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Franzoni G, Ciccotelli V, Masiello L, De Ciucis CG, Anfossi AG, Vivaldi B, Ledda M, Zinellu S, Dei Giudici S, Berio E, Tiziana A, Dellepiane M, Zoppi S, Masotti C, Crescio MI, Oggiano A, Ercolini C, Razzuoli E. Cadmium and wild boar: environmental exposure and immunological impact on macrophages. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:171-180. [PMID: 35145881 PMCID: PMC8819190 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boar represents useful bioindicator for Cadmium environmental exposure. Cadmium can be absorbed by wild boar moMФ with subsequent cell viability decrease. Moderate cadmium concentration down-regulated IL-12p40, TNF-α expression in moMФ. Moderate cadmium concentration decreased antimicrobial molecules expression in moMФ. Moderate cadmium concentration down-regulated expression of several TLRs in moMФ.
Cadmium (Cd2+) is regarded as one of the most toxic heavy metals, which can enter the food chain through environmental contamination and be bioaccumulated. Its exposure in Ligurian wild boars was monitored between 2016–2020 and revealed high level of this heavy metal in different provinces. In one of these polluted area, 21 wild boars were additionally sampled and the relationship between hepatic and renal Cd2+ concentration suggested that majority of these animals presented chronic intoxication. Cd2+ exposure of wild boar might lead to an immunosuppression status, thus in vitro experiments on wild boar monocyte-derived macrophages (moMФ) were carried out. Effects of Cd2+ scalar doses were evaluated through viability and adsorption assays, ELISA, qPCR. Moderate doses of this environmental pollutant (20 μM) were absorbed by moMФ, with subsequent reduction of their viability. This heavy metal did not trigger release of either IFN- β, anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory cytokines by moMФ, instead 24 h treatment with 20 μM of Cd2+ resulted in down-regulated expression of TNF-α, IL-12p40, several TLRs, CD14, MD2, BD2, MyD88, p65, and NOS2. The results of our monitoring activity suggested that wild boar can be useful to monitor environmental exposure of this heavy metal and can help in understanding the type of contamination. In addition, in vitro experiments on wild boar moMФ revealed that Cd2+ exposure negatively affected the immune function of these cells, likely leading to increased susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Valentina Ciccotelli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Lucia Masiello
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Anfossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Barbara Vivaldi
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro Ledda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Department of Imperia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Nizza 4, 18100 Imperia, Italy
| | - Andreoli Tiziana
- Department of Savona, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Martini 6, 17100 Savona, Italy
| | - Monica Dellepiane
- Department of Savona, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Martini 6, 17100 Savona, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Masotti
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Ines Crescio
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlo Ercolini
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
- Corresponding authors.
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Giorda F, Di Guardo G, Varello K, Pautasso A, Sierra E, Pintore MD, Grattarola C, Colella EM, Berio E, Goria M, Bozzetta E, Casalone C, Iulini B. Retrospective immunohistochemical investigation on dolphin morbillivirus infection by comparing the performance of heterologous monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies - Short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:204-210. [PMID: 34297685 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) is a pathogen of great concern in free-ranging cetaceans. Confirmation and staging of morbillivirus infections rely on histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC), following molecular detection. As at the present time no specific antibodies (Abs) against DMV are available, two heterologous Abs have been used worldwide for the examinations of morbillivirus infections of cetaceans. One is a monoclonal Ab (MoAb) prepared against the N protein of canine distemper virus (CDV), whereas the other is a polyclonal Ab raised in rabbits against rinderpest virus (RPV). Both Abs are known to show cross-reactivity with DMV. In this study we compared the labelling quality and the neuroanatomical distribution of staining with these two Abs by means of IHC analysis. To this end, serial sections of the target organs from ten free-ranging stranded cetaceans, previously diagnosed as being infected with DMV by PCR and/or serology, were subjected to IHC. The brain, lungs and lymph nodes of one animal were found to be positive with both Abs. From two other animals, the brain and the spleen, respectively, tested positive only with the polyclonal Ab. In the positive brain tissues, multifocal immunostaining was observed, with similar staining location and extent, with the two antibodies tested. Our results suggest that the polyclonal anti-RPV Ab might have a stronger binding activity to DMV than the anti-CDV MoAb. Nevertheless, the elaboration and use of specific anti-DMV Abs might be essential to guarantee conclusive results in diagnostic and pathogenetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giorda
