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Ni S, Li L, Sun X, Wang Y, Yu Q, Wang W, Gu Z, Yu Z, Wu D, Wu F, Jiang S, Peng P. In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics, disposition, and drug-drug interaction potential of tinengotinib (TT-00420), a promising investigational drug for treatment of cholangiocarcinoma and other solid tumors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106658. [PMID: 38048851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Early-stage clinical evaluation of tinengotinib (TT-00420) demonstrated encouraging preliminary efficacies in multiple types of refractory cancers, including fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) inhibitors relapsed cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and HR+/HER2- breast cancer and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). To further evaluate drug-like properties of the drug candidate, it is imperative to understand its metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties. This manuscript presented the investigation results of in vitro permeability, plasma protein binding, metabolic stability, metabolite identification, and drug-drug interaction of tinengotinib. Preclinical ADME (absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism) studies in rats and dogs was also conducted using a radioactive labeled tinengotinib, [14C]tinengotinib. Tinengotinib was found to have high permeability and high plasma protein binding and equally distributed between blood and plasma. There were no unique metabolites in human liver microsomes and tinengotinib showed moderate hepatic clearance. Tinengotinib is neither a potential inhibitor nor an inducer of P450 enzymes at clinically relevant concentrations, and unlikely to cause drug-drug interactions when used in combination with other drugs mediated by a key transporter, either as victim or perpetrator. Taken together, tinengotinib demonstrated a minimal risk of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. Tinengotinib showed good oral bioavailability and dose-dependent exposures in both rat and dog after oral administration. The total radioactivity was largely distributed in the gastrointestinal system and liver, and tinengotinib could not easily pass through the blood-brain barrier. The major drug-related component in rat and dog plasma was unchanged drug (>89 %) with primary route of elimination via feces (>93 % of the dose) and minor via renal excretion (<4 % of the dose). Tinengotinib metabolism is mediated largely by CYP3A4, with minor contributions from CYP2D6 and CYP2C8. Major metabolic pathways include oxidation, oxidative cleavage of the morpholine ring, glucuronide and glutathione conjugations. The overall preclinical pharmacokinetics profile supported the selection and development of tinengotinib as a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumao Ni
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Xiaofen Sun
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Wuwei Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Zheming Gu
- Value Pharmaceutical Services Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211899, China
| | - Zhenwen Yu
- Value Pharmaceutical Services Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211899, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Frank Wu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Medicinal Chemistry, Preparation, Project Management, TransThera Sciences (Nanjing), Inc., Fl 3, Bld 9, Phase 2 Accelerator, Biotech and Pharmaceutical Valley, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 210032, China.
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Varma DA, Singh M, Wakode S, Dinesh NE, Vinaik S, Asthana S, Tiwari M. Structure-based pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening of natural products to identify polypharmacological inhibitor against c-MET/EGFR/VEGFR-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2956-2970. [PMID: 35196966 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2042388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), c-MET, EGFR, and VEGFR-2 have been identified as potential oncogenic targets involved in tumor development, metastasis, and invasion. Designing inhibitors that can simultaneously interact with multiple targets is a promising approach, therefore, inhibiting these three RTKs with a single chemical component might give an effective chemotherapeutic strategy for addressing the disease while limiting adverse effects. The in-silico methods have been developed to identify the polypharmacological inhibitors particularly for drug repurposing and multitarget drug design. Here, to find a viable inhibitor from natural source against these three RTKs, structure-based pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening of SN-II database were carried out. The filtered compound SN00020821, identified as Cedeodarin, from different computational approaches, demonstrated good interactions with all the three targets, c-MET/EGFR/VEGFR-2, with interaction energies of -42.35 kcal/mol, -49.32 kcal/mol and -44.83 kcal/mol, respectively. SN00020821displayed stable key interactions with critical amino acids of all the three receptors' kinase catalytic domains including "DFG motif" explored through the MD simulations. Furthermore, it also met the ADMET requirements and was determined to be drug-like as predicted from the Lipinski's rule of five and Veber's rule. Finally, SN00020821 provides a novel molecular scaffold that could be investigated further as a polypharmacological anticancer therapeutic candidate that targets the three RTKs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha A Varma
- Dr. B. R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrityunjay Singh
- Non-communicable diseases, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSRU, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Wakode
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSRU, New Delhi, India
| | - N E Dinesh
- Dr. B. R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Simran Vinaik
- Dr. B. R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Non-communicable diseases, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Dr. B. R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Liu H, Shen C, Chang X, Wang C. Recent Advances in Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions with Kinetic Resolution. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202205037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Aliwaini S, Abu Thaher B, Al-Masri I, Shurrab N, El-Kurdi S, Schollmeyer D, Qeshta B, Ghunaim M, Csuk R, Laufer S, Kaiser L, Deigner HP. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazolo[1,2,4]triazolopyrimidine Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134065. [PMID: 34279406 PMCID: PMC8271544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel pyrazolo-[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolopyrimidine derivatives (1, 2, and 3) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro biological activity. All three compounds exhibited different levels of cytotoxicity against cervical and breast cancer cell lines. However, compound 1 showed the best antiproliferative activity against all tested tumor cell lines, including HCC1937 and HeLa cells, which express high levels of wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Western blot analyses demonstrated that compound 1 inhibited the activation of EGFR, protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 in breast and cervical cancer cells at concentrations of 7 and 11 µM, respectively. The results from docking experiments with EGFR suggested the binding of compound 1 at the ATP binding site of EGFR. Furthermore, the crystal structure of compound 3 (7-(4-bromophenyl)-9-(pyridin-4-yl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine) was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Our work represents a promising starting point for the development of a new series of compounds targeting EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeb Aliwaini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine or (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Bassam Abu Thaher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine; (S.E.-K.); (B.Q.)
- Correspondence: (B.A.T.); (H.-P.D.); Tel.: +970-8-264-4400 (B.A.T.); +49-7720-307-4232 (H.-P.D.)
| | - Ihab Al-Masri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza P.O. Box 1277, Palestine;
| | - Nabil Shurrab
- Chemistry Department, Al Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 1277, Palestine;
| | - Said El-Kurdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine; (S.E.-K.); (B.Q.)
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Basem Qeshta
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine; (S.E.-K.); (B.Q.)
| | - Mariam Ghunaim
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine or (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Furtwangen University (HFU), Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Furtwangen University (HFU), Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany;
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI Leipzig, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Associated Member of Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.A.T.); (H.-P.D.); Tel.: +970-8-264-4400 (B.A.T.); +49-7720-307-4232 (H.-P.D.)
