) and other with coated urea (slow release urea - SRU) as a replacement for CSM on dairy buffalo production. The SRU at 2% level was evaluated by conducting two different trials using twelve lactating Murrah buffaloes and four adult Murrah buffalo bulls. Neither diet nor dry period management showed any substantial effect on milk components, intakes, nutrients’ digestibility coefficients, and nutritive values. The SRU diet revealed increased (P < 0.01) rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids, and microbial nitrogen yield, which were interacted with time of post-prandial sampling. The dynamics of nitrogen metabolism revealed unaltered N-based parameters, except for degradable-N intake and serum urea-N at 3 hr post-feeding. The CSM replacements did not influence (P > 0.05) the residual feed intake, but led to an enhanced milk retention efficiency of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus contents, thus reducing their impact on soil pollution and eutrophication of water bodies. Despite an unaltered (P > 0.05) enteric methane emission, SRU diets achieved in decreasing manure methane and nitrous oxide emission. Furthermore, the virtual water flow and lifecycle assessment revealed a water sparing effect and low carbon foot print per unit milk production. In summary, the CSM replacements with SRU could achieve an economical and eco-friendly production system from animal nutrition perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Srinivasa Kumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, NTRCVSc, SVVU, Gannavaram, 521 102, India
| | - E Raghava Rao
- Administrative building, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, 517 502, India
| | | | - K Sateesh
- AH Polytechnic college, SVVU, Banavasi, 518 323, India
| | - K Ananda Rao
- Buffalo Research Station, SVVU, Venkataramannagudem, 534 101, India
| | - Y Pradeep Kumar Reddy
- Centre for Continuing Veterinary Education and Communication, CVSc, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, 517 502, India
| | - Iqbal Hyder
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, NTRCVSc, SVVU, Gannavaram, 521 102, India.
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Ravi Kanth Reddy P, Srinivasa Kumar D, Raghava Rao E, Venkata Seshiah C, Sateesh K, Pradeep Kumar Reddy Y, Hyder I. Assessment of eco-sustainability vis-à-vis zoo-technical attributes of soybean meal (SBM) replacement with varying levels of coated urea in Nellore sheep (Ovis aries). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220252. [PMID: 31408459 PMCID: PMC6692044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The contemporary environmental-stewardship programmes primarily aimed at curbing the global warming potential by adopting a multidisciplinary approach. Manipulating the feeding strategies has great potential in reducing the environmental footprints of livestock production. This study intends to assess the effect of soybean meal (SBM) replacement with varying levels of coated urea (SRU) on both zoo-technical (nutrient digestibility, heat increment, and physio-biochemical parameters) and environmental attributes. The coated urea was used to replace the SBM at 0, 25, 50, and 75 percent levels. Eight adult rams (43.02 ± 0.76) maintained in a conventional shed were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. Not all the physiological parameters viz. rectal temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were affected (P>0.05)f by varying levels of SRU incorporation. The SRU fed animals had higher (P<0.05) crude protein digestibility compared to SBM fed animals; however, the replacements did not affect the nutrient digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NFC, NDFap, ADF, and hemicellulose components. The SRU did not affect various biochemical parameters such as serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, Ca, P and T3, and T4 levels; however, post-prandial serum urea N (SUN) values showed a diurnal quadratic pattern (P<0.05) with a dose-dependent relationship. Further, the SBM replacements had no effect on the calcium excretion, while the SRU incorporation decreased the faecal phosphorous content, thereby abating the eutrophication phenomenon. Although the SBM replacements did not affect in vivo water variables and faecal solid fractions, they managed to decrease the land and virtual water requirement along with global warming potential (GWP) of the entire trial. The GWP-perceptual map unveils the fact that replacement of conventional feed ingredients with NPN compounds aids in eco-friendly livestock production. Further, the conjectural analysis of the carbon footprint methodology revealed that agricultural by-products consideration could cause a huge increase in the GWP share of feed consumed, thus compelling the importance of research pertaining to feed production perspective as equal as ruminal methane amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ravi Kanth Reddy
- Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddutur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Kumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - E. Raghava Rao
- Administrative Building, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ch. Venkata Seshiah
- Livestock Farm Complex, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K. Sateesh
- AH Polytechnic College, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Banavasi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Y. Pradeep Kumar Reddy
- Centre for Continuing Veterinary Education and Communication, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Iqbal Hyder
