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Zhang Y, Tian X, Dong Y, Li R, Shen M, Yi D, Wu T, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. Bacillus coagulans prevents the decline in average daily feed intake in young piglets infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 by reducing intestinal injury and regulating the gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1284166. [PMID: 38035331 PMCID: PMC10686232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1284166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an important intestinal pathogen, poses a significant threat to the intestinal health of piglets. Bacillus coagulans (BC), a potential feed additive, can improve the intestinal function of piglets. However, the effects of BC on growth performance and intestinal function in ETEC-infected piglets are still unclear. In this study, 24 7-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control group (fed a basal diet), ETEC group (fed a basal diet and challenged with ETEC K88) and BC+ETEC group (fed a basal diet, orally administered BC, challenged with ETEC K88). During Days 1-6 of the trial, piglets in the BC+ETEC group were orally administered BC (1×108CFU/kg). On Day 5 of the trial, piglets in the ETEC and BC+ETEC groups were orally administered ETEC K88 (5×109CFU/piglet). Blood, intestinal tissue, and content samples were collected from the piglets on Day 7 of the trial. Results The average daily feed intake in the ETEC group was significantly reduced compared to that of the control group. Further research revealed that ETEC infection significantly damaged the structure of the small intestine. Compared to the control group, the villus height and surface area of the jejunum, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum, and the activities of catalase and total superoxide dismutase in the jejunum were significantly reduced. Additionally, the levels of myeloperoxidase in the jejunum, malondialdehyde in the plasma and jejunum, and intestinal epithelial apoptosis were significantly increased in the ETEC group. However, BC supplementation had significantly mitigated these negative effects in the BC+ETEC group by Day 7 of the trial. Moreover, BC supplementation improved the gut microbiota imbalance by reversing the decreased numbers of Enterococcus, Clostridium and Lactobacillus in jejunum and Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon, as well as the increased number of Escherichia coli in the jejunum induced by ETEC K88. Conclusions Overall, BC supplementation reduced the decline in average daily feed intake in ETEC K88-infected piglets by attenuating intestinal epithelial apoptosis and oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota. This suggests that BC may be used to prevent intestinal infections caused by ETEC in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Trevisi P, Negrini C, Correa F, Virdis S, Laghi L, Marcello M, Conte G, Mazzoni M, Luise D. Insight into the long-term impact of birth weight on intestinal development, microbial settlement, and the metabolism of weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad395. [PMID: 38064718 PMCID: PMC10963063 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant mortality of low birth body weight (LBBW) piglets can reach 10% and is mainly due to gut and immune system immaturity which can lead to a higher risk in the long term. This study aimed to assess the impact of birth body weight (BBW) on piglet metabolism, gut status, and microbial profile from weaning to 21 d postweaning. At birth, 32 piglets were selected for their BBW and inserted into the normal BBW (NBBW:1.38 ± 0.09 g) or the LBBW (0.92 ± 0.07 g) group. The piglets were weighed weekly from weaning (d0) to d21. At d9 and d21, 8 piglets/group were slaughtered to obtain the distal jejunum for morphology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis, colon content for microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis, and intestinal content for pH measurement. Blood was collected for metabolomic, haptoglobin (Hp), and reactive oxygen metabolite (ROM) analysis. The LBBW group had a lower body weight (BW) throughout the study (P < 0.01), a lower average daily gain from d9-d21 (P = 0.002), and lower feed intake (P = 0.02). The LBBW piglets had lower Hp at d9 (P = 0.03), higher ROMs at d21 (P = 0.06), and a net alteration of the amino acid (AA) metabolism at d9 and d21. A higher expression of NFKB2 was observed in the LBBW piglets at d9 (P = 0.003) and d21 (P < 0.001). MYD88 expression was enhanced in NBBW piglets at d9 (P < 0.001). The LBBW piglets had a lower villus height, absorptive mucosal surface (P = 0.01), and villus height:crypt depth ratio (P = 0.02), and a greater number of T-lymphocytes in both the epithelium and the crypts (P < 0.001) at d21. At d21, the LBBW piglets had higher lactic acid, acetate, butyrate, and valerate, and also higher SCFA in the colon (P < 0.05). The LBBW piglets had a higher Shannon index (P = 0.01) at d9 and a higher abundance of SCFA-fermenting bacteria. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that LBBW could impact the gut mucosal structure, immunity, and inflammatory and oxidative status, leading to an altered AA metabolism, and delaying the recovery from weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clara Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Virdis
