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Shahout F, Vanharen M, Saafane A, Gillard J, Girard D, LaPlante SR. Drug Self-Aggregation into Nano-Entities Has the Potential to Induce Immune Responses. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4031-4040. [PMID: 37421372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The free-state solution behaviors of small molecules profoundly affect their respective properties. It is becoming more obvious that compounds can adopt a three-phase equilibrium when placed in an aqueous solution, among soluble-lone molecule form, self-assembled aggregate form (nano-entities), and solid precipitate form. Recently, correlations have emerged between the existence of self-assemblies into drug nano-entities and unintended side effects. This report describes our pilot study involving a selection of drugs and dyes to explore if there may be a correlation between the existence of drug nano-entities and immune responses. We first implement practical strategies for detecting the drug self-assemblies using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal microscopy. We then used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to monitor the modulation of immune responses on two cellular models, murine macrophage and human neutrophils, upon exposure to the drugs and dyes. The results suggest that exposure to some aggregates correlated with an increase in IL-8 and TNF-α in these model systems. Given this pilot study, further correlations merit pursuing on a larger scale given the importance and potential impact of drug-induced immune-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Shahout
- Université du Québec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Marion Vanharen
- Université du Québec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Saafane
- Université du Québec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - James Gillard
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chem. de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Denis Girard
- Université du Québec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Université du Québec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
- NMX Research and Solutions, Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest, Laval, Québec H7V 5B7, Canada
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Guan S, Chen X, Xin S, Liu S, Yang Y, Fang W, Huang Y, Zhao H, Zhu X, Zhuang W, Wang F, Feng W, Zhang X, Huang M, Wang X, Zhang L. Establishment and application of a predictive model for gefitinib-induced severe rash based on pharmacometabolomic profiling and polymorphisms of transporters in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100951. [PMID: 33221684 PMCID: PMC7689337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 346 patients were enrolled in this study. Severe rash (grade 3&4) did not gain more bonification compare to grade 1&2 rash. Gefitinib and its four metabolites were detected in patients’ plasma. A specific and sensitive predictive model were established based on pharmacometabolomic profiling and pharmacogenomics approach.
Background Rash is a well-known predictor of survival for patients with gefitinib therapy with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, whether patients with more severe rash obtain the more survival benefits from gefitinib is still unknown, and predicted model for severe rash is needed. Methods The relationship between gefitinib-induced rash and progression free survival (PFS) was primarily explored in the retrospective cohort. The association between rash and gefitinib/metabolites concentration and genetic polymorphisms were determined by pharmacometabolomic and pharmacogenomics methods in the exploratory cohort and validated in an external cohort. Results The survival for patients with rash was significantly higher than that of patients without rash (p = 0.0002, p = 0.0089), but no difference was found between grade 1/2 or grade 3/4. Only the concentration of gefitinib, but not its metabolites, was found to be associated with severe rash, and the cutoff value of gefitinib was 204.6 ng/mL conducted by ROC curve analysis (AUC=0.685). A predictive model for severe rash was established: gefitinib concentration (OR = 11.523, 95% CI = 2.898-64.016, p = 0.0016), SLC22A8 rs4149179(CT vs CC, OR = 3.156, 95% CI = 0.958–11.164, p = 0.0629), SLC22A1 rs4709400(CG vs CC, OR = 10.267, 95% CI = 2.067–72.465, p = 0.0087; GG vs CC, OR = 5.103, 95% CI = 1.032–33.938, p = 0.061). This model was confirmed in the validation cohort with an excellent predictive ability (AUC = 0.749, 95% CI = 0.710–0.951). Conclusions Our finding demonstrated that the incidence, not the severity, of gefitinib-induced rash predicted improved survival, the gefitinib concentration and polymorphisms of SLC22A8 and SLC22A1 were recommended to manage severe rash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxing Guan
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shuang Xin
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shu Liu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingxi Hospital, Dongguan, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Feng
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Min Huang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xueding Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in a multiplicity of cancer-related signal transduction pathways like cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration, neoangiogenesis and apoptosis inhibition, all of which are important features of cancerogenesis and tumour progression. Its tyrosine kinase activity plays a central role in mediating these processes and has been intensely studied to exploit it as a therapeutic target. Inhibitors of this pathway have been developed and assessed in trials with significant efficacy in clinical applications. The current review focuses in particular on the clinical data of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition in different tumour entities, preferably non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer with emphasis to the approved small molecule erlotinib. Its clinical applications, evidence-based efficacy and toxicity as well as predictive markers of response are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steins
- Clinic for Thoracic Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Röntgenstr. 1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Thomas
- Clinic for Thoracic Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Röntgenstr. 1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Geißler
- Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Städtische Kliniken Esslingen, Hirschlandstr. 97, 73730, Esslingen, Germany