- Dept. of Veterinary Physiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Wachirapakorn C, Pilachai K, Wanapat M, Pakdee P, Cherdthong A. Effect of ground corn cobs as a fiber source in total mixed ration on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition in tropical lactating crossbred Holstein cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:334-338. [PMID: 29767018 PMCID: PMC5941036 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ground corn cobs (GCC) as a sole fiber source in total mixed ration (TMR) on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition in tropical lactating crossbred Holstein cows. Four multiparous crossbreds Holstein Friesian dairy cows with an initial body weight (BW) of 415.5 ± 26.20 kg were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments of TMR contained a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60. The roughage source was used at different ratios of GCC to rice straw (RS) at 100:0, 82.5:17.5, 67.5:32.5, and 50:50 for TMR1 to TMR4, respectively. The results revealed significant improvements in intake of dry matter, protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and metabolizable energy (ME) for TMR1 and TMR2 (P < 0.05), while the digestibility of nutrients was not altered by the treatments (P ≥ 0.05). Ground corn cobs was used for up to 100% of the total roughage without affecting milk production. Moreover, ruminal pH, temperature, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were not impacted by the treatments (P > 0.05). However, milk yield was significantly different among the GCC:RS ratios (P < 0.05) and was the highest in TMR1 and TMR2 (13.1 kg/d), while the milk compositions were not changed (P > 0.05). The results imply that using GCC as a whole roughage source significantly improved nutrients intake and milk yield in dairy cows raised in tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalong Wachirapakorn
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Krung Pilachai
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pawadee Pakdee
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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16
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Tsuruoka K, Kanamaru H, Takahashi H, Gotoh T. Preliminary study of the effects of condensed barley distillers soluble on rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites in Japanese Black cows. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:610-617. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Tsuruoka
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
- Livestock Research Institute; Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center; Takeda Oita Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kanamaru
- Livestock Technology Office, Oita Prefectural Agriculture; Forestry and Fisheries Institute; Oita Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
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17
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Ji SK, Zhang F, Sun YK, Deng KD, Wang B, Tu Y, Zhang NF, Jiang CG, Wang SQ, Diao QY. Influence of dietary slow-release urea on growth performance, organ development and serum biochemical parameters of mutton sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:964-973. [PMID: 27272969 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eighty Dorper × thin-tailed Han cross-bred non-castrated male lambs [mean body weight (BW), 25.87 ± 1.06 kg] were randomly allocated to one of five different concentrations of slow-release urea (urea phosphate, UP). The feed consisted of an equal amount of concentrate diet and roughage; the concentrate feed was formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenic and contained 0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% UP (UP0.0, UP1.0, UP2.0, UP4.0 and UP8.0, respectively) as a replacement for soya bean meal. Feed intake, BW, average daily gain (ADG), feed utilisation efficiency (FUE), absolute and relative organ weights and biochemical and histopathological parameters were measured. Feed intake, BW, ADG and FUE significantly decreased in the group receiving UP8.0 (p < 0.05), but no difference was found among the other groups (p > 0.05). Quadratic equations were developed between the UP dosage in the concentrate feed and ADG or FUE (r2 = 0.973 for ADG and r2 = 0.761 for FUE) to determine the appropriate dosage of UP given the desire to maximise either ADG or FUE, the appropriate dosage (feed concentration) was calculated as 2.01% UP to achieve the greatest ADG or 2.13% UP to achieve the best FUE. The relative weight of the liver (% BW) in the UP2.0 groups was significantly greater than that of UP0.0 (p < 0.05), and the relative weight of the intestine in the UP8.0 was significantly greater than that of UP0.0 (p < 0.05); the relative weight of the carcass, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). The UP8.0 treatment significantly increased serum phosphorus levels (p < 0.05) and decreased the levels of alkaline phosphatase, glucose and calcium (Ca) compared with the lower UP dosage (p < 0.05). No histopathological differences were found in either hepatic tissues or renal tissues among treatments. Dietary UP as a replacement for soya bean in concentrate feeds for mutton sheep should not exceed 4%, as higher dosing may cause malnutrition and mineral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ji
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - F Zhang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y K Sun
- College of Animal Science, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - K D Deng
- College of Animal Science, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Wang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Tu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - N F Zhang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C G Jiang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Q Wang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q Y Diao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Gardinal R, Calomeni GD, Cônsolo NRB, Takiya CS, Freitas JE, Gandra JR, Vendramini THA, Souza HN, Rennó FP. Influence of polymer-coated slow-release urea on total tract apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of Nellore steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:34-41. [PMID: 27189641 PMCID: PMC5205589 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of coated slow-release urea on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, blood glucose and urea concentration (Exp 1), and average daily gain (ADG; Exp 2) of steers. Methods Exp 1: Eight ruminally fistulated steers [503±28.5 kg body weight (BW)] were distributed into a d 4×4 Latin square design and assigned to treatments: control (CON), feed grade urea (U2), polymer-coated slow-release urea A (SRA2), and polymer-coated slow-release urea B (SRB2). Dietary urea sources were set at 20 g/kg DM. Exp 2: 84 steers (350.5±26.5 kg initial BW) were distributed to treatments: CON, FGU at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (U1 