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Wang H, Fu J, Wu X, Wang Y, Li W, Huang Y, Zhong J, Peng Z. Effects of Dietary Protein Level and Rumen-Protected Methionine and Lysine on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Serum Indexes for Yaks. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1751. [PMID: 38929369 PMCID: PMC11201000 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the dietary protein level and rumen-protected methionine and lysine (RPML) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and serum indexes of yaks. Thirty-six male yaks were randomly assigned to a two by three factorial experiment with two protein levels, 15.05% and 16.51%, and three RPML levels: 0% RPML; 0.05% RPMet and 0.15% RPLys; and 0.1% RPMet and 0.3% RPLys. The trial lasted for sixty days. The results showed that the low-protein diet increased the DMI and feed conversion ratio of yaks. The diet supplemented with RPML increased the activities of IGF1 and INS and nutrient digestibility. The high-protein diet decreased the rumen butyrate concentration and increased the rumen isovalerate concentration. The low-protein diet supplemented with RPML increased the rumen pH and the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, butyrate and NH3-N; the high-protein diet supplemented with a high level of RPML decreased the rumen pH and the concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, propionate and NH3-N. The low-protein diet supplemented with RPML increased the total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with the concentrations of malondialdehyde and amino acids such as aspartic acid, lysine, cysteine, etc. In conclusion, a low-protein diet supplemented with RPML is beneficial for rumen and body health, physiological response, and metabolic status in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.W.); (J.F.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianhui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.W.); (J.F.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.W.); (J.F.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanling Huang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jincheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.W.); (J.F.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongli Peng
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
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Liu X, Yang Z, Yang J, Wang D, Niu J, Bai B, Sun W, Ma S, Cheng Y, Hao L. A Comparative Study of Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Rumen Fermentation, and Ruminal and Fecal Bacterial Structure between Yaks and Cattle Raised under High Concentrate Feeding Conditions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2399. [PMID: 37894057 PMCID: PMC10609059 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, rumen fermentation parameters, rumen bacterial structure, and fecal bacterial structure of cattle and yaks fed for two months and given a feed containing concentrate of a roughage ratio of 7:3 on a dry matter basis. Compared with cattle, yak showed better growth performance. The serum biochemical results showed that the albumin/globulin ratio in yak serum was significantly higher than that in cattle. Aspartate aminotransferase, indirect bilirubin, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total cholesterol were significantly lower in yaks than in cattle. The rumen pH, acetate to propionate ratio, and acetate were lower in yaks than in cattle, whereas the lactate in yaks was higher than in cattle. There were significant differences in the structure of ruminal as well as fecal bacteria between cattle and yaks. The prediction of rumen bacterial function showed that there was a metabolic difference between cattle and yaks. In general, the metabolic pathway of cattle was mainly riched in a de novo synthesis of nucleotides, whereas that of yaks was mainly riched in the metabolic utilization of nutrients. This study provides a basis for understanding a rumen ecology under the condition of a high concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.N.); (B.B.); (W.S.); (S.M.)
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Zhanming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.N.); (B.B.); (W.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Jinfen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.N.); (B.B.); (W.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Jianzhang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.N.); (B.B.); (W.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Binqiang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.N.); (B.B.); (W.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Wu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.N.); (B.B.); (W.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Shike Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.N.); (B.B.); (W.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lizhuang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.); (J.Y.); (J.N.); (B.B.); (W.S.); (S.M.)