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Xie Y, Lv D, Wang W, Ye M, Chen X, Yang H. High PHLPP1 expression levels predicts longer time of acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59000-59007. [PMID: 28938613 PMCID: PMC5601709 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of an initial good response to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) in lung adenocarcinoma patients, resistance to treatment eventually occurs. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation stimulates Ras/Raf/Erk/MAPK and influences PI3K/Akt pathways, respectively. PHLPP negatively regulates PI3K/Akt and the RAF/RAS/ERK signaling pathways. Our study aimed to investigate the association between PH domain leucine-rich-repeats protein phosphatase (PHLPP) expression levels and the acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs in lung adenocarcinoma. Results High expression levels of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 were detected in 69.3% and 61.3%, respectively, of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Patients with high expression levels of PHLPP1 showed significantly longer median progression-free survival and overall survival than those with low expression levels of PHLPP1 (29 months versus 11 months, and 36 months versus 19 months respectively) (p = 0.0050 and p = 0.0052). PHLPP1, but not PHLPP2, protein expression levels was negatively correlated with p-Akt (473) and p-Erk1/2. The PHLPP1 expression levels were correlated with Progression-free survival and overall survival (p = 0.001 and p = 0.000). Materials and Methods We recruited 75 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma receiving EGFR TKIs treatment. The expression levels of PHLPP1, PHLPP2, p-AKT(S473) and p-ERK1/2 were assessed using tissue immunostaining. The association of PHLPP expression levels with clinicopathological parameters and disease prognosis was analyzed. Conclusions This study suggests that high expression levels of PHLPP1 predict a better survival from target therapy and a longer time of acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Xie
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongqing Lv
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Minhua Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Enze Medical Research Center, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haihua Yang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Sakellakis M, Koutras A, Pittaka M, Tsitsopoulos E, Kalofonou F, Kalofonos HP. Long-term disease stabilization following treatment with erlotinib in heavily pretreated patients with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor non-small-cell lung carcinoma: Two case reports. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 5:803-806. [PMID: 28105360 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinomas carrying epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations have been identified as a unique group of entities that depend on EGFR for their proliferation and metastasis. The introduction of reversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as erlotinib, has significantly affected the management of metastatic disease in this subset of patients. Interestingly, although erlotinib is highly effective in patients with EGFR mutations, it may occasionally prove useful, even in the absence of mutations. We herein present the course of two heavily pretreated patients who achieved remarkable disease stabilization over several years, despite harbouring no EGFR mutations. Our cases underscore the fact that further research is required to identify which subset of patients will benefit the most from this treatment, as a substantial minority may present with favourable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Sakellakis
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Pittaka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Fotini Kalofonou
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Haralabos P Kalofonos
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Xu J, Shen L, Zhang BC, Xu WH, Ruan SQ, Pan C, Wei QC. HER2 overexpression reverses the relative resistance of EGFR-mutant H1975 cell line to gefitinib. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5363-5369. [PMID: 28105244 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) that has been demonstrated to be clinically useful for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, ~50% of patients do not respond to EGFR TKI treatment through the emergence of mutations, such as T790M. Therefore, it is important to determine which patients are eligible for treatment with gefitinib. As a preferred dimerization partner for EGFR, the role of EGFR 2 (HER2) in mediating sensitivity to gefitinib is poorly understood. In the present study, full-length human HER2 cDNA was introduced to the NSCLC cell lines H1975 and H1299, which have a low endogenous expression level of HER2. In addition, it was observed in the present study that the H1975 cell line harbored the L858R and T790M mutations in the EGFR kinase domain. Western blot analysis and MTT assay were used to evaluate the TKI sensitivity of HER2 expression status, and the activation of HER3 and HER2 downstream effectors. The results indicated that the sensitivity of H1975 cells to gefitinib was restored by the overexpression of HER2, which stimulated HER2-driven signaling cascades accompanied by the activation of protein kinase B. By contrast, ectopic HER2 overexpression in H1299 cells did not significantly alter the sensitivity to gefitinib treatment. In conclusion, the current study results suggested that the relatively resistance of the H1975 cell line to gefitinib could be reversed by the overexpression of HER2. Therefore, the expression of HER2 could also be considered when evaluate the patients' potential response to gefitinib, particularly in the subgroup of lung cancer patients who harbor an EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China; National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China; National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China; National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qin Ruan
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Zhongshan Hospital, Chongqing 400013, P.R. China
| | - Chi Pan