and U2, respectively), coated SRA2 at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRA1 and SRA2, respectively), and coated SRB at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRB1 and SRB2, respectively). Results Exp 1: Urea treatments (U2+SRA2+SRB2) decreased (7.4%, p = 0.03) the DM intake and increased (11.4%, p<0.01) crude protein digestibility. Coated slow-release urea (SRA2+SRB2) showed similar nutrient digestibility compwared to feed grade urea (FGU). However, steers fed SRB2 had higher (p = 0.02) DM digestibility compared to those fed SRA2. Urea sources did not affect ruminal fermentation when compared to CON. Although, coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.01) concentration of NH3-N (−10.4%) and acetate to propionate ratio than U2. Coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.02) urinary N and blood urea concentration compared to FGU. Exp 2: Urea sources decreased (p = 0.01) the ADG in relation to CON. Animals fed urea sources at 10 g/kg DM showed higher (12.33%, p = 0.01) ADG compared to those fed urea at 20 g/kg DM. Conclusion Feeding urea decreased the nutrient intake without largely affected the nutrient digestibility. In addition, polymer-coated slow-release urea sources decreased ruminal ammonia concentration and increased ruminal propionate production. Urea at 20 g/kg DM, regardless of source, decreased ADG compared both to CON and diets with urea at 10 g/kg DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gardinal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - G D Calomeni
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - N R B Cônsolo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - C S Takiya
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - J E Freitas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil
| | - J R Gandra
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS 79804-970, Brazil
| | - T H A Vendramini
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - H N Souza
- Petrobrás, CENPES, 21040-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - F P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
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Cherdthong A, Wanapat M, Wongwungchun W, Yeekeng S, Niltho T, Rakwongrit D, Khota W, Khantharin S, Tangmutthapattharakun G, Phesatcha K, Foiklang S, Kang S, Anantasook N, Gunun P. Effect of feeding feed blocks containing different levels of urea calcium sulphate mixture on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai native beef cattle fed on rice straw. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Benedeti P, Paulino P, Marcondes M, Valadares Filho S, Martins T, Lisboa E, Silva L, Teixeira C, Duarte M. Soybean meal replaced by slow release urea in finishing diets for beef cattle. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Wachirapakorn C, Parmaluk P, Wanapat M, Pakdee P, Cherdthong A. Effects of levels of crude protein and ground corn cobs in total mixed ration on intake, rumen fermentation and milk production in crossbred Holstein Friesian lactating dairy cows. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.842483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Effect of dietary polymer-coated urea and sodium bentonite on digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial protein yield in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gunun P, Wanapat M, Anantasook N. Rumen fermentation and performance of lactating dairy cows affected by physical forms and urea treatment of rice straw. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2013; 26:1295-303. [PMID: 25049912 PMCID: PMC4093398 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different physical forms and urea treatment of rice straw on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and milk production. Four, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows in mid-lactation with initial body weight (BW) of 409±20 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were as follows: untreated, long form rice straw (LRS), urea-treated (5%), long form rice straw (5% ULRS), urea-treated (2.5%), long form rice straw (2.5% ULRS) and urea-treated (2.5%), chopped (4 cm) rice straw (2.5% UCRS). Cows were fed with concentrate diets at a ratio of concentrate to milk yield of 1:2 and rice straw was fed ad libitum. The findings revealed significant improvements in total DM intake and digestibility by using long and short forms of urea-treated rice straw (p<0.05). Ruminal pH was not altered among all treatments (p>0.05), whereas ruminal NH3-N, BUN and MUN were found to be increased (p<0.01) by urea-treated rice straw as compared with untreated rice straw. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (p<0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (p<0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (p<0.05) in cows fed with long or short forms of urea-treated rice straw. The 2.5% ULRS and 2.5% UCRS had greater microbial protein synthesis and was greatest when cows were fed with 5% ULRS. The urea-treated rice straw fed groups had increased milk yield (p<0.05), while lower feed cost and greater economic return was in the 2.5% ULRS and 2.5% UCRS (p<0.01). From these results, it could be concluded that 2.5% ULRS could replace 5% ULRS used as a roughage source to maintain feed intake, rumen fermentation, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, milk production and economical return in mid-lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Gunun
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002,
Thailand
| | - M. Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002,
Thailand
| | - N. Anantasook
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002,
Thailand
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24