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Li M, Chen H, Sun T, Ma Z, Chen X, Wu D, Huang W, Wang X. p70S6K Promotes Acquired Resistance of Erlotinib Through Induction of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5257-5270. [PMID: 32606745 PMCID: PMC7295111 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s249695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as erlotinib, were approved for non-small cell lung carcinoma patients with EGFR mutations. However, the acquired resistance of these inhibitors has not been fully clarified. Therefore, clarifying the mechanism and developing new rationales to overcome the drug resistance are urgently needed. Methods A pair of erlotinib sensitive and resistant cells was used to identify the key molecules in mediating erlotinib resistance. Loss- or gain-of-function study was used to confirm the effects of the key molecules. Xenograft mouse model and human cancer tissue sample studies were conducted for further corroboration. Results HCC827 cells with acquired resistance to erlotinib underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition and exhibited enhanced p70S6K signaling compared to parental sensitive cells. Moreover, in erlotinib resistant cells, downregulation of p70S6K expression using either siRNA or shRNA reversed EMT and partially overcame erlotinib resistance. Meanwhile, in erlotinib sensitive cells, overexpression of p70S6K promoted EMT and induced erlotinib resistance. Upregulation of p70S6K signaling in erlotinib resistant cells was caused by reduced GSK3β-mediated protein degradation of mTOR and raptor. Additionally, p70S6K silencing suppressed the growth of erlotinib resistant cells in a xenograft mouse model. Finally, we found a correlation between p70S6K and E-cadherin expression in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue samples. Conclusion Our findings suggest that p70S6K-induced EMT plays an important role in the acquired resistance of erlotinib and provides a novel therapeutic rationale of targeting p70S6K in NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, 210029
| | - Hongling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, 210029
| | - Tong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, 210029
| | - Zhuo Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, 210029
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, 210029
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, 210029
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, 210006
| | - Xuerong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China, 210029
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Park HJ, Min TR, Chi GY, Choi YH, Park SH. Induction of apoptosis by morusin in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by suppression of EGFR/STAT3 activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:194-200. [PMID: 30243717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to validate the anticancer effects of morusin in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Morusin suppressed the cell growth and colony formation in a concentration-dependent manner in H1299, H460 and H292 cells. These anticancer activities were related with apoptosis induction proved by the accumulation of chromatin condensation, PARP cleavage, increase of sub-G1 phage and annexin V-positive cell population. Interestingly, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was dephosphorylated by morusin. Morusin suppressed the transcriptional activity of STAT3 and down-regulated the expression of STAT3 target genes. In addition, morusin inhibited the phosphorylation of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), an upstream regulator of STAT3. The docking study showed that morusin directly binds to the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR. Furthermore, the anticancer effects of morusin were consistently observed in erlotinib-resistant H1975 cells expressing L858R and T790 M mutant EGFR, suggesting that morusin can be used for the advanced NSCLC with acquired resistance to EGFR TKI. Taken together, our results demonstrate that morusin induced apoptosis in human NSCLC cells regardless of EGFR mutation status through inhibition of EGFR/STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Rin Min
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoo-Yong Chi
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea; Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyung Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea.
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Wang M, Hu Y, Yu T, Ma X, Wei X, Wei Y. Pan-HER-targeted approach for cancer therapy: Mechanisms, recent advances and clinical prospect. Cancer Lett 2018; 439:113-130. [PMID: 30218688 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family is composed of 4 structurally related receptor tyrosine kinases that are involved in many human cancers. The efficacy and safety of HER inhibitors have been compared in a wide range of clinical trials, suggesting the superior inhibitory ability of multiple- HER-targeting blockade compared with single receptor antagonists. However, many patients are currently resistant to current therapeutic treatment and novel strategies are warranted to conquer the resistance. Thus, we performed a critical review to summarize the molecular involvement of HER family receptors in tumour progression, recent anti-HER drug development based on clinical trials, and the potential resistance mechanisms of anti-HER therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Yuzhu Hu
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Ting Yu
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
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Ben-Avi R, Farhi R, Ben-Nun A, Gorodner M, Greenberg E, Markel G, Schachter J, Itzhaki O, Besser MJ. Establishment of adoptive cell therapy with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes for non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1221-1230. [PMID: 29845338 PMCID: PMC11028292 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) of tumor infiltration lymphocytes (TIL) yields promising clinical results in metastatic melanoma patients, who failed standard treatments. Due to the fact that metastatic lung cancer has proven to be susceptible to immunotherapy and possesses a high mutation burden, which makes it responsive to T cell attack, we explored the feasibility of TIL ACT in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Multiple TIL cultures were isolated from tumor specimens of five NSCLC patients undergoing thoracic surgery. We were able to successfully establish TIL cultures by various methods from all patients within an average of 14 days. Fifteen lung TIL cultures were further expanded to treatment levels under good manufacturing practice conditions and functionally and phenotypically characterized. Lung TIL expanded equally well as 103 melanoma TIL obtained from melanoma patients previously treated at our center, and had a similar phenotype regarding PD1, CD28, and 4-1BB expressions, but contained a higher percent of CD4 T cells. Lung carcinoma cell lines were established from three patients of which two possessed TIL cultures with specific in vitro anti-tumor reactivity. Here, we report the successful pre-clinical production of TIL for immunotherapy in the lung cancer setting, which may provide a new treatment modality for patients with metastatic NSCLC. The initiation of a clinical trial is planned for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Ben-Avi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronit Farhi
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alon Ben-Nun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Marina Gorodner
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eyal Greenberg
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Liu HC, Wei L, Huang R, Tao HY, Cong H, Wang CJ. Ag(I)-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Cyclopentene-1,3-diones. Org Lett 2018; 20:3482-3486. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hai-Yan Tao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 230021, China