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Chun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China; National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Dermatologic events from EGFR inhibitors: the issue of the missing patient voice. Support Care Cancer 2016; 25:651-660. [PMID: 27718067 PMCID: PMC5196015 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose As epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are associated with a variety of dermatologic adverse events (dAEs), the purpose of this study was to develop an overview of current knowledge of dAEs associated with EGFR inhibitors and to identify knowledge gaps regarding incidence, treatment, impact on quality of life (QOL), and patient acceptance. Method A structured literature search was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed (January 1983 to January 2014). In total, 71 publications published from 2004 to 2014 were identified for consideration in the final evidence review. Results The majority of published articles concentrate on the incidence of skin reactions, duration, treatment, and prevention strategies. Different grading systems based on the symptoms of skin rash or on health-related QOL (HRQOL) are used. An additional topic is the possible correlation between acneiform rash and efficacy of EGFR inhibitors. Knowledge gaps identified in the literature were how dAEs impact QOL compared with other AEs from a patient’s perspective, patients’ acceptance of dAEs (willingness to tolerate), and the impact of physician-patient communication on treatment decisions. Conclusions Research is needed on the impact of dAEs on patients’ acceptance of cancer treatments. Systematic studies are missing that compare the impact of dAEs with other toxicities on therapy decisions from both physician’s and patient’s view, and that investigate the balance between efficacy and avoidance of acneiform rash in treatment decisions. Such studies could provide deeper insights into the acceptance of the risk of untoward dermatologic events by both physicians and patients when treating advanced cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3419-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Li MJ, He Q, Li M, Luo F, Guan YS. Role of gefitinib in the targeted treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer in Chinese patients. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:1291-302. [PMID: 27022285 PMCID: PMC4790503 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s80635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. Conventional treatment options have limited efficacy because most cases are in the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. In recent years, gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown its good antitumor activities in treating NSCLC in a number of studies. This paper reviews its role in the targeted treatment of NSCLC in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jiao Li
- Department of Oncology, Center of Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Oncology, Center of Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Oncology, Center of Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Center of Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Song Guan
- Department of Oncology, Center of Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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9
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Choi HG, Jeon JY, Im YJ, Kim Y, Song EK, Seo YH, Cho SJ, Kim MG. Pharmacokinetic properties of two erlotinib 150 mg formulations with a genetic effect evaluation in healthy Korean subjects. Clin Drug Investig 2015; 35:31-43. [PMID: 25408262 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-014-0248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Erlotinib is a drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and several other types of cancer. It is a reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts on the epidermal growth factor receptor and inhibits cell proliferation, growth, migration, invasion and survival. This study was performed for the subsequent marketing of a test erlotinib formulation in Korea. We evaluated the comparative bioavailability and tolerability of the test and reference formulations in healthy adult volunteers. METHODS A total of 46 healthy male subjects were enrolled in a single-dose, randomized, open-label, two-period, two-sequence, crossover, bioequivalence study. During each treatment period, subjects received 150 mg of erlotinib in either the test or reference formulation. There was a 2-week washout period between each period. Blood samples were obtained 15 times during each period, before dosing and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after oral administration. Plasma concentrations of erlotinib were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), area under the plasma concentration-time curve to the last sampling time (AUC(t)), AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC(∞)), and time to reach C(max) (t(max)), were measured, and all treatment-emergent adverse events and their relationships with the study medications were recorded throughout the study. An additional analysis was performed to characterize the association between the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 genotypes and the erlotinib pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS A total of 41 subjects completed the study. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of adverse events between the two formulations, and there were no serious or unexpected adverse events during the study. Both formulations had very similar C(max), AUC, terminal half-life (t ½) and t(max) values. The 90% confidence intervals of the geometric least-squares mean ratios of the test to reference formulation were 1.09 (0.98-1.22) for C(max) and 1.10 (1.01-1.21) for AUCt. Statistical significance was observed between the CYP1A2*1M genotype and the erlotinib pharmacokinetic parameter, particularly C(max) (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the test and reference formulations of 150 mg erlotinib have similar pharmacokinetic characteristics. Both had no major safety issues and were well-tolerated. The test formulation met the regulatory criteria for assuming bioequivalence to the reference formulation for both AUCt and C max. The additional genetic analysis demonstrated that the major metabolic enzymes of erlotinib did not significantly affect erlotinib metabolism, with the exception of CYP1A2*1M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Gyu Choi
- Clinical Trial Center and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, 20, Geonji-ro, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 561-712, Republic of Korea
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11
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Abstract
Recent advancement in reduction methods of nitroarenes are reviewed. The different methods are classified based on the source of hydrogen utilized during reduction and the mechanism involved in the reduction process.