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Mele Marcello
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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da Silva CA, Dias CP, Callegari MA, Romano GDS, Lais de Souza K, Jacob DV, Ulbrich AJ, Goossens T. Phytogenics and encapsulated sodium butyrate can replace antibiotics as growth promoters for lightly weaned piglets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279197. [PMID: 36548241 PMCID: PMC9778559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils plus dry herbs (PHYTO) and encapsulated sodium butyrate (BUT) supplementation compared with enramycin (ENR), as a growth promoter, on the performance, diarrhoea control and intestinal microbiota in lightly weaned piglets. Two hundred weaned piglets, 20 days old, 4.69 ± 0.56 kg, were submitted during the nursery phase (20 to 69 days of age) to four treatments: control (CTR)-without any additive supplementation; ENR (with 8 ppm of enramycin throughout), BUT (with 2000 ppm between 20 to 34 d, 1500 ppm between 34 to 48 d and 1000 ppm between 48 to 69 d), and PHYTO (150 ppm between 20 to 48 d). At 62 days old, forty piglets (10 replicates per treatment) were slaughtered to perform bacterial identification through 16S rRNA (V3-V4) sequencing of the caecal content. During the second phase of the trial (34 to 48 days), the BUT group showed higher DWG (P = 0.023) and BW (P = 0.039) than the CTR group, and all groups that received additives had better FCR than the CTR group (P = 0.001). In the last phase of the trial (48 to 69 days), the ENR group presented a better FCR (P = 0.054) than the CRT and other groups. In the total period (20 to 69 days), ENR and BUT showed better FCR (P = 0.006) than CRT. Diarrhoea incident data showed differences (P<0.05), favouring the BUT treatment compared to the CTR. Only the Megasphaeraceae and Streptococcaceae families showed differences (p<0.05) in relative abundance between CTR and PHYTO and between CTR and BUT, respectively. Differential abundances of the Megasphaera and Streptococcus genera were observed between CTR and PHYTO and CTR and BUT. Phytogenics and encapsulated sodium butyrate are able and effective for modulating the specific caecal microbiota, improving performance and controlling diarrhoea occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Abércio da Silva
- Animal Sciences Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Goossens
- Nutriad Animal Nutrition Ltda., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gao X, Yu B, Yu J, Mao X, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Zheng P, Yan H, He J, Chen D. Developmental Profiling of Dietary Carbohydrate Digestion in Piglets. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:896660. [PMID: 35572714 PMCID: PMC9100932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.896660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the diet, accounting for the largest proportion in the diets of humans and monogastric animals. Although recent progress has been made in the study of intestinal carbohydrate digestion in piglets, there is a lack of comprehensive study on the dynamic changes in intestinal carbohydrate digestion with age in the early growth stage of piglets. To fill in this gap of knowledge, we collected samples of the small intestine, pancreatic tissues, and colonic digesta from 42 piglets during newborn [day (d) 0], lactation (d 7, 14), weaning (d 21), and nursery (d 28, 35, and 42) stages. Intestinal and pancreatic tissues and colonic digesta were collected at necropsy and analyzed for morphology, digestive enzyme activities, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial abundance. Villus height reached a maximum at 1 week (d 7) in the duodenum and jejunum (P <0.01), and a higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth and lactase activity were observed on d 0 and 7 (P < 0.001) compared to other ages. However, the sucrase and maltase activities were increased with piglets' age. Similar activities of sucrase and maltase were found in the small intestine. In addition, amylase, lipase, and protease activities were assayed in the pancreas. The activity of amylase increased with age, while lipase and protease decreased gradually from birth to weaning (d 21, 28) and then increased after weaning (d 35, 42). Compared with d 0, d 42 increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a higher concentration of total SCFA (P < 0.001) and decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria, but weaning (d 21, 28) increased the abundance of Proteobacteria in the colon. These results indicate that with the increase in piglet age, the carbohydrate digestive function gradually increased, but weaning hindered the development of intestinal function. These results provide us with new insights into the healthy development of piglets' intestines, which may help us to better regulate the physiological health of piglets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Effects of oral glutamine supplementation on jejunal morphology, development, and amino acid profiles in male low birth weight suckling piglets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267357. [PMID: 35476806 PMCID: PMC9045636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that small intestine development in low birth weight (LBW) piglets is impaired. Glutamine (Gln) has been reported to improve piglet health and intestinal function in weaned piglets, but data is scarce in suckling piglets. