A next-generation BRAF inhibitor overcomes resistance to BRAF inhibition in patients with BRAF-mutant cancers using pharmacokinetics-informed dose escalation

RAF inhibitors have transformed treatment for BRAF V600-mutant cancer patients, but clinical benefit is limited by adaptive induction of ERK signaling, genetic alterations that induce BRAF V600 dimerization, and poor brain penetration. Next-generation pan-RAF dimer inhibitors are limited by narrow therapeutic index. PF-07799933 (ARRY-440) is a brain-penetrant, selective, pan-mutant BRAF inhibitor. PF-07799933 inhibited signaling in vitro, disrupted endogenous mutant-BRAF:wild-type-CRAF dimers, and spared wild-type ERK signaling. PF-07799933 ± binimetinib inhibited growth of mouse xenograft tumors driven by mutant BRAF that functions as dimers and by BRAF V600E with acquired resistance to current RAF inhibitors. We treated patients with treatment-refractory BRAF-mutant solid tumors in a first-in-human clinical trial (NCT05355701) that utilized a novel, flexible, pharmacokinetics-informed dose escalation design that allowed rapid achievement of PF-07799933 efficacious concentrations. PF-07799933 ± binimetinib was well-tolerated and resulted in multiple confirmed responses, systemically and in the brain, in BRAF-mutant cancer patients refractory to approved RAF inhibitors.

Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy for Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Tumor Proportion Score Less Than 1%: Pooled Analysis of Outcomes After 5 Years of Follow-Up

BACKGROUND

We report long-term outcomes from a pooled analysis of patients with previously untreated metastatic non‒small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score (TPS) <1% enrolled in phase 3 studies of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy.

METHODS

This exploratory pooled analysis included individual patient data from the KEYNOTE-189 global (NCT02578680) and Japan extension (NCT03950674) studies of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC without EGFR or ALK alterations and the KEYNOTE-407 global (NCT02775435) and China extension (NCT03875092) studies of metastatic squamous NSCLC. Patients received pembrolizumab or placebo plus pemetrexed and cisplatin or carboplatin in KEYNOTE-189 and pembrolizumab or placebo plus carboplatin and paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel in KEYNOTE-407. PD-L1 TPS was centrally assessed using PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDX (Agilent Technologies, Carpinteria, CA).

RESULTS

Overall, 442 patients were included in this analysis (pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, n=255; chemotherapy, n=187). Median follow-up was 60.7 (range, 49.9‒72.0) months. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy improved overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51‒0.79) and progression-free survival (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.54‒0.81) versus chemotherapy. Five-year OS rates (95% CI) were 12.5% (8.6%‒17.3%) versus 9.3% (5.6%‒14.1%). Grade 3‒5 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 59.1% of patients for pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy and 61.3% for chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

With ∼5 years of follow-up, pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy provided clinically meaningful and durable improvements in survival outcomes versus chemotherapy alone in patients with previously untreated metastatic NSCLC with PD-L1 TPS <1%. These results continue to support pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy as a standard of care in this patient population.

Frontline pembrolizumab monotherapy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with PD-L1 expression ≥50%: real-world outcomes in a US community oncology setting

Background

This study investigated real-world time on treatment (rwToT) and overall survival (OS) for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) who initiated first-line (1L) pembrolizumab monotherapy. We also explored discontinuation reasons and subsequent treatments, stratified by number of cycles among those who completed ≥17 cycles of 1L pembrolizumab.

Methods

Patients with mNSCLC without actionable genetic aberrations, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 0-2 and unknown, and PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50% starting 1L pembrolizumab monotherapy between 24-Oct-2016 and 31-Dec-2018 within The US Oncology Network were identified retrospectively and evaluated using structured data, with a data cutoff of 30-Sep-2021. Patient characteristics and disposition were summarized using descriptive statistics. OS and rwToT were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method for all ECOG PS and PS 0-1. A subgroup of patients who completed ≥17 cycles were evaluated using supplemental chart review data to discern reasons for discontinuation.

Results

Of the 505 patients with mNSCLC with PD-L1 TPS ≥50%, 61% had ECOG PS 0-1, 23% had ECOG PS 2, and 65% had nonsquamous histology. Median rwToT and OS of pembrolizumab were 7.0 (95% CI, 6.0-8.4) months and 24.5 (95% CI, 20.1-29.3) months, respectively. In the subgroup with ECOG PS 0-1, they were 7.6 months (95% CI, 6.2-9.2) and 28.8 months (95% CI, 22.4-37.5), respectively. Of the 103 patients who completed ≥17 cycles, 57 (55.3%) patients received 17 - 34 cycles and 46 (44.7%) patients received ≥35 cycles. Approximately 7.7% of the study population received pembrolizumab beyond 35 cycles. Most common reasons for discontinuation were disease progression (38.6%) and toxicity (19.3%) among patients who received 17-34 cycles of pembrolizumab, and disease progression (13.0%) and completion of therapy (10.9%) among patients who received ≥35 cycles.