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
- 2Institute of Animal Health, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - Katia Varello
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pautasso
- 4Department of Prevention, Local Veterinary Services (ASL1 Imperiese), Bussana di Sanremo, Imperia, Italy
| | - Eva Sierra
- 2Institute of Animal Health, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - Carla Grattarola
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Erika Molica Colella
- 6Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Goria
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Iulini
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
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Giorda F, Romani-Cremaschi U, Marsh AE, Grattarola C, Iulini B, Pautasso A, Varello K, Berio E, Gazzuola P, Marsili L, Di Francesco CE, Goria M, Verna F, Audino T, Peletto S, Caramelli M, Fernández-Escobar M, Sierra E, Fernández A, Calero-Bernal R, Casalone C. Evidence for Unknown Sarcocystis-Like Infection in Stranded Striped Dolphins ( Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Ligurian Sea, Italy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051201. [PMID: 33922074 PMCID: PMC8143450 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Two stranded striped dolphins presented meningoenchepalitic lesions associated with the presence of unknown protozoan tissue cysts. The present study aimed at fully characterizing these previously undescribed parasites. Light microscopy re-examination of affected CNS areas showed high numbers of tissue cysts with morphological features resembling those of Sarcocystis species. Tissue cyst bradyzoites positively stained when labeled with polyclonal antisera but cross-reactivity could not be precluded. Sarcocystis sp. sequences with high homology to species infecting livestock were amplified by means of PCR from myocardial and muscle tissues. This is the first report of Sarcocystis-like tissue cysts in the cerebral tissue of stranded cetaceans with muscular sarcocystosis in Mediterranean dolphins. The obtained results may suggest a land-to-sea cycling of Apicomplexan parasites in this region and the need for further investigations in order to foster marine mammal conservation. Abstract Two striped dolphins (SD1, SD2), stranded along the Ligurian coast of Italy, were diagnosed with a nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis associated with previously undescribed protozoan tissue cysts. As tissue cysts were morphologically different from those of Toxoplasma gondii, additional histopathological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and biomolecular investigations were performed, aiming to fully characterize the organism. Histopathology revealed the presence of large Sarcocystis-like tissue cysts, associated with limited inflammatory lesions in all CNS areas studied. IHC was inconclusive, as positive staining with polyclonal antisera did not preclude cross-reaction with other Sarcocystidae coccidia. Applied to each animal, 11 different PCR protocols precluded a neural infection by Sarcocystis neurona, Sarcocystis falcatula, Hammondia hammondi, and Neospora caninum. T. gondii coinfection was confirmed only in dolphin SD2. Sarcocystis sp. sequences, showing the highest homology to species infecting the Bovidae family, were amplified from SD1 myocardium and SD2 skeletal muscle. The present study represents the first report of Sarcocystis-like tissue cysts in the brain of stranded cetaceans along with the first description of Sarcocystis sp. infection in muscle tissue of dolphins from the Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giorda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Canary Islands, Spain; (E.S.); (A.F.)
| | | | - Antoinette E. Marsh
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Carla Grattarola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandra Pautasso
- Department of Prevention, Local Veterinary Services (ASL1 Imperiese), Via Aurelia Ponente 97, Bussana di Sanremo, 18038 Imperia, Italy;
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Enrica Berio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Gazzuola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Letizia Marsili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Cristina E. Di Francesco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Strada Provinciale 18 Località Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Goria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Federica Verna
- Department of Prevention, Local Veterinary Services, Via Conte Verde 125, 35040 Asti, Italy;
| | - Tania Audino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Caramelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Mercedes Fernández-Escobar
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-E.); (R.C.-B.)
| | - Eva Sierra
- Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Canary Islands, Spain; (E.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Canary Islands, Spain; (E.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-E.); (R.C.-B.)