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Bahleda R, Varga A, Bergé Y, Soria JC, Schnell D, Tschoepe I, Uttenreuther-Fischer M, Delord JP. Phase I open-label study of afatinib plus vinorelbine in patients with solid tumours overexpressing EGFR and/or HER2. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:344-352. [PMID: 29337963 PMCID: PMC5808039 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This phase Ib study evaluated afatinib plus vinorelbine in patients with advanced solid tumours overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and/or human EGFR 2 (HER2). Methods: Maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) were determined for afatinib (20, 40 or 50 mg, once daily) combined with standard intravenous vinorelbine (part A; 25 mg m−2 per week) or oral vinorelbine (part B; 60 mg m−2 per week, increased to 80 mg m−2 per week at week 3). Secondary end points for expanded MTD cohorts included assessments of safety, pharmacokinetics, tumour response and progression-free survival (PFS). Results: The afatinib MTD was 40 mg with intravenous (MTDA) and oral (MTDB) vinorelbine. The most frequent cycle 1 dose-limiting toxicities were febrile neutropenia and diarrhoea, consistent with individual safety profiles of vinorelbine and afatinib. Common treatment-related adverse events included: diarrhoea (92.7%), asthenia (76.4%), nausea (63.6%), neutropenia (56.4%) and vomiting (54.5%). No notable pharmacokinetic interactions were observed. Best overall tumour response was stable disease in part A (16 out of 28 patients), and partial response in part B (3 out of 27 patients). Median PFS was 14.6 and 15.9 weeks for patients treated at the MTDA and MTDB, including dose-escalation and expansion cohorts. Conclusions: Afatinib in combination with intravenous or oral vinorelbine demonstrated a manageable safety profile and antitumour activity at the MTD of 40 mg per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Bahleda
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillaint, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Andrea Varga
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillaint, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Yann Bergé
- Department of Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole, Toulouse 31100, France
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillaint, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - David Schnell
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach 88397, Germany
| | - Inga Tschoepe
- Boehringer Ingelheim France S.A.S., Reims 51100, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Delord
- Department of Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole, Toulouse 31100, France
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11
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Françoso A, Simioni PU. Immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal tumors: focus on approved and in-clinical-trial monoclonal antibodies. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:177-184. [PMID: 28138221 PMCID: PMC5241129 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s119036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is considered a disease of the elderly population. Since the number of geriatric patients continues to rise, monoclonal antibody therapy is the most promising therapy in the recent research. Presently, the monoclonal antibodies most frequently used in the treatment of colorectal tumors are bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, and ramucirumab. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that acts on VEGF. Cetuximab and panitumumab act on EGFR. Ramucirumab binds directly to the ligand-binding pocket of VEGFR-2 to block the binding of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. These monoclonal antibodies, alone or in association with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, are presenting good results and are increasing patient survival, despite the side effects. Due to the limited number of molecules available, several studies are trying to develop new monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of colorectal tumors. Among those being studied, some recent molecules are in phase I and/or II trials and are yielding advantageous results, such as anti-DR5, anti-Fn14, anti-IGF-1R, anti-EGFR, anti-NRP1, and anti-A33 antibodies. This has been successful in reducing side effects and in treating nonresponsive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Françoso
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Americana, Americana
| | - Patricia Ucelli Simioni
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Americana, Americana; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Abstract
Management paradigms for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) are evolving. Locally ablative therapies are now being increasingly integrated into combined-modality treatment strategies for mNSCLC patients with limited burdens of metastatic foci, termed oligometastases. Concurrently, techniques allowing for precise high-dose radiotherapy delivered over 1 to 5 total treatments, termed stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR), have emerged as a powerful means of noninvasive tumor ablation with broad patient candidacy. Strong rationale exists for ablative therapy in the setting of oligometastatic NSCLC, including patterns-of-failure analyses and data supporting local ablation of oligoprogressive disease for patients with oncogene-addicted mNSCLC treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this article, we examine the theoretical basis for ablation of oligometastatic NSCLC and review the growing clinical literature of mNSCLC patients treated with ablative radiation therapy.
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Implementation of Amplicon Parallel Sequencing Leads to Improvement of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lung Cancer Patients. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 10:1049-57. [PMID: 26102443 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Network Genomic Medicine Lung Cancer was set up to rapidly translate scientific advances into early clinical trials of targeted therapies in lung cancer performing molecular analyses of more than 3500 patients annually. Because sequential analysis of the relevant driver mutations on fixated samples is challenging in terms of workload, tissue availability, and cost, we established multiplex parallel sequencing in routine diagnostics. The aim was to analyze all therapeutically relevant mutations in lung cancer samples in a high-throughput fashion while significantly reducing turnaround time and amount of input DNA compared with conventional dideoxy sequencing of single polymerase chain reaction amplicons. METHODS In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a 102 amplicon multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing on an Illumina sequencer on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue in routine diagnostics. Analysis of a validation cohort of 180 samples showed this approach to require significantly less input material and to be more reliable, robust, and cost-effective than conventional dideoxy sequencing. Subsequently, 2657 lung cancer patients were analyzed. RESULTS We observed that comprehensive biomarker testing provided novel information in addition to histological diagnosis and clinical staging. In 2657 consecutively analyzed lung cancer samples, we identified driver mutations at the expected prevalence. Furthermore we found potentially targetable DDR2 mutations at a frequency of 3% in both adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. CONCLUSION Overall, our data demonstrate the utility of systematic sequencing analysis in a clinical routine setting and highlight the dramatic impact of such an approach on the availability of therapeutic strategies for the targeted treatment of individual cancer patients.