Conclusion

Consistent with findings from KEYNOTE-024 and other real-world studies, this study demonstrates the long-term effectiveness of pembrolizumab monotherapy as 1L treatment for mNSCLC with PD-L1 TPS ≥50%. Among patients who completed ≥17 cycles, nearly half completed ≥35 cycles. Disease progression and toxicity were the most common reasons for discontinuation among patients who received 17-34 cycles of pembrolizumab. Reasons for discontinuation beyond 35 cycles need further exploration.

Selective Personalized RadioImmunotherapy for Locally Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Trial (SPRINT)

PURPOSE

Standard therapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant durvalumab. For biomarker-selected patients with LA-NSCLC, we hypothesized that sequential pembrolizumab and risk-adapted radiotherapy, without chemotherapy, would be well-tolerated and effective.

METHODS

Patients with stage III NSCLC or unresectable stage II NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1 were eligible for this trial. Patients with a PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) of ≥50% received three cycles of induction pembrolizumab (200 mg, once every 21 days), followed by a 20-fraction course of risk-adapted thoracic radiotherapy (55 Gy delivered to tumors or lymph nodes with metabolic volume exceeding 20 cc, 48 Gy delivered to smaller lesions), followed by consolidation pembrolizumab to complete a 1-year treatment course. The primary study end point was 1-year progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included response rates after induction pembrolizumab, overall survival (OS), and adverse events.

RESULTS

Twenty-five patients with a PD-L1 TPS of ≥50% were enrolled. The median age was 71, most patients (88%) had stage IIIA or IIIB disease, and the median PD-L1 TPS was 75%. Two patients developed disease progression during induction pembrolizumab, and two patients discontinued pembrolizumab after one infusion because of immune-related adverse events. Using RECIST criteria, 12 patients (48%) exhibited a partial or complete response after induction pembrolizumab. Twenty-four patients (96%) received definitive thoracic radiotherapy. The 1-year PFS rate is 76%, satisfying our efficacy objective. One- and 2-year OS rates are 92% and 76%, respectively. The most common grade 3 adverse events were colitis (n = 2, 8%) and esophagitis (n = 2, 8%), and no higher-grade treatment-related adverse events have occurred.

CONCLUSION

Pembrolizumab and risk-adapted radiotherapy, without chemotherapy, are a promising treatment approach for patients with LA-NSCLC with a PD-L1 TPS of ≥50%.

High-dose alectinib for RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer in the Blood First Assay Screening Trial

Introduction

This paper presents results from Cohort B (rearranged during transfection [RET], fusion-positive) of the Blood First Assay Screening Trial in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) screened for genetic alterations using blood-based next-generation sequencing.

Material and methods

Adults with advanced RET fusion-positive NSCLC received alectinib 900 mg twice daily (BID) in Phase I. Enrolment closed prematurely with Phase II uninitiated.

Results

Among eight treated patients, confirmed best overall responses in evaluable patients were stable disease (4/5) and progressive disease (1/5). One dose-limiting toxicity (death, unknown cause) was considered by the investigator to be related to treatment and underlying disease. Serious adverse events (SAEs) occurred in five patients, and SAEs that may be related to treatment occurred in two patients.

Conclusions

Alectinib showed limited activity in advanced RET fusion-positive NSCLC, and further investigation was not conducted due to the development of selective RET inhibitors pralsetinib and selpercatinib. No new safety signals were observed, and the safety profile of alectinib was in line with previous reports at the 600 mg BID dose.

Assessing a Polygenic Risk Score for Lung Cancer Susceptibility in Non-Hispanic White and Black Populations

BACKGROUND

Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have become an increasingly popular approach to evaluate cancer susceptibility, but have not adequately represented Black populations in model development.

METHODS

We used a previously published lung cancer PRS on the basis of 80 SNPs associated with lung cancer risk in the OncoArray cohort and validated in UK Biobank. The PRS was evaluated for association with lung cancer risk adjusting for age, sex, total pack-years, family history of lung cancer, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the top five principal components for genetic ancestry.