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.G.); (C.G.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (E.B.); (P.G.); (M.G.); (T.A.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Divari S, De Lucia F, Berio E, Sereno A, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. Dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment in beef cattle: influence on glycogen deposition and gene expression in the liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106444. [PMID: 32199239 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The illegal administration of glucocorticoids in livestock is problematic and identification of pathways in which these hormones are involved is critically important, and new direct or indirect biomarkers should be identified. In this work, glucocorticoid transcriptional effects on some genes involved in the glucose metabolism were studied in the bovine liver. This study was conducted on adult Charolais male cattle treated with long-term low dose dexamethasone or prednisolone. Gene expression analysis was conducted in the liver by qPCR, and the geNorm algorithm was applied to select optimal reference genes. In line with the literature, a significant overexpression of genes involved in the gluconeogenic pathway and glycogen synthesis was detected in the liver of dexamethasone-treated animals, but histological and biochemical examination showed hepatocyte glycogen depletion particularly in dexamethasone-treated animals. It possible to hypothesize that glucocorticoids or adrenal insufficiency due to glucocorticoids withdrawal inhibit the enzymatic activity of glycogen synthase and/or induce glycogen autophagy in bovine liver. In fact, markers of glycophagy as starch-binding domain-containing protein 1 and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 mRNAs were upregulated in the liver by glucocorticoids treatment. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta gene was significantly overexpressed in dexamethasone-treated animals, and this protein is also implicated in liver autophagy modulation and glycogen synthesis inhibition. These results showed that glucocorticoids likley have dual roles in hepatic glycogen metabolism of cattle, and investigation of these pathways could help find treatment biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Divari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
| | - F De Lucia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - E Berio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Sereno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - B Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - F T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Cilia G, Bertelloni F, Mignone W, Spina S, Berio E, Razzuoli E, Vencia W, Franco V, Cecchi F, Bogi S, Turchi B, Cerri D, Fratini F. Molecular detection of Leptospira spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in Liguria region (Italy). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101410. [PMID: 31874356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging and widespread zoonosis, worldwide distributed, due to a wide variety of wild and domestic animal species able to act as natural or accidental hosts. During last years, in Europe, as in Italy, wild boar (Sus scrofa) population is increased. This animal represents a reservoir for different etiological agents, such as Leptospira. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the prevalence of Leptospira spp. in wild boar hunted in Liguria region (Italy) during two-year hunting seasons. From 611 hunted wild boar, kidneys were collected. DNA was extracted from each organ and different targets were used to detect pathogenic (lipL32 gene), intermediate (16S rRNA gene) and saprophytic (23S rRNA gene) Leptospira by Taqman-based RealTime-PCR assays. Overall, kidneys were sampled from 282 adults, 155 sub-adults and 174 young wild boar (in total 314 males and 298 females). By RealTime PCR 77 kidneys were positive and, among these, 74 resulted positive for pathogenic (96.10%) and 3 (3.90%) for intermediate Leptospira. No significant differences in pathogenic Leptospira infection ratio were detected between male (11.50%) and female (12.75%). Only 13 sub-adult animals (8.39%) resulted infected by pathogenic Leptospira; 23 young animals (13.22%) and 38 adult animals (13.47%) were positive. The results of this study confirmed the importance of wild boar in the epidemiology of leptospirosis, which is able to infect other animal species (domestic and wild) including humans. Rarely, intermediate Leptospira could be able to infect wild boar with a renal localization that can contribute to their shedding and circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy
| | - Walter Mignone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Sezione di Imperia, Imperia, Italy
| | - Simona Spina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Sezione di Imperia, Imperia, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Sezione di Imperia, Imperia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Walter Vencia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Franco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Cecchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy
| | - Samantha Bogi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, Italy