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12
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Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in a multiplicity of cancer-related signal transduction pathways such as cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration, neoangiogenesis and apoptosis inhibition, all of them are important features of cancerogenesis and tumour progression. Its tyrosine kinase activity plays a central role in mediating these processes and has been intensely studied to exploit it as a therapeutic target. Inhibitors of this pathway have been developed and assessed in trials with significant efficacy in clinical applications. The current review focuses in particular on the clinical data of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition in different tumour entities, preferably non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer with emphasis to the approved small molecule erlotinib. Its clinical applications, evidence-based efficacy and toxicity as well as predictive markers of response are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steins
- Clinic for Thoracic Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany,
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13
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Martin P, Owen SP, Leighl NB. Gefitinib: re-emerging from the shadows. Lung Cancer Manag 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.13.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In the past decade, the identification of mutations in the EGFR gene and the sensitivity of activating mutations to EGF receptor–tyrosine kinase inhibitors has improved survival in a subset of non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Over 70% of patients with EGFR mutations have a response to gefitinib therapy. Gefitinib, a first-generation EGF receptor–tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is well tolerated and continues to be widely used. However, eventually most patients develop resistance to gefitinib. This article reviews the pharmacology of gefitinib and summarizes the clinical trials that have resulted in its current day indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Martin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott P Owen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wu YL, Fukuoka M, Mok TSK, Saijo N, Thongprasert S, Yang JCH, Chu DT, Yang JJ, Rukazenkov Y. Tumor response and health-related quality of life in clinically selected patients from Asia with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with first-line gefitinib: post hoc analyses from the IPASS study. Lung Cancer 2013; 81:280-7. [PMID: 23540718 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In IPASS (NCT00322452), progression-free survival (PFS, primary endpoint) was significantly longer with first-line gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in never/light ex-smokers with advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma in Asia, both in the overall intent-to-treat (ITT) population and in the EGFR mutation-positive subgroup. To further characterize the clinical relevance of these data, we investigated objective response rate (ORR) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients treated with gefitinib. METHODS Objective response was assessed (RECIST) 6-weekly (previously reported). Post hoc assessments included median time to response, median duration of response and change in tumor size. The analysis of response population included those patients treated with gefitinib who responded (n = 262 from ITT; n = 94 from EGFR mutation-positive subgroup). The percentage of patients with deterioration in HRQoL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung [FACT-L], Trial Outcome Index [TOI]) and symptoms (Lung Cancer Subscale [LCS]) at 4 months post-randomization was analyzed according to progression status (EFQ population grouped by progressors/non-progressors in both treatment arms). The ORR (ITT) and incidence of skin rash/acne (evaluable-for-safety) were summarized. RESULTS In patients whose tumors responded to gefitinib, median time to response was 6.1 weeks in the ITT population (n = 262) and 6.0 weeks in the EGFR mutation-positive subgroup (n = 94); median duration of response was 9.7 and 8.7 months in these groups, respectively. There was significant tumor shrinkage with gefitinib. A greater percentage of patients in the EFQ population whose tumors progressed experienced deterioration in HRQoL and symptoms at 4 months versus patients whose tumors did not progress (FACT-L 33.7% vs 16.3%; TOI 33.7% vs 13.2%; LCS 31.7% vs 15.5%). In the gefitinib arm of the EFS population, incidence of rash was 75.8% and 68.1% in EGFR mutation-positive and -negative subgroups, respectively (with ORR for the gefitinib arm of the ITT 71.2% vs 1.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Patients whose tumors responded to first-line gefitinib experienced significant tumor shrinkage and a rapid, durable response. Deterioration in HRQoL and lung cancer symptoms at 4 months post-randomization was found to be associated with tumor progression, highlighting the role of patient-reported outcomes in the evaluation of advanced NSCLC disease. Rash was not supported as a predictive marker of response to gefitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Liu HB, Wu Y, Lv TF, Yao YW, Xiao YY, Yuan DM, Song Y. Skin rash could predict the response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and the prognosis for patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55128. [PMID: 23383079 PMCID: PMC3559430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the role of skin rash in predicting the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Method We systematically searched for eligible articles investigating the association between rash and the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs and the prognosis of patients with NSCLC. The summary risk ratio (RR) and hazard ratio (HR) were calculated using meta-analysis. Results We identified 33 eligible trials involving 6,798 patients. We used two different standards to group the patients [standard 1: rash vs. no rash, standard 2: rash (≥ stage 2) vs. rash (stage 0, 1)]. For standard 1, the objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) of the rash group were significantly higher than the no rash group [RR = 3.28; 95% CI: 2.41–4.47(corrected RR = 2.225, 95% CI: 1.658–2.986); RR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.58–2.43]. The same results were observed for standard 2. For standards 1 and 2, the progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.37–0.53; HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.50–0.65) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.28–0.52; HR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35–0.71) of the rash group were significantly longer than the control group, and the same results were observed in the subgroup analysis. Conclusions skin rash after EGFR-TKI treatment may be an efficient clinical marker for predicting the response of patients with NSCLC to EGFR-TKIs. Furthermore, skin rash is also the prognostic factor of patients with NSCLC. Patients with skin rash have a longer PFS and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-bing Liu
- Respiratory Department, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Tang-feng Lv
- Respiratory Department, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-wen Yao
- Respiratory Department, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-ying Xiao
- Respiratory Department, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-mei Yuan