RESULTS

Among the 80 PRS SNPs included in the score, 14 were significantly associated with lung cancer risk (P < 0.05) in INHALE White participants, while there were no significant SNPs among INHALE Black participants. After adjusting for covariates, the PRS was significantly associated with risk in Whites (continuous score P = 0.007), but not in Blacks (continuous score P = 0.88). The PRS remained a statistically significant predictor of lung cancer risk in Whites ineligible for lung cancer screening under current U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Using a previously validated PRS, we did find some predictive ability for lung cancer in INHALE White participants beyond traditional risk factors. However, this effect was not observed in Black participants, indicating the need to develop and validate ancestry-specific lung cancer risk models.

IMPACT

While a previously published lung cancer PRS was able to stratify White participants into different levels of risk, the model was not predictive in Blacks. Our findings highlight the need to develop and validate ancestry-specific lung cancer risk models.

Intracranial Efficacy of Adagrasib in Patients From the KRYSTAL-1 Trial With KRASG12C-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Who Have Untreated CNS Metastases

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.Patients with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and untreated CNS metastases have a worse prognosis than similar patients without KRAS mutations. Adagrasib has previously demonstrated CNS penetration preclinically and cerebral spinal fluid penetration clinically. We evaluated adagrasib in patients with KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC and untreated CNS metastases from the KRYSTAL-1 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03785249; phase Ib cohort), in which adagrasib 600 mg was administered orally, twice daily. Study outcomes included the safety and clinical activity (intracranial [IC] and systemic) by blinded independent central review. Twenty-five patients with KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC and untreated CNS metastases were enrolled and evaluated (median follow-up, 13.7 months); 19 patients were radiographically evaluable for IC activity. Safety was consistent with previous reports of adagrasib, with grade 3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) in 10 patients (40%) and one grade 4 (4%) and no grade 5 TRAEs. The most common CNS-specific TRAEs included dysgeusia (24%) and dizziness (20%). Adagrasib demonstrated an IC objective response rate of 42%, disease control rate of 90%, progression-free survival of 5.4 months, and median overall survival of 11.4 months. Adagrasib is the first KRASG12C inhibitor to prospectively demonstrate IC activity in patients with KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC and untreated CNS metastases, supporting further investigation in this population.

Phase II Study of Docetaxel and Trametinib in Patients with KRAS Mutation Positive Recurrent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC; SWOG S1507, NCT-02642042)

PURPOSE

Efficacy of MEK inhibitors in KRAS+ NSCLC may differ based on specific KRAS mutations and comutations. Our hypothesis was that docetaxel and trametinib would improve activity in KRAS+ NSCLC and specifically in KRAS G12C NSCLC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

S1507 is a single-arm phase II study assessing the response rate (RR) with docetaxel plus trametinib in recurrent KRAS+ NSCLC and secondarily in the G12C subset. The accrual goal was 45 eligible patients, with at least 25 with G12C mutation. The design was two-stage design to rule out a 17% RR, within the overall population at the one-sided 3% level and within the G12C subset at the 5% level.

RESULTS

Between July 18, 2016, and March 15, 2018, 60 patients were enrolled with 53 eligible and 18 eligible in the G12C cohort. The RR was 34% [95% confidence interval (CI), 22-48] overall and 28% (95% CI, 10-53) in G12C. Median PFS and OS were 4.1 and 3.3 months and 10.9 and 8.8 months, overall and in the subset, respectively. Common toxicities were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, rash, anemia, mucositis, and neutropenia. Among 26 patients with known status for TP53 (10+ve) and STK11 (5+ve), OS (HR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.16-7.01), and RR (0% vs. 56%, P = 0.004) were worse in patients with TP53 mutated versus wild-type cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

RRs were significantly improved in the overall population. Contrary to preclinical studies, the combination showed no improvement in efficacy in G12C patients. Comutations may influence therapeutic efficacy of KRAS directed therapies and are worthy of further evaluation. See related commentary by Cantor and Aggarwal, p. 3563.

MRTX-500 Phase 2 Trial: Sitravatinib With Nivolumab in Patients With Nonsquamous NSCLC Progressing On or After Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy or Chemotherapy

INTRODUCTION

Sitravatinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting TYRO3, AXL, MERTK receptors, and vascular epithelial growth factor receptor 2, can shift the tumor microenvironment toward an immunostimulatory state. Combining sitravatinib with checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) may augment antitumor activity.

METHODS

The phase 2 MRTX-500 study evaluated sitravatinib (120 mg daily) with nivolumab (every 2 or 4 wk) in patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC who progressed on or after previous CPI (CPI-experienced) or chemotherapy (CPI-naive). CPI-experienced patients had a previous clinical benefit (PCB) (complete response, partial response, or stable disease for at least 12 weeks then disease progression) or no PCB (NPCB) from CPI. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR); secondary objectives included safety and secondary efficacy end points.