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oral Gln supplementation compared to Alanine (Ala) on jejunal development and function in 5 and 12 d old male LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) suckling piglets. Results Gln had no effect on the jejunal morphology, development, tissue and digesta amino acid profiles and mRNA abundance of genes involved in amino acid transport, metabolism, glutathione synthesis in LBW piglets when compared to Ala supplementation and birth weight controls at 5 and 12 d. Only the concentration of Gln in jejunal tissue was higher in NBW piglets supplemented with Gln compared to Ala at 5 d (P < 0.05). A comparison of the birth weight groups showed no differences between LBW and NBW piglets at 5 and 12 d in any parameter. Jejunal crypt depth, villus height / width, tunica muscularis thickness, number of goblet and IgA positive cells, the ratio of jejunal RNA to DNA and the concentration of DNA, protein and RNA changed (P < 0.05) from 5 compared to 12 d. The concentrations of several free, and protein bound amino acids as well as amino metabolites differed between age groups in jejunal tissue but the digesta concentrations were affected to a lesser extent. Conclusions Oral Gln supplementation to suckling male piglets over the first 12 d of life was not associated with changes in jejunal parameters measured in this study. The absence of effects may indicate that Gln is absorbed as well as metabolized in the upper intestinal tract and thus could benefit intestinal development at a more proximal location.
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Wang J, Li C, Yin Y, Zhang S, Li X, Sun Q, Wan D. Effects of Zinc Oxide/Zeolite on Intestinal Morphology, Intestinal Microflora, and Diarrhea Rates in Weaned Piglets. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1405-1413. [PMID: 32607765 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of zinc oxide/zeolite on growth performance, serum biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and microflora of weaned piglets. Two hundred and fifty-six weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large) at 21 days of age were randomly assigned to 2 groups with 8 replicates and 16 piglets in each pen. The diets of high dose of zinc oxide group (HD-ZnO) supplemented with 1500 mg/kg zinc as zinc oxide, but the diet of experimental group supplemented with 500 mg/kg zinc as zinc oxide that supported on zeolite (SR-ZnO). The experiment was conducted for 2 weeks after weanling. The results showed replacement of high-dosed zinc oxide by SR-ZnO had no significant effects on growth performance and intestinal morphology. However, the dietary supplementation of SR-ZnO reduced the diarrhea rate (P < 0.05), increased the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P < 0.01), and tended to reduce zinc release in stomach (P = 0.06) and increase serum total protein (TP) (P = 0.07). Although there were no significant effects in ileal microflora on α diversity, the abundance of Campylobacters was found significantly decreased (P < 0.05), whereas the abundance of Clostridium was increased (P < 0.05) after lower-dosed SR-ZnO replacement. It is revealed that replacement of HD-ZnO (1500 mg/kg) by SR-ZnO (500 mg/kg) in creep feed could improve the zinc bioavailability, regulate the intestinal flora, and alleviate the postweaning diarrhea in weaned piglets. Accordingly, the application of SR-ZnO would reduce the zinc in feed and therefore benefits for the ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
- Yunan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation, Yunan Xinan Tianyou Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 6500323, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Yunan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation, Yunan Xinan Tianyou Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 6500323, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- Yunan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation, Yunan Xinan Tianyou Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 6500323, China
| | - Qingping Sun
- Yangzhou Zhongwei Bio-Tech Co. Ltd., Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Dan Wan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
- Yunan Yin Yulong Academician Workstation, Yunan Xinan Tianyou Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 6500323, China.
