[Massive pulmonary embolism]

Correlation of cardiac troponin T and APACHE III score with all-cause in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with acute pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a fatal condition particularly in critically ill patients. We determined the association among the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) level, acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation (APACHE III) scoring system, and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with acute PE. A total of 501 patients with PE were initially enrolled. According to the multivariable logistic regression model for in-hospital mortality, the odds ratio of the cTnT level and APACHE III score was 1.96 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18–3.24, P = 0.008) and 1.03 (95% CI = 1.02–1.05, P < 0.001), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of cTnT and APACHE III score for in-hospital mortality was 0.630 (95% CI = 0.586–0.672, P = 0.03) and 0.740 (95% CI = 0.699–0.778, P = 0.02), respectively. The discriminatory cTnT and APACHE III threshold values for in-hospital mortality were 0.08 ng/L and 38 score, respectively; the sensitivities and specificities of cTnT were 46.48 and 83.10%, respectively, whereas those of the APACHE III score were 74.88 and 54.19%, respectively. The cTnT and APACHE III scores were combined in the logistic analysis model, and a regression equation was derived to calculate the in-hospital mortality. The AUC was found to increase to 0.788 (95% CI = 0.734–0.840, P = 0.025). The sensitivity and specificity increased to 84.5 and 71.4%, respectively. The cTnT and APACHE III scores exhibited a significant association with in-hospital mortality of critically ill patients with PE. In conclusion, these parameters in combination can significantly improve the in-hospital mortality prediction.

Metabolic Pathway of Cardiospecific Troponins: From Fundamental Aspects to Diagnostic Role (Comprehensive Review)

Many molecules of the human body perform key regulatory functions and are widely used as targets for the development of therapeutic drugs or as specific diagnostic markers. These molecules undergo a significant metabolic pathway, during which they are influenced by a number of factors (biological characteristics, hormones, enzymes, etc.) that can affect molecular metabolism and, as a consequence, the serum concentration or activity of these molecules. Among the most important molecules in the field of cardiology are the molecules of cardiospecific troponins (Tns), which regulate the processes of myocardial contraction/relaxation and are used as markers for the early diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of cardiomyocytes (CMC) in myocardial infarction (MI). The diagnostic value and diagnostic capabilities of cardiospecific Tns have changed significantly after the advent of new (highly sensitive (HS)) detection methods. Thus, early diagnostic algorithms of MI were approved for clinical practice, thanks to which the possibility of rapid diagnosis and determination of optimal tactics for managing patients with MI was opened. Relatively recently, promising directions have also been opened for the use of cardiospecific Tns as prognostic markers both at the early stages of the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (arterial hypertension (AH), heart failure (HF), coronary heart disease (CHD), etc.), and in non-ischemic extra-cardiac pathologies that can negatively affect CMC (for example, sepsis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), etc.). Recent studies have also shown that cardiospecific Tns are present not only in blood serum, but also in other biological fluids (urine, oral fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid). Thus, cardiospecific Tns have additional diagnostic capabilities. However, the fundamental aspects of the metabolic pathway of cardiospecific Tns are definitively unknown, in particular, specific mechanisms of release of Tns from CMC in non-ischemic extra-cardiac pathologies, mechanisms of circulation and elimination of Tns from the human body, mechanisms of transport of Tns to other biological fluids and factors that may affect these processes have not been established. In this comprehensive manuscript, all stages of the metabolic pathway are consistently and in detail considered, starting from release from CMC and ending with excretion (removal) from the human body. In addition, the possible diagnostic role of individual stages and mechanisms, influencing factors is analyzed and directions for further research in this area are noted.

The Importance of Cardiac Troponin Metabolism in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction (Comprehensive Review)

The study of the metabolism of endogenous molecules is not only of great fundamental significance but also of high practical importance, since many molecules serve as drug targets and/or biomarkers for laboratory diagnostics of diseases. Thus, cardiac troponin molecules have long been used as the main biomarkers for confirmation of diagnosis of myocardial infarction, and with the introduction of high-sensitivity test methods, many of our ideas about metabolism of these cardiac markers have changed significantly. In clinical practice, there are opening new promising diagnostic capabilities of cardiac troponins, the understanding and justification of which are closely connected with the fundamental principles of the metabolism of these molecules. Our current knowledge about the metabolism of cardiac troponins is insufficient and extremely disconnected from various literary sources. Thus, many researchers do not sufficiently understand the potential importance of cardiac troponin metabolism in the laboratory diagnosis of myocardial infarction. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to systematize information about the metabolism of cardiac troponins and during the discussion to focus on the potential impact of cTns metabolism on the laboratory diagnosis of myocardial infarction. The format of this comprehensive review includes a sequential consideration and analysis of the stages of the metabolic pathway, starting from possible release mechanisms and ending with elimination mechanisms. This will allow doctors and researchers to understand the significant importance of cTns metabolism and its impact on the laboratory diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

Biology of Cardiac Troponins: Emphasis on Metabolism

Simple Summary

Cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, are among the most common diseases worldwide. Markers associated with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction have been in the spotlight for many years. The most commonly used markers of myocardial infarction are cardiac troponins. However, insufficient understanding of the biology and metabolism of cardiac troponins does not allow us to fully unlock the full diagnostic potential of these cardiomarkers. In this article, I summarized and discussed in detail the features of the metabolism of cardiac troponins. I conducted a comprehensive review of current literary sources and presented my point of view. The format of the manuscript includes a consistent description of the biology and stages of the metabolism of cardiac troponins, starting from the release and circulation, and ending with the features of elimination of cardiac troponins. The possible influence of the biology of cardiac troponins on the diagnostic value of cardiac troponins is analyzed. Based on the analysis of the literature, I found a close relationship between the diagnostic value of cardiac troponins and their biology/metabolism. Further research is needed to increase the diagnostic value of cardiac troponins, and to fully unlock their diagnostic potential.

Abstract

Understanding of the biology of endo- and exogenous molecules, in particular their metabolism, is not only of great theoretical importance, but also of high practical significance, since many molecules serve as drug targets or markers for the laboratory diagnostics of many human diseases. Thus, cardiac troponin (cTns) molecules have long been used as key markers for the confirmation of diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), and with the introduction of contemporary (high sensitivity) test methods, many of our concepts related to the biology of these cardiac markers have changed significantly. In current clinical practice, there are opening new promising diagnostic capabilities of cTns, the understanding and justification of which is closely connected with the theoretical principles of the metabolism of these molecules. However, today, the biology and metabolism of cTns have not been properly investigated; in particular, we do not know the precise mechanisms of release of these molecules from the myocardial cells (MCs) of healthy people and the mechanisms of circulation, and the elimination of cTns from the bloodstream. The main purpose of this manuscript is to systematize information about the biology of cTns, with an emphasis on the metabolism of cTns. The format of this paper, starting with the release of cTns in the blood and concluding with the metabolism/filtration of troponins, provides a comprehensive yet logically easy way for the readers to approach our current knowledge in the framework of understanding the basic mechanisms by which cTns are produced and processed. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the current literature, the important role of biology and all stages of metabolism (release, circulation, removal) of cTns in laboratory diagnostics should be noted. It is necessary to continue studying the biology and metabolism of cTns, because this will improve the differential diagnosis of MI and i a new application of cTns immunoassays in current clinical practice.