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Evaluation of Effects of Ractopamine on Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Locomotory Physiology in Animal Model Zebrafish Larvae. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092449. [PMID: 34572098 PMCID: PMC8466814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ractopamine (RAC) is a beta-adrenoceptor agonist that is used to promote lean and increased food conversion efficiency in livestock. This compound has been considered to be causing behavioral and physiological alterations in livestock like pig. Few studies have addressed the potential non-target effect of RAC in aquatic animals. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential physiological response after acute RAC exposure in zebrafish by evaluating multiple endpoints like locomotor activity, oxygen consumption, and cardiovascular performance. Zebrafish larvae were subjected to waterborne RAC exposure at 0.1, 1, 2, 4, or 8 ppm for 24 h, and the corresponding cardiovascular, respiratory, and locomotion activities were monitored and quantified. In addition, we also performed in silico molecular docking for RAC with 10 zebrafish endogenous β-adrenergic receptors to elucidate the potential acting mechanism of RAC. Results show RAC administration can significantly boost locomotor activity, cardiac performance, oxygen consumption, and blood flow rate, but without affecting the cardiac rhythm regularity in zebrafish embryos. Based on structure-based flexible molecular docking, RAC display similar binding affinity to all ten subtypes of endogenous β-adrenergic receptors, from adra1aa to adra2db, which are equivalent to the human one. This result suggests RAC might act as high potency and broad spectrum β-adrenergic receptors agonist on boosting the locomotor activity, cardiac performance, and oxygen consumption in zebrafish. To validate our results, we co-incubated a well-known β-blocker of propranolol (PROP) with RAC. PROP exposure tends to minimize the locomotor hyperactivity, high oxygen consumption, and cardiac rate in zebrafish larvae. In silico structure-based molecular simulation and binding affinity tests show PROP has an overall lower binding affinity than RAC. Taken together, our studies provide solid in vivo evidence to support that RAC plays crucial roles on modulating cardiovascular, respiratory, and locomotory physiology in zebrafish for the first time. In addition, the versatile functions of RAC as β-agonist possibly mediated via receptor competition with PROP as β-antagonist.
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Aroeira CN, Feddern V, Gressler V, Contreras-Castillo CJ, Hopkins DL. A review on growth promoters still allowed in cattle and pig production. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li Y, Xu W, Zhao X, Huang Y, Kang J, Qi Q, Zhong C. Electrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers on Fe 3O 4/graphene modified by gold nanoparticles for highly selective and sensitive detection of trace ractopamine in water. Analyst 2018; 143:5094-5102. [PMID: 30209459 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00993g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel molecular imprinting polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical senor, consisting of Fe3O4 nanobeads and gold nanoparticles on a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) substrate, was fabricated to detect ractopamine (RAC) in water using the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique. The Au nanoparticles widely dispersed on RGO can significantly increase the response current for RAC detection in water, which is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and theoretical calculations. By means of the differential pulse voltammetry technique, the as-prepared MIP-based electrode shows a dynamic linear range of 0.002 to 0.1 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.992 and a remarkably low detection limit of 0.02 nM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the sensor exhibits high binding affinity and selectivity towards RAC with excellent reproducibility. Our study demonstrates the potential for the proposed electrochemical sensors in monitoring organic pollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Guitton Y, Dervilly-Pinel G, Jandova R, Stead S, Takats Z, Le Bizec B. Rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry and chemometrics for high-throughput screening of growth promoters in meat producing animals. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:900-910. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1421778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guitton
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | | | - Sara Stead
- UMR INRA 1329, Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
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Ritter MJ, Johnson AK, Benjamin ME, Carr SN, Ellis M, Faucitano L, Grandin T, Salak-Johnson JL, Thomson DU, Goldhawk C, Calvo-Lorenzo MS. Review: Effects of Ractopamine Hydrochloride (Paylean) on welfare indicators for market weight pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:533-558. [PMID: 32704677 PMCID: PMC7204987 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) dose (5, 7.5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) on market weight pig welfare indicators. Ractopamine hydrochloride (trade name Paylean) is a β-adrenergic agonist that was initially approved in the U.S. in 1999 at doses of 5 to 20 mg/kg to improve feed efficiency and carcass leanness. However, anecdotal reports suggested that RAC increased the rate of non-ambulatory (fatigued and injured) pigs at U.S. packing plants. This led to the addition of a caution statement to the Paylean label, and a series of research studies investigating the effects of RAC on pig welfare. Early research indicated that: (1) regardless of RAC administration, fatigued (non-ambulatory, non-injured) pigs are in a state of metabolic acidosis; (2) aggressive handling increases stress responsiveness at 20 mg/kg RAC, while 5 mg/kg reduces stress responsiveness to aggressive handling. Given this information, dosage range for Paylean was changed in 2006 to 5 to 10 mg/kg in market weight pigs. Subsequent research on RAC demonstrated that: (1) RAC has minimal effects on mortality, lameness, and home pen behavior; (2) RAC fed pigs demonstrated inconsistent prevalence and intensity of aggressive behaviors; (3) RAC fed pigs may be more difficult to handle at doses above 5 mg/kg; and (4) RAC fed pigs may have increased stress responsiveness and higher rates of non-ambulatory pigs when subjected to aggressive handling, especially when 20 mg/kg of RAC is fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ritter