- Yangzhou Zhongwei Bio-Tech Co. Ltd., Yangzhou, 225000, China.
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Qi KK, Wu J, Wen Jun Z, Bo D, Xu ZW. Catch-up growth in intrauterine growth-restricted piglets associated with the restore of pancreatic and intestinal functions via porcine glucagon-like peptide-2 microspheres. Arch Anim Nutr 2020; 74:462-475. [PMID: 33076701 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2020.1833598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal morphology and gastrointestinal function, such as reduced villi height and crypt depth, thinner mucosa and muscle layers, and reduced brush border enzyme activities, delayed gastric emptying, increased stress response. As a gastrointestinal growth factor, the manner by which the porcine glucagon-like peptide-2 (pGLP-2) microsphere administration restored the gastrointestinal function and growth performance of IUGR piglets was investigated. Fourteen newborn Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace) IUGR piglets (0.92 ± 0.113 kg) were assigned into the IUGR (negative control group) and pGLP-2 microsphere groups. The piglets in group pGLP-2 were intraperitoneally administered with 100 mg pGLP-2 microspheres on day 1 after birth. From days 15 to 26 of trial, the body weight of the pGLP-2 group was significantly higher than that of the control. IUGR piglets of group pGLP-2 showed a significantly increased pancreas weight, serum insulin content and activity of lipase and amylase. Injection of pGLP-2 microspheres restored the intestinal absorptive capacity by significantly increasing the mRNA expression of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 in the jejunum and the peptide transporter 1 in the jejunum. It also restored the redox balance by increasing the catalase mRNA expression and decreasing the heat shock protein 70 mRNA expression. In addition, this improvement was associated with the significant increase in gut diameter, length and weight. Therefore, it was concluded that the injection of pGLP-2 microspheres was a suitable therapeutic strategy for compensatory growth in low birth weight IUGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ke Qi
- Institute of Animal Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Wen Jun
- Institute of Animal Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, China
| | - Deng Bo
- Institute of Animal Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi Wei Xu
- Institute of Animal Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, China
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Ortman J, Sinn SM, Gibbons WR, Brown ML, DeRouchey JM, St-Pierre B, Saqui-Salces M, Levesque CL. Comparative analysis of the ileal bacterial composition of post-weaned pigs fed different high-quality protein sources. Animal 2020; 14:1156-1166. [PMID: 32026796 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To further understand the contribution of feedstuff ingredients to gut health in swine, gut histology and intestinal bacterial profiles associated with the use of two high-quality protein sources, microbially enhanced soybean meal (MSBM) and Menhaden fishmeal (FM) were assessed. Weaned pigs were fed one of three experimental diets: (1) basic diet containing corn and soybean meal (Negative Control (NEG)), (2) basic diet + fishmeal (FM; Positive Control (POS)) and (3) basic diet + MSBM (MSBM). Phase I POS and MSBM diets (d 0 to d 7 post-wean) included FM or MSBM at 7.5%, while Phase II POS and MSBM diets (d 8 to d 21) included FM or MSBM at 5.0%. Gastrointestinal tissue and ileal digesta were collected from euthanised pigs at d 21 (eight pigs/diet) to assess gut histology and intestinal bacterial profiles, respectively. Data were analysed using Proc Mixed in SAS, with pig as the experimental unit and pig (treatment) as the random effect. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of stomach and small intestinal tissue using haematoxylin-eosin, Periodic Acid Schiff/Alcian blue and inflammatory cell staining did not reveal detectable differences in host response to dietary treatment. Ileal bacterial composition profiles were obtained from next-generation sequencing of PCR generated amplicons targeting the V1 to V3 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Lactobacillus-affiliated sequences were found to be the most highly represented across treatments, with an average relative abundance of 64.0%, 59.9% and 41.80% in samples from pigs fed the NEG, POS and MSBM diets, respectively. Accordingly, the three most abundant Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were affiliated to Lactobacillus, showing a distinct abundance pattern relative to dietary treatment. One OTU (SD_Ssd_00001), most closely related to Lactobacillus amylovorus, was found to be more abundant in NEG and POS samples compared to MSBM (23.5% and 35.0% v. 9.2%). Another OTU (SD_Ssd_00002), closely related to Lactobacillus johnsonii, was more highly represented in POS and MSBM samples compared to NEG (14.0% and 15.8% v. 0.1%). Finally, OTU Sd_Ssd-00011, highest sequence identity to Lactobacillus delbrueckii, was found in highest abundance in ileal samples from MSBM-fed pigs (1.9% and 3.3% v. 11.3, in POS, NEG and MSBM, respectively). There was no effect of protein source on bacterial taxa to the genus level or diversity based on principal component analysis. Dietary protein source may provide opportunity to enhance presence of specific members of Lactobacillus genus that are associated with immune-modulating properties without altering overall intestinal bacterial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ortman
