1
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Pavan A, Wang Y, Li X, Liu X. Editorial: Dynamic vision test application and mechanism. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1456810. [PMID: 39104607 PMCID: PMC11298471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1456810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pavan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yuexin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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2
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Ong J, Carrabba NV, Waisberg E, Zaman N, Memon H, Panzo N, Lee VA, Sarker P, Vogt AZ, Laylani N, Tavakkoli A, Lee AG. Dynamic Visual Acuity, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex, and Visual Field in National Football League (NFL) Officiating: Physiology and Visualization Engineering for 3D Virtual On-Field Training. Vision (Basel) 2024; 8:35. [PMID: 38804356 PMCID: PMC11130928 DOI: 10.3390/vision8020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to make on-field, split-second decisions is critical for National Football League (NFL) game officials. Multiple principles in visual function are critical for accuracy and precision of these play calls, including foveation time and unobstructed line of sight, static visual acuity, dynamic visual acuity, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and sufficient visual field. Prior research has shown that a standardized curriculum in these neuro-ophthalmic principles have demonstrated validity and self-rated improvements in understanding, confidence, and likelihood of future utilization by NFL game officials to maximize visual performance during officiating. Virtual reality technology may also be able to help optimize understandings of specific neuro-ophthalmic principles and simulate real-life gameplay. Personal communication between authors and NFL officials and leadership have indicated that there is high interest in 3D virtual on-field training for NFL officiating. In this manuscript, we review the current and past research in this space regarding a neuro-ophthalmic curriculum for NFL officials. We then provide an overview our current visualization engineering process in taking real-life NFL gameplay 2D data and creating 3D environments for virtual reality gameplay training for football officials to practice plays that highlight neuro-ophthalmic principles. We then review in-depth the physiology behind these principles and discuss strategies to implement these principles into virtual reality for football officiating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - Ethan Waisberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Hamza Memon
- Texas A&M School of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | | | - Virginia A Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Prithul Sarker
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ashtyn Z Vogt
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Noor Laylani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Texas A&M School of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Waisberg E, Ong J, Lee AG. Corneal abrasions in space: current therapeutics and future directions. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1238-1239. [PMID: 38177488 PMCID: PMC11076569 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Waisberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joshua Ong
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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4
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Waisberg E, Ong J, Lee AG. Pickleball eye injuries: ocular protection recommendations and guidelines. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1039-1040. [PMID: 38097802 PMCID: PMC11009287 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Waisberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joshua Ong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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5
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Kamran SA, Hossain KF, Ong J, Zaman N, Waisberg E, Paladugu P, Lee AG, Tavakkoli A. SANS-CNN: An automated machine learning technique for spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome with astronaut imaging data. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:40. [PMID: 38548790 PMCID: PMC10978911 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00364-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is one of the largest physiologic barriers to spaceflight and requires evaluation and mitigation for future planetary missions. As the spaceflight environment is a clinically limited environment, the purpose of this research is to provide automated, early detection and prognosis of SANS with a machine learning model trained and validated on astronaut SANS optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. In this study, we present a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) incorporating an EfficientNet encoder for detecting SANS from OCT images titled "SANS-CNN." We used 6303 OCT B-scan images for training/validation (80%/20% split) and 945 for testing with a combination of terrestrial images and astronaut SANS images for both testing and validation. SANS-CNN was validated with SANS images labeled by NASA to evaluate accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. To evaluate real-world outcomes, two state-of-the-art pre-trained architectures were also employed on this dataset. We use GRAD-CAM to visualize activation maps of intermediate layers to test the interpretability of SANS-CNN's prediction. SANS-CNN achieved 84.2% accuracy on the test set with an 85.6% specificity, 82.8% sensitivity, and 84.1% F1-score. Moreover, SANS-CNN outperforms two other state-of-the-art pre-trained architectures, ResNet50-v2 and MobileNet-v2, in accuracy by 21.4% and 13.1%, respectively. We also apply two class-activation map techniques to visualize critical SANS features perceived by the model. SANS-CNN represents a CNN model trained and validated with real astronaut OCT images, enabling fast and efficient prediction of SANS-like conditions for spaceflight missions beyond Earth's orbit in which clinical and computational resources are extremely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, US
| | - Khondker Fariha Hossain
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, US
| | - Joshua Ong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, US
| | - Ethan Waisberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Phani Paladugu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, US
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, US
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, US
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, US
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, US
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, US
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, US
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, US.
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Dontre AJ. Weighing the impact of microgravity on vestibular and visual functions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 40:51-61. [PMID: 38245348 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Numerous technological challenges have been overcome to realize human space exploration. As mission durations gradually lengthen, the next obstacle is a set of physical limitations. Extended exposure to microgravity poses multiple threats to various bodily systems. Two of these systems are of particular concern for the success of future space missions. The vestibular system includes the otolith organs, which are stimulated in gravity but unloaded in microgravity. This impairs perception, posture, and coordination, all of which are relevant to mission success. Similarly, vision is impaired in many space travelers due to possible intracranial pressure changes or fluid shifts in the brain. As humankind prepares for extended missions to Mars and beyond, it is imperative to compensate for these perils in prolonged weightlessness. Possible countermeasures are considered such as exercise regimens, improved nutrition, and artificial gravity achieved with a centrifuge or spacecraft rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Dontre
- School of Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, 2020 De La Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA; Department of Communications, Behavioral, and Natural Sciences, Franklin University, 201 South Grant Avenue, Columbus, OH 43215, USA.