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Ballardini M, Ferretti S, Chiaranz G, Pautasso A, Riina MV, Triglia G, Verna F, Bellavia V, Radaelli MC, Berio E, Accorsi A, De Camilli M, Cardellino U, Fiorino N, Acutis PL, Casalone C, Mignone W. First report of the invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and of its establishment in Liguria, northwest Italy. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:334. [PMID: 31277680 PMCID: PMC6610922 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive mosquito species (IMS) of the genus Aedes are a cause of increasing concern in Europe owing to their ability to vector important human viral diseases. Entomological surveillance to early detect alien mosquito and flavivirus circulation in Liguria, northwest Italy, has been carried out since 2011. RESULTS The invasive species Aedes koreicus was first detected in Genoa in September 2015, when a male specimen was caught near the international airport; species identity was confirmed by genetic analysis. Over the next three years, 86 more adult specimens were trapped at sites throughout the city, accounting for 0.50% of all mosquitoes and 1.04% of Aedes sp. mosquitoes trapped in Genova in the four-year period 2015-2018. So far, no other monitored sites in Liguria have revealed the presence of this species. Ovitraps at two sites became positive for the species in July-August 2017. All female Ae. koreicus pools analysed were negative in biomolecular assays for Flavivirus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of Ae. koreicus in Genoa constitute, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the species in northwest Italy and in a Mediterranean port city. The species appears to be established; trapping and climatic data support survival of Ae. koreicus in the area through three consecutive winters. Monitoring of adult mosquitoes detected the species two years before its discovery with ovitraps; trapping for adult specimens appears to be a more effective tool for the early detection of IMS. The airport (located near the commercial port area) and the flower market are the most probable sites of introduction; however, the exact time and place of arrival of this IMS in Liguria remain unknown. Based on morphological and genetic data, a common origin for most of the Ae. koreicus populations established in Europe is suspected. So far, no control measures have been adopted in Genoa and the species will probably colonize an even wider area in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ballardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle dʼAosta (IZSPLV), Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Pautasso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle dʼAosta (IZSPLV), Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Riina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle dʼAosta (IZSPLV), Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Triglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Imperia, Italy
| | - Federica Verna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle dʼAosta (IZSPLV), Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Bellavia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle dʼAosta (IZSPLV), Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Radaelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle dʼAosta (IZSPLV), Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Imperia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Accorsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Imperia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle dʼAosta (IZSPLV), Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle dʼAosta (IZSPLV), Turin, Italy
| | - Walter Mignone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Imperia, Italy
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7
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Scaglione FE, Biolatti C, Pregel P, Berio E, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Bollo E. A survey on zoo mortality over a 12-year period in Italy. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6198. [PMID: 30755824 PMCID: PMC6368840 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoo is a unique environment in which to study animals. Zoos have a long history of research into aspects of animal biology, even if this was not the primary purpose for which they were established. The data collected from zoo animals can have a great biological relevance and it can tell us more about what these animals are like outside the captive environment. In order to ensure the health of all captive animals, it is important to perform a post-mortem examination on all the animals that die in captivity. Methods The causes of mortality of two hundred and eighty two mammals which died between 2004 and 2015 in three different Italian zoos (a Biopark, a Safari Park and a private conservation center) have been investigated. Results Post mortem findings have been evaluated reporting the cause of death, zoo type, year and animal category. The animals frequently died from infectious diseases, in particular the causes of death in ruminants were mostly related to gastro-intestinal pathologies. pulmonary diseases were also very common in each of the zoos in the study. Moreover, death was sometimes attributable to traumas, as a result of fighting between conspecifics or during mating. Cases of genetic diseases and malformations have also been registered. Discussion This research was a confirmation of how conservation, histology and pathology are all connected through individual animals. These areas of expertise are extremely important to ensure the survival of rare and endangered species and to learn more about their morphological and physiological conditions. They are also useful to control pathologies, parasites and illnesses that can have a great impact on the species in captivity. Finally, this study underlines the importance of a close collaboration between veterinarians, zoo biologists and pathologists. Necropsy findings can help conservationists to determine how to support wild animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paola Pregel