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Zhu Y, Sun G, Luosang-dunzhu, Li X, Luosang-zhaxi, Suolang-zhaxi, Suolang, Ciyang, Cidan-yangji, Basang-wangdui, Pan F, Peng Q. High energy level diet improves the growth performance and rumen fermentation of yaks in cold weather. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1212422. [PMID: 37546339 PMCID: PMC10402921 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1212422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, no research has been done on energy requirements for yaks in Tibetan cold weather. The findings of the current study provide proper energy requirements for yaks would facilitate scientific feeding of fattening yaks in cold weather. The metabolomics and 16s rRNA sequencing technologies were used to explore the underlying mechanism that affects the growth performance of yaks fed with different energy levels of diet in cold weather. Three groups of yaks (141.7 ± 3.34 kg) were fed with diets containing metabolizable energy 7.20, 7.89, and 8.58 MJ/kg DM (dry matter) and named the low-, medium-, and high-energy groups, respectively. The results showed that the average daily feed intake of the high-energy group was higher than that of the low-energy group (p = 0.006). Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.004), alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.001), and interferon-γ (p < 0.001) in the high-energy group were lower than in the low-energy group. In contrast, superoxide dismutase (p < 0.001), immunoglobulin G (p < 0.001), and interleukin 2 (p = 0.002) were higher than the low-energy group. The rumen microbial protein (p = 0.025), total volatile fatty acids (p = 0.029), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.050) in the high-energy group were higher than in the low-energy group, whereas the acetate: propionate ratio (p = 0.001) and ammonium nitrogen (p = 0.001) were lower than in the low-energy group. The plasma metabolomics results displayed that yaks fed with a high-energy diet augmented the metabolism of arginine, proline, purine, taste transduction, pyrimidine, and glutathione pathways. The relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter in the high-energy group was lower (p < 0.001), whereas the relative abundance of Methanosphaera (p < 0.001) was higher than in the low-energy group. The results of the current study suggest that a high-energy diet in growing yaks during the cold season can improve growth performance, rumen microbial protein synthesis, antioxidants, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Guangming Sun
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Luosang-dunzhu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Xin Li
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Luosang-zhaxi
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Suolang-zhaxi
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Suolang
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Ciyang
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Cidan-yangji
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Basang-wangdui
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Bovine Low-Carbon Farming and Safety Production, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Bovine Low-Carbon Farming and Safety Production, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Effects of Different Dietary Protein Level on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Plasma Metabolomics Profile of Growing Yak in the Cold Season. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030367. [PMID: 36766256 PMCID: PMC9913104 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment was aimed to compare the effects of two diets with different protein content on the growth performance, immune indexes, rumen fermentation characteristics and plasma metabolomics of growing yak in the cold season. A total of 24, 2-year-old healthy yaks with similar body weight (142.9 ± 3.56 kg) were randomly allocated to two isoenergetic diets with different protein content (10 vs 14%) according to a non-paired experimental design, and the protein of the diets was increased by increasing soybean meal, rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal. The growth performance experiment lasted 56 days. Four days before the end of the growth experiment, the digestion trial was conducted, and the rumen fluid and plasma was collected for measurement. The results showed that the average daily feed intake (p < 0.001) and average daily gain (p = 0.006) of yak fed a high-protein diet was significantly greater, while the feed conversion ratio was lower (p = 0.021) than that of yaks fed a low-protein diet. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.002), alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.001), malondialdehyde (p = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor-α (p = 0.032) and interferon-γ (p = 0.017) of the high-protein group were significantly lesser, whereas superoxide dismutase (p = 0.004) and interleukin-2 (p = 0.007) was significantly greater than that of the low-protein group. The rumen microbial crude protein (p < 0.047) and crude protein digestibility (p = 0.015) of yak fed a high-protein diet was significantly greater than that of the low-protein group. The metabolomics results showed that yaks fed a high-protein diet were elevated in protein digestion and absorption, arginine and proline metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, purine metabolism, butanoate metabolism, taste transduction, pyrimidine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism and renin secretion pathways. It is concluded that a high-protein diet in the cold season can promote rumen microbial crude protein synthesis, enhance antioxidant and immune function and promote growth performance of yaks.