RESULTS

Overall, 124 CPI-experienced (NPCB, n = 35; PCB, n = 89) and 32 CPI-naive patients were treated. Investigator-assessed ORR was 11.4% in patients with NPCB, 16.9% with PCB, and 25.0% in CPI-naive. The median progression-free survival was 3.7, 5.6, and 7.1 months with NPCB, PCB, and CPI-naive, respectively; the median overall survival was 7.9 and 13.6 months with NPCB and PCB, respectively (not reached in CPI-naive patients; median follow-up 20.4 mo). Overall, (N = 156), any grade treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 93.6%; grade 3/4 in 58.3%. One grade 5 TRAE occurred in a CPI-naive patient. TRAEs led to treatment discontinuation in 14.1% and dose reduction or interruption in 42.9%. Biomarker analyses supported an immunostimulatory mechanism of action.

CONCLUSIONS

Sitravatinib with nivolumab had a manageable safety profile. Although ORR was not met, this combination exhibited antitumor activity and encouraged survival in CPI-experienced patients with nonsquamous NSCLC.

Tarlatamab, a First-in-Class DLL3-Targeted Bispecific T-Cell Engager, in Recurrent Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Open-Label, Phase I Study

PURPOSE

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatments. Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) is aberrantly expressed in most SCLC. Tarlatamab (AMG 757), a bispecific T-cell engager molecule, binds both DLL3 and CD3 leading to T-cellb-mediated tumor lysis. Herein, we report phase I results of tarlatamab in patients with SCLC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study evaluated tarlatamab in patients with relapsed/refractory SCLC. The primary end point was safety. Secondary end points included antitumor activity by modified RECIST 1.1, overall survival, and pharmacokinetics.

RESULTS

By July 19, 2022, 107 patients received tarlatamab in dose exploration (0.003 to 100 mg; n = 73) and expansion (100 mg; n = 34) cohorts. Median prior lines of anticancer therapy were 2 (range, 1-6); 49.5% received antiprogrammed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 therapy. Any-grade treatment-related adverse events occurred in 97 patients (90.7%) and grade b % 3 in 33 patients (30.8%). One patient (1%) had grade 5 pneumonitis. Cytokine release syndrome was the most common treatment-related adverse event, occurring in 56 patients (52%) including grade 3 in one patient (1%). Maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Objective response rate was 23.4% (95% CI, 15.7 to 32.5) including two complete and 23 partial responses. The median duration of response was 12.3 months (95% CI, 6.6 to 14.9). The disease control rate was 51.4% (95% CI, 41.5 to 61.2). The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 3.7 months (95% CI, 2.1 to 5.4) and 13.2 months (95% CI, 10.5 to not reached), respectively. Exploratory analysis suggests that selecting for increased DLL3 expression can result in increased clinical benefit.

CONCLUSION

In patients with heavily pretreated SCLC, tarlatamab demonstrated manageable safety with encouraging response durability. Further evaluation of this promising molecule is ongoing.

NVL-520 Is a Selective, TRK-Sparing, and Brain-Penetrant Inhibitor of ROS1 Fusions and Secondary Resistance Mutations

SIGNIFICANCE

The combined preclinical features of NVL-520 that include potent targeting of ROS1 and diverse ROS1 resistance mutations, high selectivity for ROS1 G2032R over TRK, and brain penetration mark the development of a distinct ROS1 TKI with the potential to surpass the limitations of earlier-generation TKIs for ROS1 fusion-positive patients. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 517.

Interplay of Immunosuppression and Immunotherapy Among Patients With Cancer and COVID-19

Importance

Cytokine storm due to COVID-19 can cause high morbidity and mortality and may be more common in patients with cancer treated with immunotherapy (IO) due to immune system activation.

Objective

To determine the association of baseline immunosuppression and/or IO-based therapies with COVID-19 severity and cytokine storm in patients with cancer.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This registry-based retrospective cohort study included 12 046 patients reported to the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) registry from March 2020 to May 2022. The CCC19 registry is a centralized international multi-institutional registry of patients with COVID-19 with a current or past diagnosis of cancer. Records analyzed included patients with active or previous cancer who had a laboratory-confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction and/or serologic findings.

Exposures

Immunosuppression due to therapy; systemic anticancer therapy (IO or non-IO).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was a 5-level ordinal scale of COVID-19 severity: no complications; hospitalized without requiring oxygen; hospitalized and required oxygen; intensive care unit admission and/or mechanical ventilation; death. The secondary outcome was the occurrence of cytokine storm.