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | | | - Enrico Bollo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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8
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Divari S, Biolatti B, De Lucia F, Sereno A, Berio E, Cannizzo F. Glucocorticoid treatment affects liver glycogen deposition and gene expression in beef cattle. J Comp Pathol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Cannizzo FT, Cucuzza LS, Divari S, Berio E, Scaglione FE, Biolatti B. Gene expression profile associated with thymus regeneration in dexamethasone-treated beef cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:101-108. [PMID: 30099262 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are illegally used as growth promoters in cattle, and the analytical methods officially applied most likely underestimate the precise frequency of the abuse. As a side effect, the administration of GCs causes fat infiltration, apoptosis, and atrophy of the thymus. However, gross and histological observations carried out previously showed that the thymus preserves an intrinsic ability to regenerate. The aim of this work was to study the transcriptional effects of GCs on genes likely involved in regeneration of the epithelial cell network in the cervical and thoracic thymus of beef cattle treated with dexamethasone (DEX) or prednisolone (PRD) in comparison with a control group. Moreover, the ratio of bax/bcl2 genes was examined to verify a possible antiapoptotic activity occurring at the same time. In the cervical thymus, DEX administration increased the gene expression of c-myc (P < 0.01), tcf3 (P < 0.05), tp63 (P < 0.01), and keratin 5 (krt5; P < 0.01). In the thoracic thymus of DEX-treated cattle, the gene expression of tcf3 (P < 0.01), tp63 (P < 0.01), and krt5 (P < 0.05) was increased. These results suggested that thymic regeneration is underway in the DEX-treated animals. However, the bax/bcl2 ratio was decreased in both cervical and thoracic thymus of DEX-treated cattle (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), showing an antiapoptotic effect through the mitochondrial pathway. Conversely, PRD administration caused no change in the expression of all considered genes. These results sustain the hypothesis that regeneration occurs in the thymus parenchyma 6 d after the DEX treatment was discontinued. This hypothesis is also supported by the absence of alterations in the thymus of PRD-treated beef cattle. Indeed, previous studies showed the inability of PRD to induce macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the thymus. Therefore, in this context, it is not surprising that PRD induced no alteration of genes involved in the regeneration pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca T Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Starvaggi Cucuzza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy.
| | - Sara Divari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Frine E Scaglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
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10
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Daughtry MR, Berio E, Shen Z, Suess EJR, Shah N, Geiger AE, Berguson ER, Dalloul RA, Persia ME, Shi H, Gerrard DE. Satellite cell-mediated breast muscle regeneration decreases with broiler size. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3457-3464. [PMID: 28521021 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) reside between the sarcolemma and basal lamina of muscle fibers and are the primary contributor of DNA for post-hatch muscle growth and repair. Alterations in SC content or properties by intrinsic and extrinsic factors can have detrimental effects on muscle health and function, and ultimately meat quality. We hypothesized that disrupted SC homeostasis may account in part for the increased breast myopathies observed in growing broilers. To test this hypothesis, we selected broilers with different body weights at comparable ages and studied SC characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Data shows that SC numbers in the breast muscles decrease (P < 0.001) and their inherent abilities to proliferate and differentiate diminish (P < 0.001) with age and size. Further, when breast muscle is presented with an insult, muscle of larger broilers regenerates more slowly than their smaller, age-matched counterparts arguing that SC quality changes with size and age. Together, our studies show that birds with greater muscle hypertrophy have less SCs with diminished ability to function, and suggest that aggressive selection for breast growth in broilers may exhaust SC pools when birds are grown to heavier processing weights. These findings provide new insights into a possible mechanism leading to breast myopathies in the poultry industry and provide targets for mitigating adverse fresh breast quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Daughtry
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - E Berio
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Z Shen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - E J R Suess
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - N Shah
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - A E Geiger
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - E R Berguson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - R A Dalloul
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - M E Persia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - H Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - D E Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA.
