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Zhu Y, Sun G, Luosang-dunzhu, Li X, Luosang-zhaxi, Suolang-zhaxi, Suolang, Ciyang, Cidan-yangji, Basang-wangdui, Pan F, Peng Q. High energy level diet improves the growth performance and rumen fermentation of yaks in cold weather. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1212422. [PMID: 37546339 PMCID: PMC10402921 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1212422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, no research has been done on energy requirements for yaks in Tibetan cold weather. The findings of the current study provide proper energy requirements for yaks would facilitate scientific feeding of fattening yaks in cold weather. The metabolomics and 16s rRNA sequencing technologies were used to explore the underlying mechanism that affects the growth performance of yaks fed with different energy levels of diet in cold weather. Three groups of yaks (141.7 ± 3.34 kg) were fed with diets containing metabolizable energy 7.20, 7.89, and 8.58 MJ/kg DM (dry matter) and named the low-, medium-, and high-energy groups, respectively. The results showed that the average daily feed intake of the high-energy group was higher than that of the low-energy group (p = 0.006). Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.004), alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.001), and interferon-γ (p < 0.001) in the high-energy group were lower than in the low-energy group. In contrast, superoxide dismutase (p < 0.001), immunoglobulin G (p < 0.001), and interleukin 2 (p = 0.002) were higher than the low-energy group. The rumen microbial protein (p = 0.025), total volatile fatty acids (p = 0.029), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.050) in the high-energy group were higher than in the low-energy group, whereas the acetate: propionate ratio (p = 0.001) and ammonium nitrogen (p = 0.001) were lower than in the low-energy group. The plasma metabolomics results displayed that yaks fed with a high-energy diet augmented the metabolism of arginine, proline, purine, taste transduction, pyrimidine, and glutathione pathways. The relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter in the high-energy group was lower (p < 0.001), whereas the relative abundance of Methanosphaera (p < 0.001) was higher than in the low-energy group. The results of the current study suggest that a high-energy diet in growing yaks during the cold season can improve growth performance, rumen microbial protein synthesis, antioxidants, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Guangming Sun
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Luosang-dunzhu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Xin Li
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Luosang-zhaxi
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Suolang-zhaxi
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Suolang
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Ciyang
- Linzhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Lhasa, China
| | - Cidan-yangji
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Basang-wangdui
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Bovine Low-Carbon Farming and Safety Production, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Bovine Low-Carbon Farming and Safety Production, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Du M, Yang C, Liang Z, Zhang J, Yang Y, Ahmad AA, Yan P, Ding X. Dietary Energy Levels Affect Carbohydrate Metabolism-Related Bacteria and Improve Meat Quality in the Longissimus Thoracis Muscle of Yak ( Bos grunniens). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718036. [PMID: 34631849 PMCID: PMC8492897 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of different dietary energy levels on the ruminal bacterial population, selected meat quality indices, and their relationship in yak longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle were assessed in this study. A total of 15 castrated yaks were randomly assigned to three groups with low- (NEg: 5.5 MJ/Kg, LE), medium- (NEg: 6.2 MJ/Kg, ME), and high- (NEg: 6.9 MJ/Kg, HE) dietary energy levels and occurred in the cold season (March to May). All yaks from each treatment group were humanely slaughtered and sampled on the day of completion of their feeding treatment. The results showed that the water content and crude fat levels of the LT muscle were markedly elevated in the HE group (P < 0.05), while the shear force was drastically reduced (P = 0.001). Methionine, aspartic acid, and glycine levels in the LT muscle were higher in the LE group compared with the ME and HE groups (P < 0.05). The glutamic acid level in the ME group was greater in comparison to the LE and HE groups (P < 0.05), while the histidine level in the ME group was higher than that in the HE group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the HE diet significantly elevated (P < 0.05) the abundance of carbohydrate metabolism-associated bacteria including Prevotella_1, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, U29_B03, Ruminiclostridium_6, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013 in the rumen. The results of the Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that the abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_vadinBE97 and uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae showed a significant influence on the indicator of IMF and SF. In conclusion, a high dietary energy level improved the meat quality in the LT muscle of yak mainly by increasing the relative abundance of ruminal amylolytic bacteria to provide substrates for fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Du
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zeyi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yayuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Anum Ali Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Yu C, Yang W, Jiang S, Wang T, Yang Z. Effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.) essential oil administration under three different dietary energy levels on growth performance, nutrient, and energy utilization in broilers. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13496. [PMID: 33511733 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of star anise essential oil (SAO) supplementation in diets with different energy levels on growth performance, nutrient metabolic efficiency of broilers. One hundred and ninety-two Arbor Acres male broiler chicks at 28 days of age were divided into a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement design with three dietary energy levels (13.41, 12.82, 12.23 MJ/kg) and 4 levels of SAO supplementation (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of diet). Dietary supplementation with SAO increased (p < .05) apparent metabolic efficiency of CP, EE, GE, and all of the amino acids except Trp. Significant interactions were noted between energy level and SAO administration for metabolic efficiency of CP, all of the amino acids except Cys. Inclusion of SAO enhanced apparent nutrient metabolic efficiency of broilers in a dose-dependent manner, birds supplemented with 400 mg/kg of SAO in high-energy diets appeared to contain highest nutrient metabolic efficiency, moreover, the metabolic efficiency of nutrients in low-energy diets along with 200 or 400 mg/kg of SAO was similar with that in high-energy diets without SAO, which indicated that the SAO might ameliorate the negative effects of reduced dietary metabolic energy on nutrient utilization in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Yu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weiren Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| | - Shuzhen Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zaibin Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