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14
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Lee JM, Lee SH, Hwang JW, Oh SJ, Kim B, Jung S, Shim SH, Lin PW, Lee SB, Cho MY, Koh YJ, Kim SY, Ahn S, Lee J, Kim KM, Cheong KH, Choi J, Kim KA. Novel strategy for a bispecific antibody: induction of dual target internalization and degradation. Oncogene 2016; 35:4437-46. [PMID: 26853467 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the extensive cross-talk among the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), particularly ErbB family-Met cross-talk, has emerged as a likely source of drug resistance. Notwithstanding brilliant successes were attained while using small-molecule inhibitors or antibody therapeutics against specific RTKs in multiple cancers over recent decades, a high recurrence rate remains unsolved in patients treated with these targeted inhibitors. It is well aligned with multifaceted properties of cancer and cross-talk and convergence of signaling pathways of RTKs. Thereby many therapeutic interventions have been actively developed to overcome inherent or acquired resistance. To date, no bispecific antibody (BsAb) showed complete depletion of dual RTKs from the plasma membrane and efficient dual degradation. In this manuscript, we report the first findings of a target-specific dual internalization and degradation of membrane RTKs induced by designed BsAbs based on the internalizing monoclonal antibodies and the therapeutic values of these BsAbs. Leveraging the anti-Met mAb able to internalize and degrade by a unique mechanism, we generated the BsAbs for Met/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Met/HER2 to induce an efficient EGFR or HER2 internalization and degradation in the presence of Met that is frequently overexpressed in the invasive tumors and involved in the resistance against EGFR- or HER2-targeted therapies. We found that Met/EGFR BsAb ME22S induces dissociation of the Met-EGFR complex from Hsp90, followed by significant degradation of Met and EGFR. By employing patient-derived tumor models we demonstrate therapeutic potential of the BsAb-mediated dual degradation in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lee
- Open Innovation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
| | - S H Lee
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - J-W Hwang
- Bioassay Group, Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
| | - S J Oh
- Open Innovation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
| | - B Kim
- Open Innovation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
| | - S Jung
- Open Innovation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
| | - S-H Shim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - P W Lin
- Cell Engineering Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
| | - S B Lee
- Cell Engineering Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
| | - M-Y Cho
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y J Koh
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - S Y Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K-M Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K H Cheong
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - J Choi
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - K-A Kim
- Open Innovation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
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15
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Liu HC, Liu K, Xue ZY, He ZL, Wang CJ. Silver(I)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Cyclopentenediones: Access to Highly Functionalized Bicyclic Pyrrolidines. Org Lett 2015; 17:5440-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chao Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Kang Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xue
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhao-Lin He
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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16
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Li G, Wang X, Hibshoosh H, Jin C, Halmos B. Modulation of ErbB2 blockade in ErbB2-positive cancers: the role of ErbB2 Mutations and PHLDA1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106349. [PMID: 25238247 PMCID: PMC4169529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We set out to study the key effectors of resistance and sensitivity to ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as lapatinib in ErbB2-positive breast and lung cancers. A cell-based in vitro site-directed mutagenesis lapatinib resistance model identified several mutations, including the gatekeeper ErbB2 mutation ErbB2-T798I, as mediating resistance. ErbB2-T798I engineered cell models indeed show resistance to lapatinib but remain sensitive to the irreversible EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor, PD168393, suggestive of potential alternative treatment strategies to overcome resistance. Gene expression profiling studies identified a select group of downstream targets regulated by ErbB2 signaling and define PHLDA1 as an immediately downregulated gene upon oncogenic ErbB2 signaling inhibition. We find significant down-regulation of PHLDA1 in primary breast cancer and PHLDA1 is statistically significantly less expressed in ErbB2 negative compared with ErbB2 positive tumors consistent with its regulation by ErbB2. Lastly, PHLDA1 overexpression blocks AKT signaling, inhibits cell growth and enhances lapatinib sensitivity further supporting an important negative growth regulator function. Our findings suggest that PHLDA1 might have key inhibitory functions in ErbB2 driven lung and breast cancer cells and a better understanding of its functions might point at novel therapeutic options. In summary, our studies define novel ways of modulating sensitivity and resistance to ErbB2 inhibition in ErbB2-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Li
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cheng Jin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kharbanda A, Rajabi H, Jin C, Tchaicha J, Kikuchi E, Wong KK, Kufe D. Targeting the oncogenic MUC1-C protein inhibits mutant EGFR-mediated signaling and survival in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5423-34. [PMID: 25189483 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) that express EGF receptor with activating mutations frequently develop resistance to EGFR kinase inhibitors. The mucin 1 (MUC1) heterodimeric protein is aberrantly overexpressed in NSCLC cells and confers a poor prognosis; however, the functional involvement of MUC1 in mutant EGFR signaling is not known. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Targeting the oncogenic MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) in NSCLC cells harboring mutant EGFR was studied for effects on signaling, growth, clonogenic survival, and tumorigenicity. RESULTS Stable silencing of MUC1-C in H1975/EGFR(L858R/T790M) cells resulted in downregulation of AKT signaling and inhibition of growth, colony formation, and tumorigenicity. Similar findings were obtained when MUC1-C was silenced in gefitinib-resistant PC9GR cells expressing EGFR(delE746_A750/T790M). The results further show that expression of a MUC1-C(CQC → AQA) mutant, which blocks MUC1-C homodimerization, suppresses EGFR(T790M), AKT and MEK → ERK activation, colony formation, and tumorigenicity. In concert with these results, treatment of H1975 and PC9GR cells with GO-203, a cell-penetrating peptide that blocks MUC1-C homodimerization, resulted in inhibition of EGFR, AKT, and MEK → ERK signaling and in loss of survival. Combination studies of GO-203 and afatinib, an irreversible inhibitor of EGFR, further demonstrate that these agents are synergistic in inhibiting growth of NSCLC cells harboring the activating EGFR(T790M) or EGFR(delE746-A750) mutants. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that targeting MUC1-C inhibits mutant EGFR signaling and survival, and thus represents a potential approach alone and in combination for the treatment of NSCLCs resistant to EGFR kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Kharbanda
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hasan Rajabi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caining Jin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremy Tchaicha
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eiki Kikuchi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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A systematic profile of clinical inhibitors responsive to EGFR somatic amino acid mutations in lung cancer: implication for the molecular mechanism of drug resistance and sensitivity. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1635-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Gou LY, Wu YL. Prevalence of driver mutations in non-small-cell lung cancers in the People's Republic of China. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2014; 5:1-9. [PMID: 28210137 PMCID: PMC5217505 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s40817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and in the People’s Republic of China. Recently, the pathological proportions of the various forms of lung cancer have changed. A shift to a preponderance of adenocarcinoma at the expense of squamous cell carcinoma is observable. Treatment decisions have historically been based on tumor histology, and evolution of our molecular understanding of cancer has led to development of targeted therapeutic agents. It is essential to further understand mutations that drive cancer development (driver mutations) in relevant genes and their effects on cancer cell proliferation and survival. The epidemiology of lung cancer in the People’s Republic of China has been extensively reviewed elsewhere. However, molecular epidemiological data from mainland China are scarce. Consequently, we herein review the prevalence of driver mutations in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ying Gou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences
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20
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Co-expression of receptors of the HER family correlates with clinical outcome in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Virchows Arch 2013; 463:663-71. [PMID: 24013863 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HER family receptors play a critical role in lung carcinogenesis. There is a growing body of evidence showing that cooperation between them contributes to a more aggressive tumor phenotype and impacts on their response to targeted therapy. We explored immunohistochemical co-expression of HER family receptors (HER1, HER2, HER3, HER4) and its potential role as prognostic factor in resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Expression of HER family receptors was assessed by immunohistochemistry on 125 surgically resected NSCLC. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and time to recurrence were calculated for clinical variables and HER expression, using the Cox model for multivariate analysis. HER1 and HER3 expression was detected more frequently in squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.002 and p = <0.001, respectively). HER4 was more often expressed in patients older than 60 years (p = 0.02) and in tumors of low histological grade (p = 0.04). Cases which expressed only HER1 had a worse DFS (p = 0.01) and OS (p = 0.01) compared to cases expressing HER1 and one or more of the other family members and to cases which did not express HER1 but one of the other HERs. By multivariate analysis, stage was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and OS. Furthermore, different patterns of co-expression of HER family receptors showed a statistically significant correlation with a shorter DFS (p = 0.03) and OS (p = 0.02). Our findings suggest that expression of HER1 only is correlated with worse DFS and OS. A better understanding of the functional relationships between these receptors may lead to a useful predictive indicator of response to targeted therapy.