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Effects of Leucaena leaf pellet on bacterial diversity and microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffalo fed on rice straw. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Wanapat M, Pilajun R, Rowlinson P. Effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate: IV. Feed intake, rumen fermentation and milk production in milking cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:447-53. [PMID: 22843214 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Four early-lactation crossbred cows (82.5 % Holstein) were selected to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate on rumen fermentation and milk production. Cows were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source: cassava chip (CC) and CC + rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was variation in the level of cottonseed meal (CM): low (LCM) and high (HCM) in isonitrogenous diets (180 g CP/kg DM). It was found that carbohydrate source did not affect feed intake, dry matter digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial population, milk yield and composition, or economic return (P > 0.05). However, cows fed with CC had a higher population of amylolytic bacteria than cows fed with CR3:1 (P < 0.05). Cows fed with HCM had a higher total feed intake, milk yield and composition, and milk income when compared with cows fed on LCM although the concentrate and roughage intakes, dry matter digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial populations were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). In addition, the carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level interactions were not significant for any parameter. It could be concluded that cassava chip and high level of cottonseed meal could usefully be incorporated into concentrates for dairy cows without impacting on rumen fermentation or milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Huyen N, Wanapat M, Navanukraw C. Effect of Mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle fed on rice straw-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Tan ND, Wanapat M, Uriyapongson S, Cherdthong A, Pilajun R. Enhancing mulberry leaf meal with urea by pelleting to improve rumen fermentation in cattle. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:452-61. [PMID: 25049585 PMCID: PMC4092903 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Four, ruminally fistulated crossbred (Brahman×native) beef cattle with initial body weight of 420±15 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4×4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation at 0, 200, 400 and 600 g/hd/d with rice straw fed to allow ad libitum intake. All steers were kept in individual pens and supplemented with concentrate at 5 g/kg of body weight daily. The experiment was 4 periods, and each lasted 21 d. During the first 14 d, all steers were fed their respective diets ad libitum and during the last 7 d, they were moved to metabolism crates for total urine and fecal collection. It was found that increasing MUP levels resulted in linearly increasing rice straw and total intakes (p<0.05). Ruminal temperature and pH were not significantly affected by MUP supplementation while NH3-N concentration was increased (p<0.05) and maintained at a high level (18.5 mg/dl) with supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d. Similarly, viable total bacteria in the rumen and cellulolytic bacteria were enriched by MUP supplementation at 600 g/hd/d. However, the rumen microbial diversity determined with a PCR-DGGE technique showed similar methanogenic diversity between treatments and sampling times and were similar at a 69% genetic relationship as determined by a UPGMA method. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d improved DM intake, ruminal NH3-N, and cellulolytic bacteria thus iimproving rumen ecology in beef cattle fed with rice straw.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Wanapat
- Corresponding Author : Metha Wanapat. Tel : +66-43-202368, Fax : +66-43-202368, E-mail :
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Lascano G, Velez M, Tricarico J, Heinrichs A. Short communication: Nutrient utilization of fresh sugarcane-based diets with slow-release nonprotein nitrogen addition for control-fed dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:370-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cherdthong A, Wanapat M, Wachirapakorn C. Influence of urea-calcium mixtures as rumen slow-release feed on in vitro fermentation using a gas production technique. Arch Anim Nutr 2011; 65:242-54. [PMID: 21776840 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2011.568277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment the effects of different urea products (urea [U] and urea-calcium mixtures [UCM]) on rumen fermentation were investigated in dependence of different energy sources by using in vitro techniques. The 7 x 2 factorial arrangement followed a completely randomised design using seven urea products (U100, U40CaCl2, U50CaCl2, U60CaCl2, U40CaSO4, U50CaSO4 and U60CaSO4) in combination with cassava chips (CC) or corn meal (CM). Compared with other treatments, the cumulative gas production (96 h) was significantly increased for U60CaCl2 + CC and U60CaSO4 + CC (p < 0.01), which was combined with a higher in vitro true digestibility (p < 0.01). In addition, the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the fluid of U60CaCl2 + CC and U60CaSO4 + CC was significantly higher than in other treatments. Urea treatments (U100 + CC and U100 + CM) caused the highest concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.01), which was significantly decreased by all UCM products in combination with CC, but not with CM. The highest levels of total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes and anaerobic fungi were found for treatment U60CaCl2 + CC and U60CaSO4 + CC (p < 0.05). The findings revealed that the utilisation of U60CaCl2 and U60CaSO4 in combination with cassava chips improved the ruminal fluid fermentation in terms of NH3-N and volatile fatty acid concentration, digestibility of energy and increased the fibrobacter concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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Effects of plants containing secondary compounds and plant oils on rumen fermentation and ecology. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:399-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristic in swamp buffaloes fed on chemically treated rice straw and urea. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:629-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Foiklang S, Wanapat M, Toburan W. Effects of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:1517-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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