- Elanco Animal Health, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - A K Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011
| | - M E Benjamin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824
| | - S N Carr
- Elanco Animal Health, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - M Ellis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, 61801
| | - L Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8
| | - T Grandin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523
| | - J L Salak-Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, 61801
| | - D U Thomson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506
| | - C Goldhawk
- Elanco Animal Health, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - M S Calvo-Lorenzo
- Elanco Animal Health, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140
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Divari S, Berio E, Pregel P, Sereno A, Chiesa L, Pavlovic R, Panseri S, Bovee TFH, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. Effects and detection of Nandrosol and ractopamine administration in veal calves. Food Chem 2016; 221:706-713. [PMID: 27979262 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes different effects of the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) nandrolone phenylpropionate (Nandrosol) and the β-agonist ractopamine administration in veal calves, and it investigates different strategies applied to trace these molecules. Morphological changes of gonads and accessory glands attributed to androgen effects, such as testicular atrophy, seminiferous tubule diameter reduction and hyperplasia of prostate epithelium, were detected, although SARMs are not described to cause these lesions. The gene expression analysis showed an anabolic activity of Nandrosol in Longissimus dorsi muscle, where myosin heavy chain (MYH) was significantly up-regulated. An IGF1 increase was weakly significant only in Vastus lateralis muscle. In conclusion, the anatomo-histopathological observations and the MYH mRNA up-regulation in Longissimus dorsi muscle confirm the androgenic treatment in experimental animals. The biosensor assay was not enough sensitive to detect residues in urines and only the direct chemical analysis of urine samples confirmed both β-agonist and SARM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy.
| | - Enrica Berio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Paola Pregel
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Alessandra Sereno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Luca Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Francesca T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
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Hakk H, Shelver WL, Casey FXM. Fate and transport of the β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine hydrochloride in soil-water systems. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 45:40-48. [PMID: 27372117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The feed additive ractopamine hydrochloride was fortified at four concentrations into batch vials containing soils that differed in both biological activity and organic matter (OM). Sampling of the liquid layer for 14days demonstrated that ractopamine rapidly dissipated from the liquid layer. Less than 20% of the fortified dose remained in the liquid layer after 4hr, and recoveries of dosed ractopamine ranged from 8 to 18% in the liquid layer at 336hr. Sorption to soil was the major fate for ractopamine in soil:water systems, i.e., 42%-51% of the dose at 14days. The major portion of the sorbed fraction was comprised of non-extractables; a smaller fraction of the sorbed dose was extracted into water and acetone, portions which would be potentially mobile in the environment. Partitioning coefficients for all soils suggested strong sorption of ractopamine to soil which is governed by hydrophobic interactions and cation exchange complexes within the soil OM. Ractopamine degradation was observed, but to mostly non-polar compounds which had a higher potential than ractopamine to sorb to soil. The formation of volatiles was also suggested. Therefore, despite rapid and extensive soil sorption, these studies indicated a portion of ractopamine, present in manures used to fertilize soils, may be mobile in the environment via water-borne events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heldur Hakk
- USDA-ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Francis X M Casey
- Department of Soil Sciences, North Dakota State University, Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Shelver WL, DeSutter TM. Ractopamine up take by alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) from soil. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 34:86-92. [PMID: 26257350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ractopamine is a beta adrenergic agonist used as a growth promoter in swine, cattle and turkeys. To test whether ractopamine has the potential to accumulate in plants grown in contaminated soil, a greenhouse study was conducted with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in two soils having different concentrations of organic matter (1.3% and 2.1%), amended with 0, 0.5, and 10 μg/g of ractopamine. Plant growth ranged from 2.7 to 8.8 g dry weight (dw) for alfalfa, and 8.7 to 40 g dw for wheat and was generally greater in the higher organic matter content soil. The uptake of ractopamine in plant tissues ranged from non-detectable to 897 ng/g and was strongly dependent on soil ractopamine concentration across soil and plant tissue. When adjusted to the total fortified quantities, the amount of ractopamine taken up by the plant tissue was low, <0.01% for either soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
| | - Thomas M DeSutter
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Walster Hall, Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Bai W, Huang H, Li Y, Zhang H, Liang B, Guo R, Du L, Zhang Z. Direct preparation of well-dispersed graphene/gold nanorod composites and their application in electrochemical sensors for determination of ractopamine. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liu Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Cheng Q, Wu K. Enhanced oxidation and detection of toxic ractopamine using carbon nanotube film-modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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