- Respiratory Department, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Song
- Respiratory Department, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Sugiura Y, Nemoto E, Kawai O, Ohkubo Y, Fusegawa H, Kaseda S. Skin rash by gefitinib is a sign of favorable outcomes for patients of advanced lung adenocarcinoma in Japanese patients. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:22. [PMID: 23420789 PMCID: PMC3569587 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin rash is one of the notorious adverse events of gefitinib as well as other epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The differences of response rate and frequency of adverse events between ethnic groups are well known. Some reports demonstrated the correlation between development of rash and efficacy in Caucasian patients treated with erlotinib, gefitinib or cetuximab. We analyzed clinical course of Japanese patients of lung adenocarcinoma in order to assess the relation between adverse events and efficacy of gefitinib. Between January 2008 and June 2012, 24 Japanese patients administered gefitinib 250 mg daily. The adverse events were evaluated in accordance with Common Terminology Criteria For Adverse Events v4.0 (CTCAE). Objective response to gefitinib was evaluated with using computed tomography every 1–2 months. The relationship between each adverse event and objective response was examined by chi-square test. The Log-rank Test was used to assess the relationship between the presence of skin rash and overall survival. Twenty four patients with a median age of 67 years (range 55–89) entered were 16 female and 8 male patients; the pathological diagnosis of all patients was adenocarcinoma. Skin rash in CTCAE occurred in 10. The objective response and overall survival among the patients with skin rash was significantly superior to the patients without skin rash. Skin rash by gefitinib correlates with improved clinical outcomes among advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasoo Sugiura
- Pulmonary and Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kanagawa National Hospital, 666-1 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8585 Japan
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Kreisl TN, McNeill KA, Sul J, Iwamoto FM, Shih J, Fine HA. A phase I/II trial of vandetanib for patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:1519-26. [PMID: 23099652 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vandetanib is a once-daily multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, and the rearranged-during-transfection oncogene. A phase I trial was conducted to describe the pharmacokinetics of vandetanib in patients with recurrent glioma on enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs (EIAEDs) and to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in this population. A phase II trial evaluated the efficacy of vandetanib in patients with recurrent malignant glioma not on EIAEDs as measured by 6-month progression-free survival (PFS6). In the phase I trial, 15 patients were treated with vandetanib at doses of 300, 400, and 500 mg/day, in a standard dose-escalation design. The MTD in patients on EIAEDs was 400 mg/day, and steady-state levels were similar to those measured in patients not on EIAEDs. Dose-limiting toxicities were prolonged QTc and thromboembolism. Thirty-two patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and 32 patients with recurrent anaplastic gliomas (AGs) were treated in the phase II trial, at a dosage of 300 mg/day on 28-day cycles. Six patients (4 GBM, 2 AG) had radiographic response. PFS6 was 6.5% in the GBM arm and 7.0% in the AG arm. Median overall survival was 6.3 months in the GBM arm and 7.6 months in the AG arm. Seizures were an unexpected toxicity of therapy. Vandetanib did not have significant activity in unselected patients with recurrent malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri N Kreisl
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Relationship between skin rash and outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with anti-EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors: A literature-based meta-analysis of 24 trials. Lung Cancer 2012; 78:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kim ST, Uhm JE, Lee J, Sun JM, Sohn I, Kim SW, Jung SH, Park YH, Ahn JS, Park K, Ahn MJ. Randomized phase II study of gefitinib versus erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who failed previous chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 2012; 75:82-8. [PMID: 21684626 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gefitinib and erlotinib are potent EGFR TKIs, with antitumor activity. In this randomized, single-center, non-comparative phase II trial, the efficacy and safety of gefitinib and erlotinib was evaluated as the second-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with locally advanced, metastatic stage IIIB/IV NSCLC who failed first-line chemotherapy and had either EGFR mutation or at least two out of three clinical factors associated with higher incidence of EGFR mutations (female, adenocarcinoma histology, and never-smoker) were eligible. RESULTS A total of 96 (48 per arm) patients were randomly assigned to gefitinib- or erlotinib-arm, respectively. Baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the two arms. The response rates (RR) were 47.9% in the gefitinib arm and 39.6% in the erlotinib arm. Median PFS was 4.9 months (95% CI, 1.3-8.5) in the gefitinib arm and 3.1 months (95% CI, 0.0-6.4) in the erlotinib arm. The most common grade 3/4 toxicity was skin rash. Exploratory analyses showed that there was no significant difference in RR and PFS in the gefitinib arm compared to the erlotinib arm (RR (%) 47.9 vs. 39.6, p=0.269; median survival (months) 4.9 vs. 3.1, p=0.336). There was no significant difference in QOL between the two arms. CONCLUSION Both gefitinib and erlotinib showed effective activity and tolerable toxicity profiles as second-line treatment for the selected population of NSCLC. We may consider conducting a phase III trial to directly compare the efficacy and toxicity between gefitinib and erlotinib in an enriched patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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General and neurological complications of targeted therapy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 105:937-45. [PMID: 22230543 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53502-3.00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Cheon YH, Kim MJ, Kang MG, Kim HJ, Lee SS, Kim CY, Jeon DH, Kim YE, Lee GW. Bowel perforation after erlotinib treatment in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:695-8. [PMID: 21623617 PMCID: PMC3104451 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.4.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erlotinib is accepted as a standard second-line chemotherapeutic agent in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who are refractory or resistant to first-line platinum- based chemotherapy. There has been no previous report of bowel perforation with or without gastrointestinal metastases related to erlotinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The exact mechanism of bowel perforation in patients who received erlotinib remains unclear. In this report, we report the first case of enterocutaneous fistula in a female patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer 9 months, following medication with erlotinib as second-line chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hong Cheon
- Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju 660-702, Korea.
