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Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266524. [PMID: 35511825 PMCID: PMC9070874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense nature of pig production has increased the animals’ exposure to stressful conditions, which may be detrimental to their welfare and productivity. Some of the most common sources of stress in pigs are extreme thermal conditions (thermal stress), density and mixing during housing (social stress), or exposure to pathogens and other microorganisms that may challenge their immune system (immune-related stress). The stress response can be monitored based on the animals’ coping mechanisms, as a result of specific environmental, social, and health conditions. These animal-based indicators may support decision making to maintain animal welfare and productivity. The present study aimed to systematically review animal-based indicators of social, thermal, and immune-related stresses in farmed pigs, and the methods used to monitor them. Peer-reviewed scientific literature related to pig production was collected using three online search engines: ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed. The manuscripts selected were grouped based on the indicators measured during the study. According to our results, body temperature measured with a rectal thermometer was the most commonly utilized method for the evaluation of thermal stress in pigs (87.62%), as described in 144 studies. Of the 197 studies that evaluated social stress, aggressive behavior was the most frequently-used indicator (81.81%). Of the 535 publications examined regarding immune-related stress, cytokine concentration in blood samples was the most widely used indicator (80.1%). Information about the methods used to measure animal-based indicators is discussed in terms of validity, reliability, and feasibility. Additionally, the introduction and wide spreading of alternative, less invasive methods with which to measure animal-based indicators, such as cortisol in saliva, skin temperature and respiratory rate via infrared thermography, and various animal welfare threats via vocalization analysis are highlighted. The information reviewed was used to discuss the feasible and most reliable methods with which to monitor the impact of relevant stressors commonly presented by intense production systems on the welfare of farmed pigs.
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Li Y, Wang C, Huang S, Liu Z, Wang H. Space allowance determination by considering its coeffect with toy provision on production performance, behavior and physiology for grouped growing pigs. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sun Z, Cai D, Yang X, Shang Y, Li X, Jia Y, Yin C, Zou H, Xu Y, Sun Q, Zhang X. Stress Response Simulated by Continuous Injection of ACTH Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Porcine Adrenal Gland. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:315. [PMID: 32671106 PMCID: PMC7333078 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On modern farms, animals are at high risk of bacterial invasion due to environmental stress factors. The adrenal gland is the terminal organ of the stress response. The crosstalk between adrenal endocrine stress and innate immune response is critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis during inflammation. Thus, it's important to explore whether stresses play a pivotal role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in the porcine adrenal gland. Thirty-days-old Duroc × Landrace × Large White crossbred piglets (12 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly allocated into four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including ACTH pretreatment (with or without ACTH injection) and LPS challenge (with or without LPS injection). Each group consisted of six male piglets. The results showed that our LPS preparation alone induced mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, COX-2, TLR2, TLR4, and GR (P < 0.05). ACTH pretreatment downregulated the TLR2 mRNA and IL-6 protein level induced by our LPS preparation significantly (P < 0.05) by one-way ANOVA analysis. Treatment with LPS alone extremely significantly decreased ssc-miR-338 levels (P < 0.01). Interaction of ACTH × LPS was significant for cNOS level (P = 0.011) and ssc-miR-338 expression (P = 0.04) by two-way ANOVA analysis. The LPS treatment significantly downregulated cNOS levels (P < 0.01), which was significantly attenuated by ACTH pretreatment (P < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharide alone did not affect ssc-miR-146b expression levels compared to that in the vehicle group. However, ACTH pretreatment in combination with LPS significantly increased this micro-RNA expression (P < 0.05). TLRs 1–10 were all expressed in adrenal tissue. The LPS challenge alone induced remarkable compensatory mitochondrial damages at the ultrastructural level, which was alleviated by ACTH pretreatment. Accordingly, ACTH pretreatment was able to block LPS-induced secretion of local adrenal cortisol (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results demonstrate that ACTH pretreatment seems to attenuate LPS-induced mitochondria damage and inflammation that decreased cNOS activity in the adrenal gland and ultimately returned local adrenal cortisol to basal levels at 6 h post LPS injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China.,Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Demin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yueli Shang
- Laboratory of Animal Clinical Pathophysiology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huafeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunming Xu
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Qinwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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The multiple adrenocorticotropic hormone injections significantly alters hepatic proteome in growing pigs. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Huang Y, Liu Z, Liu W, Yin C, Ci L, Zhao R, Yang X. Short communication: Salivary haptoglobin and chromogranin A as non-invasive markers during restraint stress in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:27-30. [PMID: 28284048 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of present study was to investigate changes in salivary components during restraint to identify potential markers of stress. Pigs were subjected to a nasal snare stress (Experiment 1) or an immobilization stress (Experiment 2) by being enclosed in a steel cage. Saliva was collected before, during and after the stress, respectively. Salivary cortisol, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HP), chromogranin A (CgA), amylase, K+, Ca2+ and lactoferrin content were detected. The results showed that in Experiment 1, HP and CgA content increased significantly at 10min during the restraint (P<0.05, P<0.05), in agreement with the significantly increased cortisol and SAA levels (P<0.01, P<0.05), while amylase, K+ and lactoferrin concentrations did not significantly change. In Experiment 2, salivary HP and CgA concentrations also changed significantly during the restraint (P<0.01, P<0.01), yet cortisol, SAA, amylase, K+ and lactoferrin levels did not show obvious change. The results confirmed that salivary HP and CgA content may be useful candidate biomarkers to monitor the physical state in pigs during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Le Ci