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Ma J, van Hoeij RJ, Bruckmaier RM, Kok A, Lam TJGM, Kemp B, van Knegsel ATM. Consequences of Transition Treatments on Fertility and Associated Metabolic Status for Dairy Cows in Early Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1100. [PMID: 32630569 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Shortening or omitting the dry period improves energy balance and metabolic status, but reduces milk production and increases the risk of body fattening of cows in the subsequent lactation. Reducing the postpartum dietary energy level in order to match the lower milk yield after 0-d dry period could prevent body fattening. Earlier, reducing postpartum dietary energy level for cows after 0-d dry period reduced days open in the subsequent lactation, which may indicate improved underlying fertility. This study investigated effects of reducing dietary energy level from week 4 postpartum onwards for cows after 0-d dry period on fertility variables and associated metabolic status. Reducing the postpartum dietary energy level in cows with 0-d dry period reduced the interval from calving to onset of luteal activity in cows of parity ≥ 3, compared with a standard dietary energy level or a 30-d dry period. Fewer days open was related to fewer services per conception, fewer days to onset of luteal activity, higher percentage of ovarian cycles of normal length (18–24 d), and improved energy balance in weeks 1–7 of lactation. In conclusion, reducing a postpartum dietary energy level to match lower milk yield after 0-d dry period improved fertility in cows of parity ≥ 3, but not in cows of parity 2. Abstract This study aimed to (1) investigate effects of reducing postpartum dietary energy level for cows after a 0-d dry period (DP) on resumption of ovarian cyclicity and reproductive performance, (2) relate days open with other reproductive measures, and (3) relate onset of luteal activity (OLA) and days open with metabolic status in early lactation. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 transition treatments: no DP and low postpartum dietary energy level from 22 days in milk( DIM )onwards (0-d DP (LOW)) (n = 42), no DP and standard postpartum dietary energy level (0-d DP (STD)) (n = 43), and a short DP and standard postpartum dietary energy level (30-d DP (STD)) (n = 43). Milk progesterone concentration was determined three times per week until 100 DIM. Plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations were measured weekly until week 7 postpartum. Reducing postpartum dietary energy level in older cows (parity ≥ 3) after no DP and 22 DIM did not affect milk production but prevented a positive energy balance and shortened the interval from calving to OLA. In addition, services per pregnancy and days open were reduced in cows of parity ≥ 3 on 0-d DP (LOW), compared with cows of parity ≥ 3 with 0-d DP (STD), but not in cows of parity 2.
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Zhou J, Wang W, Jing X, Degen A, Guo Y, Kang J, Shang Z, Yu Z, Qiu Q, Guo X, Ding L, Yang G, Long R. Effect of dietary energy on digestibilities, rumen fermentation, urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites in Tibetan and small-tailed Han sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:977-987. [PMID: 31021031 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tibetan sheep are indigenous to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, graze the grassland all year round without supplementation and are well-adapted to the harsh conditions. Small-tailed Han sheep were introduced to the plateau and are raised mainly in feedlots. Based on their different backgrounds, we hypothesized that the ability to cope with poor diets would be better in Tibetan than in Han sheep. To test our prediction, we examined the effect of dietary energy on apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation, urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites by using a 4 × 4 Latin square design in each sheep breed. Four diets were formulated to be low in crude protein (~7%) but to differ in metabolizable energy concentration. Average daily gain was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01) and increased linearly with an increase in energy intake (p < 0.001). The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, and neutral and acid detergent fibres were greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was lower (p < 0.05), while volatile fatty acids (VFAs), urea-N, ammonia-N and soluble protein-N concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in Tibetan than in Han sheep. As a molar proportion of total VFA, acetate decreased (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary energy whereas propionate and butyrate increased (p < 0.05). Urinary purine derivative excretion was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01), as was microbial nitrogen production; both parameters increased with dietary energy (p < 0.01). Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased (p < 0.05) as energy level increased, while non-esterified fatty acids and growth hormone decreased (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Tibetan sheep were better able to cope with low-protein, low-energy diets and, consequently, our prediction was supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yamin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingpeng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanhuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhongxiang Yu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Luming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo Yang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang H, Guan W. The response of gene expression associated with intramuscular fat deposition in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Simmental × Yellow breed cattle to different energy levels of diets. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:493-503. [PMID: 30706583 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to estimate dietary energy level on intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition in Simmental × Yellow breed cattle. Results showed that ultimate weight and average daily gain in high and medium energy groups were significantly higher than low-energy group, yet feed conversion ratio was significantly lower. IMF content was significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas longissimus muscle shear force significantly decreased. Serum-free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas growth hormone (GH) significantly decreased. Enzyme activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) significantly diminished. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, adipocyte-fatty acid-binding proteins, ACC, LPL, and FAS gene or protein expression significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas HSL, CPT-1, and GH gene or protein expression significantly decreased. These results indicated that high dietary energy promoting IMF deposition is mainly by downregulating pituitary GH gene expression, decreasing serum GH concentration, increasing lipogenic genes levels of mRNA, enzyme activities and protein expression, and decreasing lipolytic genes levels of mRNA, enzyme activities, and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- College of Life Science and Environmetal Resource, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Weikun Guan
- College of Life Science and Environmetal Resource, Yichun University, Yichun, China
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Yang C, Zhang J, Ahmad AA, Bao P, Guo X, Long R, Ding X, Yan P. Dietary Energy Levels Affect Growth Performance through Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Yak ( Bos grunniens). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E39. [PMID: 30696034 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), as well as gene expression of their associated binding proteins and receptors in yak. Fifteen adult male yaks with BW of 276.1 ± 3.5 kg were allotted in three dietary groups and were fed with low (LE), medium (ME), and high energy (HE) level diet having different NEg of 5.5 MJ/kg, 6.2 MJ/kg, 6.9 MJ/kg, respectively. The effects of these treatments on ADG, BW, ADFI, and feed conversion ratio were significant (p < 0.05) throughout the experimental period. Serum GH concentration decreased (p < 0.05) with an increase in dietary energy level on d 30 and d 60. While IGF-1 concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in ME group, as compared to LE and HE groups on d 60. The expression level of growth hormone receptor (GHR) was decreased (p < 0.001) and IGF-1 was increased with the increase in the dietary energy level. The relative expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) was higher (p < 0.001) in ME and HE groups, except the LE group. In conclusion, our findings provide a first insight into the combined effect of GH and IGF-1 in controlling the metabolism and productivity of yak. It also showed that medium energy level diet contributed to promote growth performance of yak during the cold season.
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van Hoeij RJ, Dijkstra J, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ, Lam TJGM, Remmelink GJ, Kemp B, van Knegsel ATM. The effect of dry period length and postpartum level of concentrate on milk production, energy balance, and plasma metabolites of dairy cows across the dry period and in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5863-5879. [PMID: 28457547 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Shortening or omitting the dry period (DP) improves energy balance (EB) in early lactation because of a reduction in milk yield. Lower milk yield results in lower energy demands and requires less energy intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of DP length and concentrate level postpartum on milk yield, feed intake, EB, and plasma metabolites between wk -4 and 7 relative to calving of cows of second parity or higher. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 123) were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 DP lengths: 0-d DP (n = 81) or 30-d DP (n = 42). Prepartum, cows with a 0-d DP received a lactation ration based on grass silage and corn silage (6.4 MJ of net energy for lactation/kg of dry matter). Cows with a 30-d DP received a dry cow ration based on grass silage, corn silage, and straw (5.4 MJ of net energy for lactation/kg of dry matter). Postpartum, all cows received the same basal lactation ration as provided to lactating cows prepartum. Cows with a 0-d DP were fed a low level of concentrate up to 6.7 kg/d based on the requirement for their expected milk yield (0-d DP-L; n = 40) or the standard level of concentrate up to 8.5 kg/d (0-d DP-S; n = 41), which was equal to the concentrate level for cows with a 30-d DP (30-d DP-S; n = 42) based on requirements for their expected milk yield. Prepartum dry matter intake, concentrate intake, basal ration intake, energy intake, plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and insulin concentrations were greater and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose concentrations were lower, but EB was not different in cows with a 0-d DP compared with cows with a 30-d DP. During wk 1 to 3 postpartum, milk fat yield and plasma BHB concentration were lower and dry matter intake and concentrate intake were greater in cows with a 0-d DP compared with cows with a 30-d DP. During wk 4 to 7 postpartum, fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM), lactose content, and lactose and fat yield were lower in 0-d DP-L or 0-d DP-S cows compared with 30-d DP-S cows. Basal ration intake, EB, body weight, plasma glucose, and insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations were greater and plasma FFA and BHB concentrations were lower in 0-d DP-L and 0-d DP-S cows compared with 30-d DP-S cows. Concentrate and energy intake were lower in 0-d DP-L cows than in 0-d DP-S or 30-d DP-S cows. Milk yield and concentrations of plasma metabolites did not differ in wk 4 to 7, although EB was lower in wk 6 and 7 postpartum in 0-d DP-L cows than in 0-d DP-S cows. In conclusion, a 0-d DP reduced milk yield and improved EB and metabolic status of cows in early lactation compared with a 30-d DP. Reducing the postpartum level of concentrate of cows with a 0-d DP did not affect fat- and protein-corrected milk yield or plasma FFA and BHB concentrations in early lactation but did reduce EB in wk 6 and 7 postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J van Hoeij
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - G J Remmelink
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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