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Fan X, Xie Z, Cheng Q, Li M, Long J, Lei Y, Jia Y, Chen Y, Chen C, Wang Z. Fermentation quality, bacterial community, and predicted functional profiles in silage prepared with alfalfa, perennial ryegrass and their mixture in the karst region. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1062515. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1062515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information regarding the dynamics of fermentation products and the bacterial community in silage prepared with alfalfa (MS), perennial ryegrass (LP), and their mixture in the karst region. In this study, we explored the effects of combining MS with LP in different ratios (100% MS, 70% MS + 30% LP, 50% MS + 50% LP, 30% MS + 70% LP and 100% LP; fresh matter basis) on silage chemical composition, fermentation quality, bacterial communities and predicted functions during the ensiling process. Each treatment was prepared in triplicate and stored at room temperature (22–25°C) for 7, 15, and 45 days. The dry matter (DM) and water-soluble carbohydrate content of the silages increased as the LP proportion in the mixed silage increased; at 45 days, the 70% MS + 30% LP, 50% MS + 50% LP and 30% MS + 70% LP silages contained higher (p < 0.05) CP content than the 100% MS and 100% LP silages. The 30% MS + 70% LP and 100% LP silages exhibited lower (p < 0.05) pH and higher (p < 0.05) LA content than the other silages; at 45 days, none of the silages contained PA or BA. As fermentation proceeded, the abundance of harmful (Enterobacteriaceae and Sphingomonas) and beneficial (Lentilactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Secundilactobacillus, and Levilactobacillus) microorganisms decreased and increased, respectively, as the LP proportion in the mixed silage increased. The predicted functional distribution of microbial communities and metabolic pathways revealed that the 30% MS + 70% LP and 100% LP silages had a stronger capacity for fermentation and a weaker capacity for nitrate reduction than the other silages. Moreover, as the fermentation proceeded, the 30% MS + 70% LP and 100% LP treatments enhanced the functions of “Metabolism,” “Genetic information processing” and “Organismal systems” at level 1, the functions of “Amino acid metabolism” and “Nucleotide metabolism” at level 2, and the functions of “Metabolic pathways,” “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,” “Biosynthesis of antibiotics” and “Purine metabolism” at level 3. Thus, adding LP could improve the fermentation quality of MS silage by changing the composition and metabolic function of microbes; furthermore, ensiling 30% alfalfa with 70% ryegrass can produce high-quality silage in the karst region.
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Liu X, Gao J, Liu S, Cheng Y, Hao L, Liu S, Zhu W. The uniqueness and superiority of energy utilization in yaks compared with cattle in the highlands: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:138-144. [PMID: 36683881 PMCID: PMC9841238 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Yaks living on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for a long time have evolved a series of mechanisms to adapt to the unique geographical environment and climate characteristics of the plateau. Compared with other ruminants, yaks have higher energy utilization and metabolic efficiency. This paper presents possible mechanisms responsible for the efficient energy utilization, absorption and metabolism resulting from the unique evolutionary process of yaks. It is hoped that the information discussed in this review will give a better insight into the uniqueness and superiority of yaks in regards to energy metabolism and utilization compared with cattle and open new avenues for the targeted regulation of energy utilization pathways of other ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suozhu Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Lizhuang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Shujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 9:249-258. [PMID: 35600551 PMCID: PMC9092367 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The yak (Bos grunniens), an indigenous herbivore raised at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m above sea level, is closely linked to more than 40 ethnic communities and plays a vital role in the ecological stability, livelihood security, socio-economic development, and ethnic cultural traditions in the Asian highlands. They provide the highlanders with meat, milk, fibres, leather and dung (fuel). They are also used as pack animals to transport goods, for travel and ploughing, and are important in many religious and traditional ceremonies. The Asian highlands are known for an extremely, harsh environment, namely low air temperature and oxygen content and high ultraviolet light and winds. Pasture availability fluctuates greatly, with sparse pasture of poor quality over the long seven-month cold winter. After long-term natural and artificial selections, yaks have adapted excellently to the harsh conditions: 1) by genomics, with positively selected genes involved in hypoxia response and energy metabolism; 2) anatomically, including a short tongue with a weak sense of taste, and large lung and heart; 3) physiologically, by insensitivity to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, maintaining foetal haemoglobin throughout life, and low heart rate and heat production in the cold season; 4) behaviourlly, by efficient grazing and selecting forbs with high nutritional contents; 5) by low nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance and low methane emission and nitrogen excretion, namely, ‘Low-Carbon’ and ‘Nitrogen-Saving’ traits; 6) by harboring unique rumen microbiota with a distinct maturation pattern, that has co-evolved with host metabolism. This review aims to provide an overview of the comprehensive adaptive strategies of the yak to the severe conditions of the highlands. A better understanding of these strategies that yaks employ to adapt to the harsh environment could be used in improving their production, breeding and management, and gaining benefits in ecosystem service and a more resilient livelihood to climate change in the Asian highlands.