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Klümpen HJ, Samer CF, Mathijssen RH, Schellens JH, Gurney H. Moving towards dose individualization of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 37:251-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD A concerted effort by the pharmaceutical industry over the last decade has led to the successful clinical development of protein kinase inhibitors as effective targeted therapies for certain cancers. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review details eight small molecule kinase inhibitors that have been approved for the treatment of cancer in either the US or Europe as of March 2010: imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib, erlotinib, dasatinib, lapatinib, sunitinib and nilotinib. These eight compounds vary from the relatively specific inhibitor lapatinib to the more promiscuous kinase inhibitors dasatinib and sunitinib. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A brief discussion on the biology of each inhibitor, selectivity over other kinases and toxicity is provided. A more detailed discussion on the metabolism, drug transporters, drug-drug interactions and possible roles of metabolism in compound toxicity is provided for each compound. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The majority of the currently approved kinase inhibitors is heavily influenced by drug transporters and significantly affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers. At least three, gefitinib, erlotinib and dasatinib, are metabolized to form reactive metabolites capable of covalently-binding biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R. Duckett
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Azzoli CG, Baker S, Temin S, Pao W, Aliff T, Brahmer J, Johnson DH, Laskin JL, Masters G, Milton D, Nordquist L, Pfister DG, Piantadosi S, Schiller JH, Smith R, Smith TJ, Strawn JR, Trent D, Giaccone G. [American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline update on chemotherapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:171-89. [PMID: 20681066 PMCID: PMC6136061 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
本文旨在为Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌患者的治疗提供更新版推荐。本文资料检索源自2002年以来公布的相关随机试验文献。此指南范围限于化疗与生物治疗。更新委员会对这些文献进行了总结并提供了推荐更新。162篇文献符合标准被纳入参考。本推荐基于可改善总生存期的治疗方法。仅改善无进展生存期的治疗方法推动了对毒性及生存质量的监测。对于体力状态评分为0分或1分患者的一线治疗,可推荐以铂类为基础的细胞毒性药物的两药联用。对铂类治疗有禁忌的患者,可采用非铂类细胞毒性两药联合。对于体力状态评分为2分的患者,单一细胞毒性药物即可。对于疾病进展或经过4个周期的治疗仍对治疗无反应的患者,应停止一线细胞毒性化疗。即使在6个周期后患者对治疗仍有反应,亦应停止两药细胞毒性化疗。对于伴有明确的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)突变的患者,可推荐一线采用吉非替尼治疗;对于EGFR突变为阴性或不明确的患者,细胞毒性化疗更佳。除具有特定临床特征的患者外,可推荐贝伐单抗与卡铂-紫杉醇联用。对于通过免疫组化证实EGFR阳性的肿瘤患者,可推荐西妥昔单抗与顺铂-长春瑞滨联用。多西紫杉醇、厄洛替尼、吉非替尼或培美曲塞被推荐作为二线治疗。对于未曾接受过厄洛替尼或吉非替尼治疗的患者,可推荐厄洛替尼作为三线治疗。现有数据不足以推荐常规三线采用细胞毒性药物。已有的证据也不足以推荐常规应用分子标记物选择化疗。
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Raizer JJ, Abrey LE, Lassman AB, Chang SM, Lamborn KR, Kuhn JG, Yung WKA, Gilbert MR, Aldape KA, Wen PY, Fine HA, Mehta M, Deangelis LM, Lieberman F, Cloughesy TF, Robins HI, Dancey J, Prados MD. A phase II trial of erlotinib in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas and nonprogressive glioblastoma multiforme postradiation therapy. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:95-103. [PMID: 20150372 PMCID: PMC2940554 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with (a) recurrent malignant glioma (MG): glioblastoma (GBM) or recurrent anaplastic glioma (AG), and (b) nonprogressive (NP) GBM following radiation therapy (RT) were eligible. Primary objective for recurrent MG was progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS-6) and overall survival at 12 months for NP GBM post-RT. Secondary objectives for recurrent MGs were response, survival, assessment of toxicity, and pharmacokinetics (PKs). Treatment with enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs was not allowed. Patients received 150 mg/day erlotinib. Patients requiring surgery were treated 7 days prior to tumor removal for PK analysis and effects of erlotinib on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and intracellular signaling pathways. Ninety-six patients were evaluable (53 recurrent MG and 43 NP GBM); 5 patients were not evaluable for response. PFS-6 in recurrent GBM was 3% with a median PFS of 2 months; PFS-6 in recurrent AG was 27% with a median PFS of 2 months. Twelve-month survival was 57% in NP GBMs post-RT. Primary toxicity was dermatologic. The tissue-to-plasma ratio normalized to nanograms per gram dry weight for erlotinib and OSI-420 ranged from 25% to 44% and 30% to 59%, respectively, for pretreated surgical patients. No effect on EGFR or intratumoral signaling was seen. Patients with NP GBM post-RT who developed rash in cycle 1 had improved survival (P < .001). Single-agent activity of erlotinib is minimal for recurrent MGs and marginally beneficial following RT for NP GBM patients. Development of rash in cycle 1 correlates with survival in patients with NP GBM after RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Raizer
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in a multiplicity of cancer-related signal transduction pathways like cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration, neoangiogenesis, and apoptosis inhibition, all of them important features of cancerogenesis and tumour progression. Its tyrosine kinase activity plays a central role in mediating these processes and has been intensely studied to exploit it as a therapeutic target. Inhibitors of this pathway have been developed and assessed in trials with significant efficacy in clinical applications. The current review focuses in particular on the clinical data of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition in different tumour entities, preferably non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer with emphasis on the approved small molecule erlotinib. Its clinical applications, evidence-based efficacy, and toxicity as well as predictive markers of response are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steins