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7
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Waisberg E, Ong J, Masalkhi M, Memon H, Lee AG. Cheers not tears: champagne corks and eye injury. BMJ 2023; 383:2520. [PMID: 38123192 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Waisberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joshua Ong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mouayad Masalkhi
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Andrew G Lee
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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8
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Waisberg E, Ong J, Zaman N, Paladugu P, Kamran SA, Tavakkoli A, Lee AG. The spaceflight contrast sensitivity hypothesis and its role to investigate the pathophysiology of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1229748. [PMID: 38983005 PMCID: PMC11182303 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1229748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Waisberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Ong
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Phani Paladugu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryant, TX, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA, United States
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9
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Waisberg E, Ong J, Masalkhi M, Zaman N, Kamran SA, Sarker P, Lee AG, Tavakkoli A. Generative Pre-Trained Transformers (GPT) and Space Health: A Potential Frontier in Astronaut Health During Exploration Missions. Prehosp Disaster Med 2023; 38:532-536. [PMID: 37264946 PMCID: PMC10445113 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x23005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In anticipation of space exploration where astronauts are traveling away from Earth, and for longer durations with an increasing communication lag, artificial intelligence (AI) frameworks such as large language learning models (LLMs) that can be trained on Earth can provide real-time answers. This emerging technology may be helpful for acute medical emergencies, particularly in austere and distant space environments. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) technology, a rapidly emerging AI technology, and implications, considerations, and limitations of such technology for space health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Waisberg
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joshua Ong
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MichiganUSA
| | - Mouayad Masalkhi
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada - Reno, Reno, NevadaUSA
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada - Reno, Reno, NevadaUSA
| | - Prithul Sarker
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada - Reno, Reno, NevadaUSA
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TexasUSA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TexasUSA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New YorkUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TexasUSA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasUSA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TexasUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IowaUSA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada - Reno, Reno, NevadaUSA
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10
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Waisberg E, Ong J, Masalkhi M, Zaman N, Kamran SA, Sarker P, Tavakkoli A, Lee AG. The Case for Expanding Visual Assessments During Spaceflight. Prehosp Disaster Med 2023; 38:518-521. [PMID: 37365808 PMCID: PMC10445111 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x23005964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is one of the potential barriers to human long-duration spaceflight (LDSF), including a manned mission to Mars. While a large barrier, the pathophysiology of SANS is not well understood, and functional and structural findings from SANS continue to be further characterized. Currently on the International Space Station (ISS), scheduled visual assessments are static visual acuity, Amsler grid, and a self-reported survey. Additional visual assessments may help the understanding of this neuro-ophthalmic phenomenon, as well as the effects of spaceflight of overall ocular health. In this paper, a case is made for expanding scheduled visual assessments to include dynamic visual, contrast sensitivity (CS), visual field testing, and virtual reality-based metamorphopsia assessment during spaceflight. These further assessments may play a key role in helping to determine the structural and functional changes associated with SANS, which are crucial to maintain astronaut vision during LDSF, as well as for developing countermeasures. Finally, a brief discussion is provided about current challenges to expanding visual testing during spaceflight and potential solutions to these barriers, specifically head-mounted visual assessment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Waisberg
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joshua Ong
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MichiganUSA
| | - Mouayad Masalkhi
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NevadaUSA
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NevadaUSA
| | - Prithul Sarker
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NevadaUSA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NevadaUSA
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TexasUSA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TexasUSA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New YorkUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TexasUSA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TexasUSA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, TexasUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IowaUSA
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Ong J, Waisberg E, Masalkhi M, Kamran SA, Lowry K, Sarker P, Zaman N, Paladugu P, Tavakkoli A, Lee AG. Artificial Intelligence Frameworks to Detect and Investigate the Pathophysiology of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS). Brain Sci 2023; 13:1148. [PMID: 37626504 PMCID: PMC10452366 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a unique phenomenon that has been observed in astronauts who have undergone long-duration spaceflight (LDSF). The syndrome is characterized by distinct imaging and clinical findings including optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shift, posterior globe flattening, and choroidal folds. SANS serves a large barrier to planetary spaceflight such as a mission to Mars and has been noted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a high risk based on its likelihood to occur and its severity to human health and mission performance. While it is a large barrier to future spaceflight, the underlying etiology of SANS is not well understood. Current ophthalmic imaging onboard the International Space Station (ISS) has provided further insights into SANS. However, the spaceflight environment presents with unique challenges and limitations to further understand this microgravity-induced phenomenon. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the field of imaging in ophthalmology, particularly in detection and monitoring. In this manuscript, we describe the current hypothesized pathophysiology of SANS and the medical diagnostic limitations during spaceflight to further understand its pathogenesis. We then introduce and describe various AI frameworks that can be applied to ophthalmic imaging onboard the ISS to further understand SANS including supervised/unsupervised learning, generative adversarial networks, and transfer learning. We conclude by describing current research in this area to further understand SANS with the goal of enabling deeper insights into SANS and safer spaceflight for future missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - Mouayad Masalkhi
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | | | - Prithul Sarker
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Phani Paladugu
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 50010, USA
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