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2170, Brookings, SD57007, USA
| | - S M Sinn
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2170, Brookings, SD57007, USA
| | - W R Gibbons
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2104, Brookings, SD57007, USA
| | - M L Brown
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2140, Brookings, SD57007, USA
| | - J M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 232 Weber Hall, Manhattan, KS66506, USA
| | - B St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2170, Brookings, SD57007, USA
| | - M Saqui-Salces
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN55108, USA
| | - C L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2170, Brookings, SD57007, USA
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Abstract
Intestinal iron homeostasis is like the Zhong-Yong in traditional Chinese culture, which is a dynamic balance between Yin and Yang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Ding
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
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10
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Jiang L, Feng C, Tao S, Li N, Zuo B, Han D, Wang J. Maternal imprinting of the neonatal microbiota colonization in intrauterine growth restricted piglets: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:88. [PMID: 31737268 PMCID: PMC6844051 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early colonization of intestinal microbiota during the neonatal stage plays an important role on the development of intestinal immune system and nutrients absorption of the host. Compared to the normal birth weight (NBW) piglets, intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) piglets have a different intestinal microbiota during their early life, which is related to maternal imprinting on intestinal microbial succession during gestation, at birth and via suckling. Imbalanced allocation of limited nutrients among fetuses during gestation could be one of the main causes for impaired intestinal development and microbiota colonization in neonatal IUGR piglets. In this review, we summarized the potential impact of maternal imprinting on the colonization of the intestinal microbiota in IUGR piglets, including maternal undernutrition, imbalanced allocation of nutrients among fetuses, as well as vertical microbial transmission from mother to offspring during gestation and lactation. At the same time, we give information about the current maternal nutritional strategies (mainly breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics) to help colonization of the advantageous intestinal microbiota for IUGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Cuiping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Blood glucose, amino acid profiles and nutrient transporter gene expressions in the small intestine of low and normal birthweight piglets during the early suckling period. Vet J 2019; 247:1-7. [PMID: 30971346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Birthweight and age can play a role in adaptational changes in plasma levels of glucose and amino acids by regulating the intestinal expression of specific nutrients transporters in piglets. The aim of the present study was to compare hematological features, circulating levels of glucose and amino acids, and small intestinal gene expression for transporters for glucose (SGLT1, GLUT2), amino acids (LAT2, b0,+AT) and peptides (PepT1) between low birthweight (LBW) and normal birthweight (NBW) piglets at birth prior to suckling and day 7 after birth. A secondary aim was to evaluate correlations between circulating levels of glucose or amino acids and their transporters. There were significant age-dependent changes in the immune cell repertoire in the circulating blood (P<0.004). Blood glucose levels were lower in LBW piglets than in NBW piglets (P<0.05); in both birthweight groups, blood glucose increased with age. Plasma concentrations of histidine, isoleucine, proline and tryptophan showed significant changes with age (P<0.003). With regard to mRNA levels for the nutrient transporters, there were no differences between the two birthweight groups or between the two age groups. At day 7 postpartum, intestinal expression of SGLT1 or GLUT2 mRNA did not correlate with blood glucose level. Expression of LAT2 mRNA in the ileum correlated positively with plasma level of methionine (r=0.92, P<0.001). This is the first detailed analysis of hematological features, plasma glucose and amino acid levels, and nutrient transporter expression in LBW and NBW piglets during the early suckling period.