- Clinic for Thoracic Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Amalienstrasse 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Azzoli CG, Baker S, Temin S, Pao W, Aliff T, Brahmer J, Johnson DH, Laskin JL, Masters G, Milton D, Nordquist L, Pfister DG, Piantadosi S, Schiller JH, Smith R, Smith TJ, Strawn JR, Trent D, Giaccone G. American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline update on chemotherapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:6251-66. [PMID: 19917871 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide updated recommendations for the treatment of patients with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. A literature search identified relevant randomized trials published since 2002. The scope of the guideline was narrowed to chemotherapy and biologic therapy. An Update Committee reviewed the literature and made updated recommendations. One hundred sixty-two publications met the inclusion criteria. Recommendations were based on treatment strategies that improve overall survival. Treatments that improve only progression-free survival prompted scrutiny of toxicity and quality of life. For first-line therapy in patients with performance status of 0 or 1, a platinum-based two-drug combination of cytotoxic drugs is recommended. Nonplatinum cytotoxic doublets are acceptable for patients with contraindications to platinum therapy. For patients with performance status of 2, a single cytotoxic drug is sufficient. Stop first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy at disease progression or after four cycles in patients who are not responding to treatment. Stop two-drug cytotoxic chemotherapy at six cycles even in patients who are responding to therapy. The first-line use of gefitinib may be recommended for patients with known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation; for negative or unknown EGFR mutation status, cytotoxic chemotherapy is preferred. Bevacizumab is recommended with carboplatin-paclitaxel, except for patients with certain clinical characteristics. Cetuximab is recommended with cisplatin-vinorelbine for patients with EGFR-positive tumors by immunohistochemistry. Docetaxel, erlotinib, gefitinib, or pemetrexed is recommended as second-line therapy. Erlotinib is recommended as third-line therapy for patients who have not received prior erlotinib or gefitinib. Data are insufficient to recommend the routine third-line use of cytotoxic drugs. Data are insufficient to recommend routine use of molecular markers to select chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Azzoli
- American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2318 Mill Rd, Suite 800, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
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Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: similar but different? Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20:856-66. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32833034e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li X, Kamenecka TM, Cameron MD. Bioactivation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Gefitinib: Implications for Pulmonary and Hepatic Toxicities. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1736-42. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900256y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Li
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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Erlotinib Monotherapy for Stage IIIB/IV Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter Trial by the Korean Cancer Study Group. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4:1136-43. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181b270a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alexandroff A, Graham-Brown R. Report from the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:12-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A systems pathology model for predicting overall survival in patients with refractory, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with gefitinib. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1518-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stinchcombe TE, Socinski MA. Gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: does it deserve a second chance? Oncologist 2008; 13:933-44. [PMID: 18784157 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been intense investigation into the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a therapeutic target in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently there are two EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, erlotinib and gefitinib, approved for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. In a phase III trial (BR.21), treatment with erlotinib resulted in a statistically significant improvement in overall survival in patients who had experienced progression after one or two previous chemotherapy treatments in comparison with best supportive care (BSC). In contrast, in the Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer (ISEL) trial, treatment with gefitinib did not result in a statistically significant improvement in overall survival time in comparison with BSC in patients who had received one or two previous chemotherapy treatments and were refractory to or intolerant of the previous chemotherapy. After the results of the ISEL trial, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration restricted the use of gefitinib, and gefitinib was effectively removed from routine clinical practice within the U.S. However, gefitinib was approved in other countries and clinical trials investigating gefitinib continued. Recently the Iressa Non-small cell lung cancer Trial Evaluating REsponse and Survival against Taxotere (INTEREST) trial met the primary endpoint of demonstrating noninferiority in terms of overall survival for gefitinib (250 mg daily) in comparison with docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks). Patients treated with gefitinib experienced a lower rate of treatment-related toxicity and higher rate of improvement in quality of life. Results of recent gefitinib trials have been provocative, and suggest a role for gefitinib in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Stinchcombe
- Multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7305, USA.