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Liu H, Yang G, Degen A, Ji K, Jiao D, Liang Y, Xiao L, Long R, Zhou J. Effect of feed level and supplementary rumen protected lysine and methionine on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in growing Tan lambs fed low protein diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang C, Tsedan G, Liu Y, Hou F. Shrub coverage alters the rumen bacterial community of yaks ( Bos grunniens) grazing in alpine meadows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:504-520. [PMID: 32803183 PMCID: PMC7416157 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.4.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of shrubs at the expense of native forage in pastures has been
associated with large changes in dry-matter intake and dietary components for
grazing ruminants. These changes can also affect the animals’ physiology
and metabolism. However, little information is available concerning the effect
of pastoral-shrub grazing on the rumen bacterial community. To explore rumen
bacteria composition in grazing yaks and the response of rumen bacteria to
increasing shrub coverage in alpine meadows, 48 yak steers were randomly
assigned to four pastures with shrub coverage of 0%, 5.4%, 11.3%, and 20.1%
(referred as control, low, middle, and high, respectively), and ruminal fluid
was collected from four yaks from each pasture group after 85 days. Rumen
fermentation products were measured and microbiota composition determined using
Ion S5TM XL sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Principal coordinates
analysis (PCoA) and similarity analysis indicated that the degree of shrub
coverage correlated with altered rumen bacterial composition of yaks grazing in
alpine shrub meadows. At the phyla level, the relative abundance of
Firmicutes in rumen increased with increasing shrub
coverage, whereas the proportions of Bacteroidetes,
Cyanobacteria and Verrucomicrobia
decreased. Yaks grazing in the high shrub-coverage pasture had decreased species
of the genus Prevotellaceae UCG-001,
Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group,
Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group,
Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group and
Fretibacterium, but increased species of
Christensenellaceae R-7 group,
Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group,
Ruminococcus 1, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002,
Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and
Lachnospiraceae UCG-008. These variations can enhance the
animals’ utilization efficiencies of cellulose and hemicellulose from
native forage. Meanwhile, yaks grazed in the high shrub-coverage pasture had
increased concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and
branched-chain volatile fatty acids (isobutyrate and isovalerate) in rumen
compared with yaks grazing in the pasture without shrubs. These results indicate
that yaks grazing in a high shrub-coverage pasture may have improved dietary
energy utilization and enhanced resistance to cold stress during the winter. Our
findings provide evidence for the influence of shrub coverage on the rumen
bacterial community of yaks grazing in alpine meadows as well as insights into
the sustainable production of grazing yaks on lands with increasing shrub
coverage on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Guru Tsedan
- Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Maqu County, Gannan 743000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
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Shi F, Guo N, Degen A, Niu J, Wei H, Jing X, Ding L, Shang Z, Long R. Effects of level of feed intake and season on digestibility of dietary components, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiota in yaks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shi F, Wang H, Degen AA, Zhou J, Guo N, Mudassar S, Long R. Rumen parameters of yaks (Bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (Bos taurus) grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:969-976. [PMID: 30985029 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Yaks and indigenous Qaidam cattle and cattle-yak crosses (C × Y) graze on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) throughout the year, but yaks are raised at higher elevations than cattle. Yaks do not receive supplementary feed whereas cattle require supplementary feed during harsh winter. We hypothesized that yaks would cope with the severe conditions of the QTP better than cattle and utilize the pasture more efficiently. We also hypothesized that differences between species would be pronounced in winter, when conditions are particularly harsh. To test these hypotheses, seasonal rumen fluid parameters of yaks, C × Y and cattle (n = 3 for each) were examined. Rumen fluid was collected in summer and winter from each genotype 2, 5 and 12 hr after a day of grazing. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle in summer (p < 0.05), while propionate concentration was lower in yaks than in cattle in winter (p < 0.05). Concentrations of ammonia and urea were greater (p < 0.001) in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.001) in summer, whereas, concentrations of free amino acids (AA) were greater in cattle than in yaks in summer and winter (p < 0.001). Concentrations of total VFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate decreased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate increased linearly for yak and C × Y with sampling time (p < 0.05) in summer. In summer, concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.05). In conclusion, rumen fermentation characteristics of yaks showed that they coped better than cattle or C × Y in the harsh climate as we hypothesized. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, this emerged only in summer, when pasture was plentiful and not in winter, when pasture was scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hucheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Abraham Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Guo