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Zheng P, Song Y, Tian Y, Zhang H, Yu B, He J, Mao X, Yu J, Luo Y, Luo J, Huang Z, Tian G, Chen H, Chen D. Dietary Arginine Supplementation Affects Intestinal Function by Enhancing Antioxidant Capacity of a Nitric Oxide-Independent Pathway in Low-Birth-Weight Piglets. J Nutr 2018; 148:1751-1759. [PMID: 30383283 PMCID: PMC6209807 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-birth-weight (LBW) neonates are susceptible to intestinal dysfunction. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of LBW neonates is significantly lower compared with that of normal-birth-weight (NBW) neonates both at birth and at weaning. In LBW neonates, dietary supplementation with arginine has shown beneficial effects on intestinal function. Objective The present study explored the potential mechanisms of arginine-induced protective effects against intestinal dysfunction in LBW piglets. Methods Forty 4-d-old LBW piglets [body weight (BW): 1.05 ± 0.04 kg] (Large White × Landrace) were assigned to 4 treatments and artificially fed a whole-milk powder- and whey protein concentrate-based diet (containing 0.65% arginine) either not supplemented with arginine (LBWC) or supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% l-arginine for 21 d. In addition, 10 NBW siblings (BW: 1.96 ± 0.03 kg) were selected and fed the basal diet. Growth performance, intestinal morphology, mRNA expression of tight junction protein, redox-sensitive genes and nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cytokines, and redox indexes were determined. Data were subjected to 1-factor ANOVA. Results LBW piglets exhibited poorer growth performance (29.9%), lower Claudin1 mRNA level (63.6%), lower antioxidant capacity (22.9 ∼ 24.3%), and higher jejunum interleukin 1 (IL-1) concentration (18.8%) compared with NBW piglets. Dietary supplementation with 0.5% and 1.0% l-arginine significantly enhanced daily BW gain of LBW piglets by 13.6% and 18.2%, respectively. Compared with LBWC, dietary supplementation with 1.0% l-arginine increased the serum insulin concentration (32.2%) and villus height in the jejunum (12.2%) and ileum (20.5%). In the jejunum, the mRNA levels for Claudin1 (105%) and glutathione peroxidase (36%) were higher, and the concentrations of IL-1 (31.7%) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (30%) were lower in arginine-treated piglets than in the LBWC group. However, NO synthase activity and NO concentration in the jejunum of LBW piglets were not influenced by l-arginine supplementation. Conclusion The results suggested that supplementation with 1.0% l-arginine not only promoted growth performance and improved intestinal functions in LBW piglets but also improved intestinal barrier functions and enhanced antioxidant capacity by an NO-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Address correspondence to PZ (e-mail: )
| | - Yi Song
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Food Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Huting AMS, Sakkas P, Wellock I, Almond K, Kyriazakis I. Once small always small? To what extent morphometric characteristics and post-weaning starter regime affect pig lifetime growth performance. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:21. [PMID: 30062042 PMCID: PMC6055348 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the effect of piglet morphometric characteristics and starter regime on postnatal growth. Some piglets born light are able to grow faster than others, and identifying which piglets are more at risk to remain light and at which stages of growth is essential. A nutrient enriched starter regime may allow lightweight pigs to improve their post-weaning growth. A total 1487 newly born piglets from 137 litters originating from 8 consecutive farrowing batches were followed from birth (BiW) to weaning (WW, d28) and finishing (d99). At birth morphometric measurements were taken, including body mass index (BMI), ponderal index (PI) and BiW:cranial circumferences (BiW:CC). At weaning pigs were randomly allocated to one of two experimental regimes: either a nutrient enriched regime with a 20% higher essential amino acids (EAA): energy ratio (HIGH) or a standard regime (CTRL). Piglets were retrospectively allocated to 4 different weight classes (C) using percentiles at birth, weaning and finishing, with C1 representing the lightest and C4 the heaviest class. A series of novel statistical models were used to determine which factors were able to predict performance. Results For BiW C1 piglets, BMI (P = 0.003) and BiW relative to birth litter (P = 0.026) were positively associated with pre-weaning performance, whereas BiW:CC (P = 0.011) and WW (P = 0.001) were positively associated with post-weaning growth. Post-weaning the best predictors of piglets weaned light (WW C1) were PI (P = 0.037), BiW:CC (P < 0.001) and WW (P < 0.001). Starter regime did not influence (P > 0.05) post-weaning performance. Conclusion Our results show that not all light pigs are the same and that their performance is under the influence of body shape rather than BiW. Therefore, pig producers should discriminate between light pigs based on birth characteristics to improve the effectiveness of intervention strategies at the different stages of growth. Irrespective of weight class piglets did not benefit from the EAA enriched regime applied. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0098-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Huting