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Xiang M, Lei K, Fan W, Lin Y, He G, Yang M, Chen L, Mo Y. In silico identification of EGFR-T790M inhibitors with novel scaffolds: start with extraction of common features. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:789-839. [PMID: 23990708 PMCID: PMC3748928 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s41305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an attractive therapeutic target for a number of human tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most patients with NSCLC and somatic mutations have shown a dramatic initial clinical response to reversible EGFR inhibitors. The clinical efficacy of reversible inhibitors is, however, ultimately limited due to the emergence of drug resistance, which is usually conferred by the EGFR T790M mutation. Importantly, irreversible, synthetic small molecule inhibitors are currently evaluated and some of them have been shown to overcome the acquired resistance that is oftentimes observed in these patients. Thus far, irreversible EGFR inhibitors as a drug class have not received regulatory approval due in part to their poor effectiveness at clinically achievable concentrations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover and develop novel, potent irreversible inhibitors against the EGFR T790M mutation. Material and methods In the following study, we report a novel “hybrid strategy” to identify irreversible EGFR inhibitors with active scaffolds starting with the identification and extraction of a common chemical reactive feature and a pharmacophore feature. The chemical reactive feature was elucidated by investigating 138 currently known irreversible inhibitors at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level using the density function theory method. The pharmacophore feature was extracted from the same inhibitors using pharmacophore modeling. Based on these unique features, two constraints were set while calibrating the protocols of in silico screening. Compounds bearing these specific features were obtained from the National Cancer Institute diversity database to form our subsequent library. Finally, a structure based virtual screening against the library was conducted using standard protocols validated in our lab. Results Twenty-eight candidate compounds that demonstrated antitumor activity and that had novel scaffolds different from commonly known quinazoline/quinoline analogs were obtained. The interaction modes between three representative candidates and our model system are similar to that between the model system and the reference compound T-001, which has previously been reported to be one of the most potent of the 138 irreversible inhibitors. Conclusion The hybrid strategy starting with the extraction of common features is an effective approach to design potential irreversible inhibitors with novel scaffolds and therefore to obtain lead molecules in the selection process. These candidates possessing unique scaffolds have a strong likelihood to act as further starting points in the preclinical development of potent irreversible T790M EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Li YB, Wang ZQ, Yan X, Chen MW, Bao JL, Wu GS, Ge ZM, Zhou DM, Wang YT, Li RT. IC-4, a new irreversible EGFR inhibitor, exhibits prominent anti-tumor and anti-angiogenesis activities. Cancer Lett 2013; 340:88-96. [PMID: 23856030 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggested that the irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have potential to override the acquired resistance to target-based therapies. Herein, we reported IC-4 as a novel irreversible TKI for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). IC-4 potentially suppressed proliferation, induced apoptosis and a G2/M cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells, correlating with inhibition of EGF-induced EGFR activation, but independent of DNA damage. In addition, IC-4 exhibited anti-angiogenetic activities both in vitro and in vivo. It suppressed cell viability and proliferation induced by various growth factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). IC-4 also inhibited HUVECs migration and tube formation. In transgenic zebrafish embryo model, IC-4 was shown to suppress formation of intersegmental vessel and development of subintestinal vessels. Taken together, these results demonstrated that IC-4 is a new irreversible EGFR-TKI, exhibiting potent anti-breast cancer and anti-angiogenetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Targeting the yin and the yang: combined inhibition of the tyrosine kinase c-Src and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 disrupts pancreatic cancer signaling and biology in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Pancreas 2013; 42:795-806. [PMID: 23271399 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182793fd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although c-Src (Src) has emerged as a potential pancreatic cancer target in preclinical studies, Src inhibitors have not demonstrated a significant therapeutic benefit in clinical trials. The objective of these studies was to examine the effects of combining Src inhibition with inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS SHP-2 and Src functions were inhibited by siRNA or small molecule inhibitors. The effects of dual Src/SHP-2 functional inhibition were evaluated by Western blot analysis of downstream signaling pathways; cell biology assays to examine caspase activity, viability, adhesion, migration, and invasion in vitro; and an orthotopic nude mouse model to observe pancreatic tumor formation in vivo. RESULTS Dual targeting of Src and SHP-2 induces an additive or supra-additive loss of phosphorylation of Akt and ERK-1/2 and corresponding increases in expression of apoptotic markers, relative to targeting either protein individually. Combinatorial inhibition of Src and SHP-2 significantly reduces viability, adhesion, migration, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and tumor formation in vivo, relative to individual Src/SHP-2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the antitumor effects of Src inhibition in pancreatic cancer may be enhanced through simultaneous inhibition of SHP-2.