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Identification of potential serum biomarkers in pigs at early stage after Lipopolysaccharide injection. Res Vet Sci 2017; 111:140-146. [PMID: 28249176 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of useful biological indicators to monitor the body response before the presentation of clinical diseases has practical value in livestock production. To identify potential biomarkers in pigs at the early stage during inflammation, 12 pigs were intramuscularly injected with 2mL of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15μg/kg BW) or saline. Serum protein expression profiles were detected with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) techniques. Serum biochemical indicators and acute phase protein (APP) concentrations were analyzed with an automatic biochemical analyzer and ELISA, respectively. Of the serum biochemical indicators, creatinine concentration significantly increased 6h post infection, whereas albumin showed a decreased tendency. The 2-DE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technique detected 17 protein spots representing 10 proteins: α-1-antichymotrypsin, albumin, bovine lactoferrin, serotransferrin, serpin A3-6, immunoglobulin light chain (κ chain, mu chain), complement C3 precursor, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein (ZAG), and ceruloplasmin. Two proteins were selected to confirm the mass spectrometry results, and resulting differences accorded with the proteomics results. Of the four typical acute phase protein (APPs) measured, the C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (HP) concentrations increased significantly, while no differences were observed in the pig-major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP) and transthyretin (TTR) contents. The results showed that serum creatinine, CRP, HP, and ten other proteins content changed significantly after LPS injection. Of these proteins, ZAG was first reported in pigs during inflammation. These proteins show great promise as biomarkers to monitor the health status and welfare of pigs during the early stage of LPS-induced inflammation.
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Martínez-Miró S, Tecles F, Ramón M, Escribano D, Hernández F, Madrid J, Orengo J, Martínez-Subiela S, Manteca X, Cerón JJ. Causes, consequences and biomarkers of stress in swine: an update. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:171. [PMID: 27543093 PMCID: PMC4992232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades there has been a growing concern about animal stress on intensive pig farms due to the undesirable consequences that stress produces in the normal physiology of pigs and its effects on their welfare and general productive performance. This review analyses the most important types of stress (social, environmental, metabolic, immunological and due to human handling), and their biological consequences for pigs. The physio-pathological changes associated with stress are described, as well as the negative effects of stress on pig production. In addition an update of the different biomarkers used for the evaluation of stress is provided. These biomarkers can be classified into four groups according to the physiological system or axis evaluated: sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and immune system. CONCLUSIONS Stress it is a process with multifactorial causes and produces an organic response that generates negative effects on animal health and production. Ideally, a panel of various biomarkers should be used to assess and evaluate the stress resulting from diverse causes and the different physiological systems involved in the stress response. We hope that this review will increase the understanding of the stress process, contribute to a better control and reduction of potential stressful stimuli in pigs and, finally, encourage future studies and developments to better monitor, detect and manage stress on pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Ramón
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fuensanta Hernández
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Madrid
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Orengo
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Lipopolysaccharide markedly changes glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in the longissimus muscle of pigs. Animal 2016; 10:1204-12. [PMID: 26863995 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous studies on the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in pigs focused on the body's immune response, and few reports paid attention to body metabolism changes. To better understand the glucose metabolism changes in skeletal muscle following LPS challenge and to clarify the possible mechanism, 12 growing pigs were employed. Animals were treated with either 2 ml of saline or 15 µg/kg BW LPS, and samples were collected 6 h later. The glycolysis status and mitochondrial function in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of pigs were analyzed. The results showed that serum lactate content and NADH content in LD muscle significantly increased compared with the control group. Most glycolysis-related genes expression, as well as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactic dehydrogenase activity, in LD muscle was significantly higher compared with the control group. Mitochondrial complexes I and IV significantly increased, while mitochondrial ATP concentration markedly decreased. Significantly increased calcium content in the mitochondria was observed, and endoplasm reticulum (ER) stress has been demonstrated in the present study. The results showed that LPS treatment markedly changes glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in the LD muscle of pigs, and increased calcium content induced by ER stress was possibly involved. The results provide new clues for clarifying metabolic diseases in muscle induced by LPS.
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Fu L, Li H, Liang T, Zhou B, Chu Q, Schinckel AP, Yang X, Zhao R, Li P, Huang R. Stocking density affects welfare indicators of growing pigs of different group sizes after regrouping. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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