- 1Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - P Sakkas
- 1Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - I Wellock
- Primary Diets, ABAgri, Melmerby, Ripon, North Yorkshire HG4 5HP UK
| | - K Almond
- Primary Diets, ABAgri, Melmerby, Ripon, North Yorkshire HG4 5HP UK
| | - I Kyriazakis
- 1Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
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Pu Y, Li S, Xiong H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Du H. Iron Promotes Intestinal Development in Neonatal Piglets. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060726. [PMID: 29874829 PMCID: PMC6024698 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early nutrition is key to promoting gut growth and education of the immune system. Although iron deficiency anemia has long been recognized as a serious iron disorder, the effects of iron supplementation on gut development are less clear. Therefore, using suckling piglets as the model for iron deficiency, we assessed the impacts of iron supplementation on hematological status, gut development, and immunity improvement. Piglets were parenterally supplied with iron dextran (FeDex, 60 mg Fe/kg) by intramuscular administration on the third day after birth and slaughtered at the age of two days, five days, 10 days, and 20 days. It was expected that iron supplementation with FeDex improved the iron status with higher levels of serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, and iron loading in the liver by regulating the interaction of hepcidin and ferroportin (FPN). FeDex supplementation increased villus length and crypt depth, attenuated the pathological status of the duodenum, and was beneficial to intestinal mucosa. FeDex also influenced the intestinal immune development by stimulating the cytokines’ production of the intestine and enhancing the phagocytotic capacity of monocytes. Overall, the present study suggested that iron supplementation helped promote the development of the intestine by improving its morphology, which maintains its mucosal integrity and enhances the expression of immuno-associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shuhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Haitao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Huahua Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Craig JR, Collins CL, Bunter KL, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR, Pluske JR. Poorer lifetime growth performance of gilt progeny compared with sow progeny is largely due to weight differences at birth and reduced growth in the preweaning period, and is not improved by progeny segregation after weaning. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4904-4916. [PMID: 29293711 PMCID: PMC6292295 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilt progeny (GP) are born and weaned lighter than sow progeny (SP) and have higher rates of mortality. This study aimed to quantify the performance and survival differences between GP and SP throughout the entire production cycle from birth to sale. Furthermore, the study looked at the effects of segregating GP and SP compared with commingling during rearing within common pens. It was hypothesized that GP would be lighter than SP at every age and have lower rates of survival accompanied by higher rates of medication, and that segregating GP and SP would improve the growth and survival of both groups. All progeny born to 109 gilts (parity 1) and 94 sows (parities 2 to 8) were allocated to 4 postweaning treatments at birth: GP separately penned, GP mixed with SP in a common pen (GM), SP separately penned, and SP mixed with GP in a common pen (SM), with littermates split among treatments. The GM and SM pigs were penned together after weaning. Individual live weight of all progeny was recorded at birth (birth weight [BWT]), weaning (28 d; weaning weight [WWT]), 10 wk of age (10-wk weight [10WT]), and sale (22-23 wk; sale weight [SWT]). Individual HCW, backfat depth, loin depth, and dressing percentage were measured at slaughter. All postweaning mortalities and medications were recorded. The GP had a lighter BWT ( = 0.032), WWT ( < 0.001), 10WT ( < 0.001), and SWT ( < 0.001) than SP as well as a lower HCW ( < 0.001) and dressing percentage ( = 0.012). Postweaning performance differences were mostly attributable to the lighter WWT of GP compared with that of SP when WWT was fitted as a covariate. The GP had a higher mortality in the immediate postweaning period (weaning to 10 wk of age; = 0.028) and from weaning to sale ( = 0.012) than SP, which was also attributable to lower WWT. The GP exhibited a higher incidence of mortality ( = 0.011) due to respiratory tract infection in the grower-finisher period, despite similar medication rates ( = 0.83). Segregation of GP and SP between pens presented no benefit in terms of growth and survival of both groups while requiring added labor and production considerations and, therefore, is not recommended. This study confirms that GP are lighter than SP, on average, at every stage of life from birth to slaughter and that their performance before weaning is an important determinant for whole-of-life performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Craig