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Yang JCH, Reguart N, Barinoff J, Köhler J, Uttenreuther-Fischer M, Stammberger U, O’Brien D, Wolf J, Cohen EEW. Diarrhea associated with afatinib: an oral ErbB family blocker. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:729-736. [DOI: 10.1586/era.13.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Kim EY, Kim YH, Ban HJ, Oh IJ, Kwon YS, Kim KS, Kim YI, Lim SC, Kim YC. Repeated favorable responses to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a case of advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2013; 74:129-33. [PMID: 23579627 PMCID: PMC3617133 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2013.74.3.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is a prognostic and predictive marker for EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. However, inevitably, relapse occurs due to the development of acquired resistance, such as T790M mutation. We report a case of repeated responses to EGFR-TKIs in a never-smoked woman with adenocarcinoma. After six cycles of gemcitabine and cisplatin, the patient was treated by gefitinib for 4 months until progression. Following the six cycles of third-line pemetrexed, gefitinib retreatment was initiated and continued with a partial response for 6 months. After progression, she was recruited for an irreversible EGFR inhibitor trial, and the time to progression was 11 months. Although EGFR direct sequencing on the initial diagnostic specimen revealed a wild-type, we performed a rebiopsy from the progressed subcarinal node at the end of the trial. The result of peptide nucleic acid clamping showed L858R/L861Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- Lung and Esophageal Cancer Clinic, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
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Peled N, Barash O, Tisch U, Ionescu R, Broza YY, Ilouze M, Mattei J, Bunn PA, Hirsch FR, Haick H. Volatile fingerprints of cancer specific genetic mutations. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:758-66. [PMID: 23428987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report on a new concept for profiling genetic mutations of (lung) cancer cells, based on the detection of patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from cell membranes, using an array of nanomaterial-based sensors. In this in-vitro pilot study we have derived a volatile fingerprint assay for representative genetic mutations in cancer cells that are known to be associated with targeted cancer therapy. Five VOCs were associated with the studied oncogenes, using complementary chemical analysis, and were discussed in terms of possible metabolic pathways. The reported approach could lead to the development of novel methods for guiding treatments, so that patients could benefit from safer, more timely and effective interventions that improve survival and quality of life while avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures. Studying clinical samples (tissue/blood/breath) will be required as next step in order to determine whether this cell-line study can be translated into a clinically useful tool. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this novel study, a new concept for profiling genetic mutations of (lung) cancer cells is described, based on the detection of patterns of volatile organic compounds emitted from cell membranes, using an array of nano-gold based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Peled
- Thoracic Cancer Research and Detection Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Tang J, Salama R, Gadgeel SM, Sarkar FH, Ahmad A. Erlotinib resistance in lung cancer: current progress and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:15. [PMID: 23407898 PMCID: PMC3570789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world. Despite modern advancements in surgeries, chemotherapies, and radiotherapies over the past few years, lung cancer still remains a very difficult disease to treat. This has left the death rate from lung cancer victims largely unchanged throughout the past few decades. A key cause for the high mortality rate is the drug resistance that builds up for patients being currently treated with the chemotherapeutic agents. Although certain chemotherapeutic agents may initially effectively treat lung cancer patients, there is a high probability that there will be a reoccurrence of the cancer after the patient develops resistance to the drug. Erlotinib, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been approved for localized as well as metastatic non-small cell lung cancer where it seems to be more effective in patients with EGFR mutations. Resistance to erlotinib is a common observation in clinics and this review details our current knowledge on the subject. We discuss the causes of such resistance as well as innovative research to overcome it. Evidently, new chemotherapy strategies are desperately needed in order to better treat lung cancer patients. Current research is investigating alternative treatment plans to enhance the chemotherapy that is already offered. Better insight into the molecular mechanisms behind combination therapy pathways and even single molecular pathways may help improve the efficacy of the current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Tang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Rasha Salama
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Shirish M. Gadgeel
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA
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Hegde GV, de la Cruz CC, Chiu C, Alag N, Schaefer G, Crocker L, Ross S, Goldenberg D, Merchant M, Tien J, Shao L, Roth L, Tsai SP, Stawicki S, Jin Z, Wyatt SK, Carano RAD, Zheng Y, Sweet-Cordero EA, Wu Y, Jackson EL. Blocking NRG1 and Other Ligand-Mediated Her4 Signaling Enhances the Magnitude and Duration of the Chemotherapeutic Response of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:171ra18. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cagle PT, Allen TC. Lung cancer genotype-based therapy and predictive biomarkers: present and future. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013. [PMID: 23194040 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0508-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The advent of genotype-based therapy and predictive biomarkers for lung cancer has thrust the pathologist into the front lines of precision medicine for this deadly disease. OBJECTIVE To provide the clinical background, current status, and future perspectives of molecular targeted therapy for lung cancer patients, including the pivotal participation of the pathologist. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from review of the pertinent peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS First-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors have produced clinical response in a limited number of non-small cell lung cancers demonstrated to have activating mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor or anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements with fusion partners. Patients treated with first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors develop acquired resistance to their therapy. Ongoing investigations of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors and new druggable targets as well as the development of next-generation genotyping and new antibodies for immunohistochemistry promise to significantly expand the pathologist's already crucial role in precision medicine of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Cagle
- Department of Pathology & Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Mechanisms of resistance to reversible inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase in non-small cell lung cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2012; 16:401-6. [PMID: 23788917 PMCID: PMC3687444 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2012.31768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients consist of EGFR overexpression and EGFR (HER1) gene mutations. Structural dysfunction of the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR is associated with the clinical response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in patients with NSCLC. The most common EGFR gene mutations occur as either deletions in exon 19 or as substitution L858R in exon 21 and cause a clinically beneficial response to gefinitib or erlotinib treatment. Unfortunately, the majority of patients finally develop resistance to these drugs. Acquired resistance is linked to secondary mutations localised in the EGFR gene, mainly substitution T790M in exon 20. Through intense research a few different mechanisms of resistance to reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been identified: amplification of MET or IGF-1R genes, abnormalities of PTEN and mTOR proteins as well as rare mutations in EGFR and HER2 genes. Extensively investigated new drugs could be of significant efficiency in NSCLC patients with secondary resistance to reversible EGFR TKI.