- School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shah Mudassar
- School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Long
- School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Zhou JW, Zhong CL, Liu H, Degen AA, Titgemeyer EC, Ding LM, Shang ZH, Guo XS, Qiu Q, Li ZP, Yang G, Long RJ. Comparison of nitrogen utilization and urea kinetics between yaks ( Bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle ( Bos taurus). J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4600-4612. [PMID: 29108052 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under traditional management on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, yaks () graze only on natural pasture without supplements and are forced to cope with sparse forage of low N content, especially in winter. In contrast, indigenous Tibetan yellow cattle () require supplements during the cold season. We hypothesized that, in response to harsh conditions, yaks cope with low N intakes better than cattle. To test this hypothesis, a study of whole-body N retention and urea kinetics was conducted in 2 concurrent 4 × 4 Latin squares, with 1 square using yaks and 1 square using cattle. Four isocaloric forage-concentrate diets differing in N concentrations (10.3, 19.5, 28.5, and 37.6 g N/kg DM) were formulated, and by design, DMI were similar between species and across diets. Urea kinetics were determined with continuous intravenous infusion of NN urea for 104 h, and total urine and feces were concomitantly collected. Urea production, urea recycling to the gut, and ruminal microbial protein synthesis all linearly increased ( < 0.001) with increasing dietary N in both yaks and cattle. Urinary N excretion was less ( = 0.04) and N retention was greater ( = 0.01) in yaks than in cattle. Urea production was greater in yaks than in cattle at the 3 lowest N diets but greater in cattle than in yaks at the highest N diet (species × diet, < 0.02). Urea N recycled to the gut ( < 0.001), recycled urea N captured by ruminal bacteria ( < 0.001), and ruminal microbial protein production ( = 0.05) were greater in yaks than in cattle. No more than 12% of urea recycling was through saliva, with no difference between species ( = 0.61). Glomerular filtration rate was lower ( = 0.05) in yaks than in cattle. The higher urea recycling and greater capture of recycled urea by ruminal microbes in yaks than in cattle suggest that yaks use mechanisms to utilize dietary N more efficiently than cattle, which may partially explain the better survival of yaks than cattle when fed low-N diets.
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13
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Apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, digestive enzymes and urinary purine derivatives in yaks and Qaidam cattle offered forage-concentrate diets differing in nitrogen concentration. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Chen L, Guo G, Yuan XJ, Zhang J, Wen AY, Sun XH, Shao T. Effect of ensiling whole crop oat with lucerne in different ratios on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro
digestibility on the Tibetan plateau. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:e144-e153. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Chen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - G. Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shanxi Agricultural University; Taigu China
| | - X. J. Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - J. Zhang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - A. Y. Wen
- College of Animal Science; Anhui Science and Technology University; Fengyang China
| | - X. H. Sun
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - T. Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
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15
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Tsuruoka K, Kanamaru H, Takahashi H, Gotoh T. Preliminary study of the effects of condensed barley distillers soluble on rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites in Japanese Black cows. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:610-617. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Tsuruoka
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
- Livestock Research Institute; Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center; Takeda Oita Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kanamaru
- Livestock Technology Office, Oita Prefectural Agriculture; Forestry and Fisheries Institute; Oita Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
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