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - C. L. Collins
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
| | - K. L. Bunter
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia, 2350
| | - J. J. Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3010
| | - F. R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3010
| | - J. R. Pluske
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
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16
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A review on early gut maturation and colonization in pigs, including biological and dietary factors affecting gut homeostasis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Infants born with low birth weights (<2500 g, LBW), accounting for about 15 % of newborns, have a high risk for postnatal growth failure and developing the metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and obesity later in life. Improper nutrition provision during critical stages, such as undernutrition during the fetal period or overnutrition during the neonatal period, has been an important mediator of these metabolic diseases. Considering the specific physiological status of LBW infants, nutritional intervention and optimisation during early life merit further attention. In this review, the physiological and metabolic defects of LBW infants were summarised from a nutritional perspective. Available strategies for nutritional interventions and optimisation of LBW infants, including patterns of nutrition supply, macronutrient proportion, supplementation of amino acids and their derivatives, fatty acids, nucleotides, vitamins, minerals as well as hormone and microbiota manipulators, were reviewed with an aim to provide new insights into the advancements of formulas and human-milk fortifiers.
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Huygelen V, De Vos M, Willemen S, Fransen E, Casteleyn C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C. Age-related differences in mucosal barrier function and morphology of the small intestine in low and normal birth weight piglets. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3398-406. [PMID: 25006062 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the mucosal maturation of the small intestine is altered in low birth weight piglets, pairs of naturally suckled low birth weight (LBW, n = 20) and normal birth weight (NBW, n = 20) littermate piglets were selected and sampled after 0, 3, 10, and 28 d of suckling. In vivo intestinal permeability was evaluated via a lactulose-mannitol absorption test. Other indirect measurements for mucosal barrier functioning included sampling for histology and immunohistochemistry (intestinal trefoil factor [ITF]), measuring intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity, and immunoblotting for occludin, caspase-3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The lactulose-mannitol ratio did not differ between NBW and LBW piglets, but a significant increase in this ratio was observed in 28-d-old piglets (P = 0.001). Small intestinal villus height did not differ with age (P = 0.02) or birth weight (P = 0.20). In contrast, villus width (P = 0.02) and crypt depth (P < 0.05) increased gradually with age, but no birth-weight-related differences were observed. LBW piglets had significantly (P = 0.03) more ITF immunoreactive positive cells per villus area compared to NBW piglets, whereas no age (P = 0.82) or region-related (P = 0.13) differences could be observed. The activity of IAP in the small intestine was higher in newborn piglets compared to the older piglets. No significant differences in cell proliferation in the small intestine was observed (P = 0.47) between NBW and LBW piglets; the highest proliferation was seen in piglets of 28 d of age (P = 0.01). Newborn piglets had significantly fewer apoptotic cells, whereas more apoptotic cells were seen in piglets of 10 d of age (P < 0.01). In conclusion, birth weight did not affect the parameters related to intestinal barrier function investigated in this study, suggesting that the mucosal barrier function is not altered in LBW piglets. Nevertheless, these results confirm that the mucosal barrier function in the small intestine of piglets alters with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Huygelen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - M De Vos
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Willemen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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