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Weaver Z, Difilippantonio S, Carretero J, Martin PL, El Meskini R, Iacovelli AJ, Gumprecht M, Kulaga A, Guerin T, Schlomer J, Baran M, Kozlov S, McCann T, Mena S, Al-Shahrour F, Alexander D, Wong KK, Van Dyke T. Temporal molecular and biological assessment of an erlotinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma model reveals markers of tumor progression and treatment response. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5921-33. [PMID: 22969147 PMCID: PMC3500850 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with lung cancer with activating mutations in the EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase, who are treated long-term with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), often develop secondary mutations in EGFR associated with resistance. Mice engineered to develop lung adenocarcinomas driven by the human EGFR T790M resistance mutation are similarly resistant to the EGFR TKI erlotinib. By tumor volume endpoint analysis, these mouse tumors respond to BIBW 2992 (an irreversible EGFR/HER2 TKI) and rapamycin combination therapy. To correlate EGFR-driven changes in the lung with response to drug treatment, we conducted an integrative analysis of global transcriptome and metabolite profiling compared with quantitative imaging and histopathology at several time points during tumor progression and treatment. Responses to single-drug treatments were temporary, whereas combination therapy elicited a sustained response. During tumor development, metabolomic signatures indicated a shift to high anabolic activity and suppression of antitumor programs with 11 metabolites consistently present in both lung tissue and blood. Combination drug treatment reversed many of the molecular changes found in tumored lung. Data integration linking cancer signaling networks with metabolic activity identified key pathways such as glutamine and glutathione metabolism that signified response to single or dual treatments. Results from combination drug treatment suggest that metabolic transcriptional control through C-MYC and SREBP, as well as ELK1, NRF1, and NRF2, depends on both EGFR and mTORC1 signaling. Our findings establish the importance of kinetic therapeutic studies in preclinical assessment and provide in vivo evidence that TKI-mediated antiproliferative effects also manifest in specific metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Weaver
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Julian Carretero
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Philip L. Martin
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rajaa El Meskini
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Anthony J. Iacovelli
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michelle Gumprecht
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Alan Kulaga
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Theresa Guerin
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jerome Schlomer
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Maureen Baran
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Serguei Kozlov
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Thomas McCann
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Salvador Mena
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Fatima Al-Shahrour
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, Frederick, MD 21702
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research/NCI, 1050 Boyles St., Frederick, MD 21702
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Orzáez M, Guevara T, Sancho M, Pérez-Payá E. Intrinsic caspase-8 activation mediates sensitization of erlotinib-resistant tumor cells to erlotinib/cell-cycle inhibitors combination treatment. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e415. [PMID: 23096116 PMCID: PMC3481142 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor, as erlotinib, have an established role in treating several cancer types. However, resistance to erlotinib, particularly in breast cancer cell lines, and erlotinib treatment-associated disorders have also been described. Also, methods and combination therapies that could reverse resistance and ameliorate non-desirable effects represent a clinical challenge. Here, we show that the ATP non-competitive CDK2/cyclin A inhibitor NBI1 sensitizes erlotinib-resistant tumor cells to the combination treatment (co-treatment) for apoptosis-mediated cell death. Furthermore, in erlotinib-sensitive cells, the effective dose of erlotinib was lower in the presence of NBI1. The analysis in the breast cancer MDA-MB-468 erlotinib-resistant and in lung cancer A549 cell lines of the molecular mechanism underlying the apoptosis induced by co-treatment highlighted that the accumulation of DNA defects and depletion of cIAP and XIAP activates the ripoptosome that ultimately activates caspases-8 and -10 and apoptosis. This finding could have significant implications for future treatment strategies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orzáez
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Ma C, Wei S, Song Y. T790M and acquired resistance of EGFR TKI: a literature review of clinical reports. J Thorac Dis 2012; 3:10-8. [PMID: 22263058 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2010.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as gefitinib and erlotinib are promising therapies for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with somatic activating mutations in the EGFR gene have dramatic response initially, but would eventually develop resistance to these TKIs. Subsequent studies found that a secondary mutation in the EGFR gene (T790M mutation) and amplification of the MET proto-oncogene could be the main resistance mechanisms involved. The current review is focused on T790M, which is thought to cause steric hindrance and impair the binding of gefitinib/erlotinib. The T790M is present as a minor allele before TKI therapy and accounts for about half of the acquired resistant cases. Conflicting results were reported for gefitinib-resistant, T790M-acquired patients who had switched to erlotinib treatment, which was proposed to be efficacious. The switch therapy was presumed to work for EGFR wild type patients and previously gefitinib responding patients. MET amplification accounts for about 20% of TKI acquired-resistant patients by a different molecular pathway from T790M; some of these patients will also concurrently have T790M mutation and might still not respond to irreversible TKI. As for the detection of T790M, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), especially mutant-enriched PCR was found to be more sensitive than direct DNA sequencing. In addition, whole genome amplification might also be useful and can be incorporated with future noninvasive method for detecting T790M. A better understanding of the mechanisms leading to TKI resistance is crucial in the development of effective treatment and the design of future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Weickhardt A, Doebele R, Oton A, Lettieri J, Maxson D, Reynolds M, Brown A, Jackson MK, Dy G, Adjei A, Fetterly G, Lu X, Franklin W, Varella-Garcia M, Hirsch FR, Wynes MW, Youssoufian H, Adjei A, Camidge DR. A phase I/II study of erlotinib in combination with the anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor monoclonal antibody IMC-A12 (cixutumumab) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:419-26. [PMID: 22237261 PMCID: PMC3358820 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31823c5b11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This phase I/II study evaluated the safety and antitumor effect of the combination of erlotinib with cixutumumab, a recombinant fully humanized anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor IgG1 monoclonal antibody, in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Patients with advanced NSCLC were treated in an initial safety-lead and drop-down cohorts using erlotinib 150 mg/d with cixutumumab 6 or 5 mg/kg on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in 28-day cycles (cohorts 1 and 2). Emerging pharmacokinetic data led to an additional cohort (3 + 3 design) with cixutumumab at 15 mg/kg on day 1 in 21-day cycles (cohort 3). RESULTS Eighteen patients entered the study (6 at 6 mg/kg, 8 at 5 mg/kg, and 4 at 15 mg/kg), with median age of 65 years. Four of six patients at 6 mg/kg experienced dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), whereas at 5 mg/kg, one of eight patients experienced DLT but three of eight patients still required a dose delay during cycle 1. At 15 mg/kg every 21 days, two of four patients experienced DLTs. In all cohorts, DLTs were either G3 rash or fatigue. Five patients had stable disease as best response and 14 patients had progressive disease. The median progression-free survival was 39 days (range 21-432+ days). Biomarkers analyses showed a trend toward better progression-free survival seen with higher free baseline insulin-like growth factor-1 levels as seen with other insulin-like growth factor-1R inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The combinations of cixutumumab at 6 mg/kg every 7 days and 15 mg/kg every 21 days and full-dose erlotinib are not tolerable in unselected patients with NSCLC, as measured by DLT. Cixutumumab at 5 mg/kg every 7 days was tolerable per DLT, but dose delays were common. Efficacy in unselected patients with NSCLC seems to be low.