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Na II, Byun BH, Kang HJ, Cheon GJ, Koh JS, Kim CH, Choe DH, Ryoo BY, Lee JC, Lim SM, Yang SH. 18F-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-Glucose Uptake Predicts Clinical Outcome in Patients with Gefitinib-Treated Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2036-41. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Arenberg D. Bronchioloalveolar lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007; 132:306S-13S. [PMID: 17873176 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current evidence on special issues relating to the diagnosis, imaging, prognosis, and treatment of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). METHODS This guideline focuses on aspects of BAC that are unique and ways in which BAC differs importantly from other forms of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The author reviewed published literature reporting on BAC using key words "histology," "CT scans," "fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan," "sensitivity," "specificity," "surgical resection," "sublobar resection," and "epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor" and selected references from published review articles. Also included was a review of the 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) revised classification system for lung tumors, which established a more restrictive definition of BAC to tumors with a pure lepidic spreading pattern and no evidence of stromal, vascular, or pleural invasion. RESULTS With the notable exception of a lower likelihood of a positive positron emission tomography finding in the presence of BAC, staging, diagnosis, and treatment are the same as for other histologic subtypes of NSCLC, but additional treatment options that may prove to be equivalent, if not more effective, for more patients exist (eg, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, sublobar resection). CONCLUSIONS BAC is a form of adenocarcinoma with unique clinical, radiologic, and epidemiologic features. The diagnosis of BAC should be reserved for tumors that meet the WHO criteria. Additional clinical trials are needed on this population of patients, using strict definitions and enrollment criteria to allow the results to be applied to appropriate patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Arenberg
- University of Michigan, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Gregorc V, Hidalgo M, Spreafico A, Cusatis G, Ludovini V, Ingersoll RG, Marsh S, Steinberg SM, Viganò MG, Ghio D, Villa E, Sparreboom A, Baker SD. Germline polymorphisms in EGFR and survival in patients with lung cancer receiving gefitinib. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 83:477-84. [PMID: 17713473 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between germline epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) variants involved in transcriptional regulation and overall survival in white patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib. Of 175 consecutive patients treated with oral gefitinib (250 mg/day), 170 (median age: 67 years; 72% men) were evaluable for genotyping and survival. Fifty-five patients (33%) had stable disease and 17 (10%) had an objective response. The most common of four haplotypes was G-C (EGFR*1) at the EGFR -216G>T and -191C>A loci (frequency, 0.45). After adjusting for performance status, previous platinum-containing chemotherapy and occurrence of skin rash or diarrhea during the first treatment cycle in patients with performance status 0 or 1 (N=139), the absence of EGFR*1 was associated with significantly better survival (hazard ratio: 0.54; 95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.91; P=0.015). The results may help identify patients with NSCLC who can benefit from gefitinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gregorc
- Department of Oncology, Scientific Institute University Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Madhusudan S, Ganesan TS. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cancer therapy. RECENT RESULTS IN CANCER RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER KREBSFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DANS LES RECHERCHES SUR LE CANCER 2007; 172:25-44. [PMID: 17607934 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-31209-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Montemurro F, Valabrega G, Aglietta M. Lapatinib: a dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase activity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:257-68. [PMID: 17250463 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lapatinib (GW 572016) is an oral inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human EGFR-2 (HER2), which are both frequently altered in human malignant tumors. Being a multitargeting agent, it has the theoretical ability to provide more efficient antitumor activity and delay the onset of tumor resistance. Based on promising preclinical results, lapatinib is being extensively studied in cancer patients. In Phase I clinical trials, the side effect profile of lapatinib results are favorable, with a few patients experiencing serious toxicity. Phase II studies showed that lapatinib has meaningful clinical activity in the setting of HER2-positive advanced breast cancer patients. Unfortunately, its activity in epidermal growth factor receptor-dominated cancers, such as colorectal cancer or squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, is modest. An extensive program is now ongoing in breast cancer patients to establish the correct role of lapatinib in this clinical setting. Studies in breast cancer, as well as in other solid tumors are also collecting a large amount of biological data. Correlative studies will hopefully clarify predictive factors of lapatinib efficacy that can be applied in clinical practice in order to select patients for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Montemurro
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy.
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von Eyben FE. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition and non-small cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43:291-323. [PMID: 16769595 DOI: 10.1080/10408360600728369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of non-small cell (NSC) lung cancers express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Many studies have evaluated the clinical effect from targeted therapy achieved by blocking EGFR in patients with NSC lung cancer. Treatment of biologically unselected patients with NSC lung cancer with two reversible quinazole EGFR inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib, gave negative results in all controlled trials but one. Ten percent to 20% of patients with NSC lung cancers have somatic mutations in EGFR, and these patients have a significantly higher response rate (73%) to treatment with EGFR inhibitors than patients with wild-type EGFR (10%). Patients with Asian background, women, non-smokers, and patients with adenocarcinoma had higher response rates than other patients, and the differences may be due to an association between the clinical characteristics and EGFR mutations. Further studies are needed to fully evaluate the effect of EGFR inhibitor-treatment for subgroups of patients with NSC lung cancer with favorable biological and clinical characteristics.
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Assessing the combination of FOLFOX or FOLFIRI with bevacizumab, cetuximab, or both in metastatic colorectal cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1548-5315(11)70756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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