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Divari S, Berio E, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. Reference Gene Selection and Prednisolone Target Gene Expression in Adipose Tissues of Friesian Cattle. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:11140-11145. [PMID: 29179546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are frequently used in livestock production, and their use is permitted by the European Union for therapeutic purposes only. However, small doses of corticosteroids are often administered in meat-producing animals to improve zootechnical performance. Prednisolone is one of the most commonly used corticosteroids with a growth-promoting purpose in animal husbandry. This study proposes to identify a gene whose expression is significantly regulated by prednisolone in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. The analysis was conducted on Friesian cattle treated with prednisolone (30 mg day-1). The reference gene expression stability and optimal number for gene expression normalization were calculated. Family with sequence similarity 107 member A (FAM107A) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 are the prednisolone target genes identified in adipose tissue. FAM107A was downregulated by ∼2.9-fold by prednisolone in subcutaneous adipose tissue. This result suggests that FAM107A could be a possible indirect biomarker of prednisolone treatment in cattle and encourages a deeper investigation in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Tiziana Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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12
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Berio E, Divari S, Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. 17 β-estradiol upregulates oxytocin and the oxytocin receptor in C2C12 myotubes. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3124. [PMID: 28382233 PMCID: PMC5376115 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The endocrinology of skeletal muscle is highly complex and many issues about hormone action in skeletal muscle are still unresolved. Aim of the work is to improve our knowledge on the relationship between skeletal muscle and 17β-estradiol. Methods The skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 was treated with 17β-estradiol, the oxytocin peptide and a combination of the two hormones. The mRNA levels of myogenic regulatory factors, myosin heavy chain, oxytocin, oxytocin receptor and adipogenic factors were analysed in C2C12 myotubes. Results It was demonstrated that C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes express oxytocin and its receptor, in particular the receptor levels physiologically increase in differentiated myotubes. Myotubes treated with 17β-estradiol overexpressed oxytocin and oxytocin receptor genes by approximately 3- and 29-fold, respectively. A decrease in the expression of fatty acid binding protein 4 (0.62-fold), a fat metabolism-associated gene, was observed in oxytocin-treated myotubes. On the contrary, fatty acid binding protein 4 was upregulated (2.66-fold) after the administration of the combination of 17β-estradiol and oxytocin. 17β-estradiol regulates oxytocin and its receptor in skeletal muscle cells and they act in a synergic way on fatty acid metabolism. Discussion Oxytocin and its receptor are physiologically regulated along differentiation. 17β-estradiol regulates oxytocin and its receptor in skeletal muscle cells. 17β-estradiol and oxytocin act in a synergic way on fatty acid metabolism. A better understanding of the regulation of skeletal muscle homeostasis by estrogens and oxytocin peptide could contribute to increase our knowledge of muscle and its metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Berio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Grugliasco , Torino , Italy
| | - Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Grugliasco , Torino , Italy
| | | | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Grugliasco , Torino , Italy
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Berio E, Divari S, Pregel P, Bollo E, Biolatti B, Cannizzo F. 17 Beta-Oestradiol Regulates Oxytocin Pre-propeptide mRNA Expression in Cultured Bovine Satellite Cell-derived Myotubes. J Comp Pathol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Divari S, Berio E, Pregel P, Sereno A, Chiesa L, Pavlovic R, Panseri S, Bovee TFH, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. Effects and detection of Nandrosol and ractopamine administration in veal calves. Food Chem 2016; 221:706-713. [PMID: 27979262 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes different effects of the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) nandrolone phenylpropionate (Nandrosol) and the β-agonist ractopamine administration in veal calves, and it investigates different strategies applied to trace these molecules. Morphological changes of gonads and accessory glands attributed to androgen effects, such as testicular atrophy, seminiferous tubule diameter reduction and hyperplasia of prostate epithelium, were detected, although SARMs are not described to cause these lesions. The gene expression analysis showed an anabolic activity of Nandrosol in Longissimus dorsi muscle, where myosin heavy chain (MYH) was significantly up-regulated. An IGF1 increase was weakly significant only in Vastus lateralis muscle. In conclusion, the anatomo-histopathological observations and the MYH mRNA up-regulation in Longissimus dorsi muscle confirm the androgenic treatment in experimental animals. The biosensor assay was not enough sensitive to detect residues in urines and only the direct chemical analysis of urine samples confirmed both β-agonist and SARM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy.
| | - Enrica Berio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Paola Pregel
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Alessandra Sereno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Luca Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Francesca T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
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Riondato F, Miniscalco B, Berio E, Lepri E, Rossi S, Bottero E. Diagnosis of canine gastric adenocarcinoma using squash preparation cytology. Vet J 2014; 201:390-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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