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Luo D, Huang M, Zhang X, Yu M, Zou B, Li Y, Long J, Wang J, Peng F, Xu Y, Li L, Ren L, Hou M, Lu Y. Salvage treatment with erlotinib after gefitinib failure in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with poor performance status: A matched-pair case-control study. Thorac Cancer 2012; 3:27-33. [PMID: 28920257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-7714.2011.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gefitinib plays an important role in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment; however, progression of the disease occurs in most patients even after an initial response. The role of erlotinib after gefitinib failure has been investigated but continues to be debated, especially in heavily treated patients with poor performance status (PS). Therefore, a retrospective matched-pair case-control study was carried out to evaluate the role of erlotinib after gefitinib failure in advanced NSCLC patients. METHODS A total of 58 patients were identified. The two groups were balanced with demographic and baseline clinical characteristics. All patients had PS ≥2 and most of them (89.7%) had received more than two systemic therapies before erlotinib or best supportive care (BSC). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS genotypes were analyzed in 36 (62.1%) patients, 19 of them were in the erlotinib group. RESULTS Median overall survival (OS) for all patients was 6 months. Median OS for patients who received erlotinib and BSC was 10 and 3 months, respectively (P= 0.001). Disease control rate (DCR) and objective response rate (ORR) were 51.7% and 10.3% in patients receiving erlotinib, respectively, while median time to progression (TTP) was 3 months. Among the 19 patients in the erlotinib group with biomarker results available, those with EGFR mutation achieved longer median TTP (P= 0.016) and better DCR (P= 0.177) than those with wild-type EGFR. CONCLUSIONS A switch to erlotinib after gefitinib failure may represent a better therapeutic option for advanced NSCLC patients with poor PS, and an EGFR mutation seemed to be associated with better survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxian Luo
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meijuan Huang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanying Li
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianlin Long
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Peng
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Li
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Ren
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Hou
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Lu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Brugger W, Thomas M. EGFR-TKI resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): new developments and implications for future treatment. Lung Cancer 2012; 77:2-8. [PMID: 22281074 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has improved progression-free and overall survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). One major target for treatment with TKI is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), particularly in patients harboring activating mutations. However, despite initial responses and long lasting remissions, the development of secondary resistance inevitably leads to treatment failure. Analyzing recent data from various phase II/III trials it seems obvious that the single mode of action of gefitinib or erlotinib can provide temporary success only. Both preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that irreversible TKIs such as afatinib or PF00299804, or combined approaches using multiple kinase inhibition (e.g. EGFR and MET) and vertical inhibition by combination of small molecules and antibodies, seem to be more promising and will be the prevailing concepts to overcome secondary EGFR-TKI resistance for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Brugger
- Medical Center II, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Schwarzwald-Baar Clinic, Academic Teaching Hospital University of Freiburg, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
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Ou SHI. Second-generation irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs): a better mousetrap? A review of the clinical evidence. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 83:407-21. [PMID: 22257651 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in 2004 heralded the era of molecular targeted therapy in NSCLC. First-generation small molecule, reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of EGFR, gefitinib and erlotinib, had been approved for second- or third-line treatment of NSCLC prior to the knowledge of these mutations. However, resistance to gefitinib and erlotinib invariably develops after prolonged clinical use. Two second-generation irreversible EGFR TKIs, afatinib (BIBW 2992) and dacomitinib (PF-00299804), that can potentially overcome the majority of these resistances are in late stage clinical development. Here I will review the clinical data of EGFR TKIs and discuss the appropriate future role of afatinib and dacomitinib in NSCLC: whether as replacement of erlotinib or gefitinib or only after erlotinib or gefitinib failure and whether different subgroups would benefit from different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Building 56, Room 241, RT81, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Saito H, Murakami S, Kondo T, Oshita F, Noda K, Yamada K. Effectiveness of erlotinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer in cases of gefitinib resistance after treatment of more than 6 months. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:18-22. [PMID: 22310340 DOI: 10.1159/000335736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been reports on the use of erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after gefitinib resistance occurs, and it has been stated that erlotinib may be beneficial in patients with long stable disease (SD) previously treated with gefitinib. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied gefitinib-resistant NSCLC patients with favorable clinical features, who received erlotinib following disease progression after gefitinib treatment of more than 6 months. RESULTS A total of 21 patients with NSCLC were included. Partial response was seen in 2 cases (9%), SD in 6 cases (19%), and progressive disease (PD) in 13 cases (62%). Disease control (DC) was achieved with erlotinib in 8 cases (36%). The median survival time (MST) was 369 days in DC cases and 133 days in PD cases. There were no statistical differences between DC cases and PD cases in terms of MST relative to sex, smoking and skin rash. CONCLUSION Subsequent erlotinib therapy is one of the therapeutic options in the treatment of gefitinib-resistant NSCLC in which prior gefitinib has shown long-term SD of more than 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiro Saito
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Stöhlmacher-Williams J. First-Line Therapy of Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:293-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000338529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Soria JC, Mok TS, Cappuzzo F, Jänne PA. EGFR-mutated oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer: current trends and future prospects. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 38:416-30. [PMID: 22119437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumours with certain mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase have been termed 'oncogene addicted' to reflect their dependence on EGFR-mediated pro-survival signalling and their high susceptibility to apoptosis induced by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs, e.g. gefitinib and erlotinib). The most common mutations (L858R and exon 19 deletions) predict an improved clinical response to first-line oral EGFR-TKIs compared with standard platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC. Moreover, these mutations are also prognostic of a relatively indolent course of disease, regardless of treatment, as compared with classical NSCLC. Treatment strategies for oncogene-addicted NSCLC are therefore distinct from those for non-oncogene addicted NSCLC, and will depend on the specific genetic mutation present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Soria
- Service des Innovations Thérapeutiques Précoces, Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM Unit 981 and Paris University XI, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Abstract
Afatinib (BIBW 2992), a novel aniline-quinazoline derivative, irreversibly and equipotently targets the intrinsic kinase activity of all active ErbB receptor family members. Preclinical results show that afatinib is effective in lung cancer models, including those with EGF receptor (EGFR) mutations resistant to reversible first-generation EGFR inhibitors. Afatinib is being investigated in the LUX-Lung program, which will evaluate afatinib as a first-line treatment in patients with EGFR-activating mutations (LUX-Lung 2, 3 and 6) and as a second- or third-line treatment in patients that have acquired resistance to gefitinib and/or erlotinib (LUX-Lung 1, 4 and 5). LUX-Lung 1 and 2 have demonstrated, within their respective target groups, a significant increase in the disease control rate of 58 and 86%, respectively, and significant prolongation of progression-free survival. Further Phase III clinical trials are currently ongoing to assess afatinib in combination with paclitaxel (LUX-Lung 5), and compared with cisplatin/pemetrexed (LUX-Lung 3) or cisplatin/gemcitabine (LUX-Lung 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hirsh
- McGill University, Department of Medicine & Oncology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e328348331c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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EGFR inhibitor C225 increases the radiosensitivity of human lung squamous cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2010; 10:39. [PMID: 20969791 PMCID: PMC2972262 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study is to investigate the direct biological effects of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor C225 on the radiosensitivity of human lung squamous cancer cell-H520. H520 cells were treated with different dosage of 60Co γ ray irradiation (1.953 Gy/min) in the presence or absence of C225. The cellular proliferation, colony forming capacity, apoptosis, the cell cycle distribution as well as caspase-3 were analyzed in vitro. Results We found that C225 treatment significantly increased radiosensitivity of H-520 cells to irradiation, and led to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, whereas 60Co γ ray irradiation mainly caused G2 phase arrest. H-520 cells thus displayed both the G1 and G2 phase arrest upon treatment with C225 in combination with 60Co γ ray irradiation. Moreover, C225 treatment significantly increased the apoptosis percentage of H-520 cells (13.91% ± 1.88%) compared with the control group (5.75% ± 0.64%, P < 0.05). Conclusion In this regard, C225 treatment may make H-520 cells more sensitive to irradiation through the enhancement of caspase-3 mediated tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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