Results

The median age of the entire cohort was 65 years (interquartile range [IQR], 54-74) years and 6359 patients were female (52.8%) and 6598 (54.8%) were non-Hispanic White. A total of 599 (5.0%) patients received IO, whereas 4327 (35.9%) received non-IO systemic anticancer therapies, and 7120 (59.1%) did not receive any antineoplastic regimen within 3 months prior to COVID-19 diagnosis. Although no difference in COVID-19 severity and cytokine storm was found in the IO group compared with the untreated group in the total cohort (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.56-1.13, and aOR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.41-1.93, respectively), patients with baseline immunosuppression treated with IO (vs untreated) had worse COVID-19 severity and cytokine storm (aOR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.38-8.01, and aOR, 4.41; 95% CI, 1.71-11.38, respectively). Patients with immunosuppression receiving non-IO therapies (vs untreated) also had worse COVID-19 severity (aOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.36-2.35) and cytokine storm (aOR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.42-3.79).

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found that in patients with cancer and COVID-19, administration of systemic anticancer therapies, especially IO, in the context of baseline immunosuppression was associated with severe clinical outcomes and the development of cytokine storm.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04354701.

Cancer is chronic but antimicrobial stewardship is iconic: A retrospective cohort of optimal antibiotic use in ambulatory oncology clinics

Objective

To evaluate antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory oncology clinics and to identify opportunities to improve antibiotic use.

Methods

Retrospective cohort of adult patients who received care at 4 ambulatory oncology clinics from May 2021 to December 2021. Patients were included if they actively followed with a hematologist-oncologist for a cancer diagnosis and received an antibiotic prescription for uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), urinary tract infection (UTI), or acute bacterial skin-skin structure infection (ABSSSI) at an oncology clinic. The primary outcome was receipt of optimal antibiotic therapy, defined as a composite of drug, dose, and duration according to local and national guidelines. Patient characteristics were described and compared; predictors of optimal antibiotic use were identified using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

In total, 200 patients were included in this study: 72 (36%) received optimal antibiotics and 128 (64%) received suboptimal antibiotics. The proportions of patients receiving optimal therapy by indication were ABSSSI (52%), UTI (35%), URTI (27%), and LRTI (15%). The most common suboptimal prescribing components were dose (54%), selection (53%) and duration (23%). After adjusting for female sex and LRTI, ABSSSI (adjusted odds ratio, 2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-4.37) was associated with optimal antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic-associated adverse drug events occurred in 7 patients; 6 occurred patients who received prolonged durations and 1 occurred in a patient who received an optimal duration (P = .057).

Conclusions

Suboptimal antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory oncology clinics is common and mostly driven by antibiotic selection and dosing. Duration of therapy may also be an area for improvement as national oncology guidelines have not adopted short-course therapy.

Comparative Clinical Outcomes Between EGFR Ex20ins and Wildtype NSCLC Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

INTRODUCTION

The activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in NSCLC harboring EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations (ex20ins) has not been closely examined due to the frequent exclusion of patients with EGFR mutations from large immunotherapy-based NSCLC trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A real-world, retrospective study was conducted to compare outcomes of ICI-treated patients with EGFR ex20ins and wildtype NSCLC (wt-NSCLC; defined as EGFR and ALK test negative). Patients with advanced NSCLC from the Flatiron Health database (2015-2020) were included in the analysis. Real-world time to next therapy (rwTTNT) and overall survival (rwOS), stratified by ICI initiation line of therapy, were the prespecified primary and secondary endpoints, respectively.

RESULTS

Among 59 patients with EGFR ex20ins NSCLC and 5365 with wt-NSCLC, ICI treatment was received as first-line therapy in 25% and 39%, respectively. Patients with EGFR ex20ins had a 58% increased risk of shorter time to next-line therapy compared with wt-NSCLC (adjusted hazard ratio of 1.58 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.1]; P = .0012). The median rwTTNT for first ICI line was 3.7 months (95% CI, 3.0-4.9) for EGFR ex20ins NSCLC compared with 5.8 months (95% CI, 5.6-6.0) for wt-NSCLC. No meaningful difference in rwOS between the groups was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

ICI therapy may be less effective for patients with EGFR ex20ins compared with wt-NSCLC. Consistent with prior data on exon 19 deletion and L858R substitution, tumors harboring ex20ins appear to be less responsive to immune checkpoint inhibition than wt-NSCLC.

Adagrasib in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring a KRASG12C Mutation

BACKGROUND

Adagrasib, a KRAS^G12C inhibitor, irreversibly and selectively binds KRAS^G12C, locking it in its inactive state. Adagrasib showed clinical activity and had an acceptable adverse-event profile in the phase 1-1b part of the KRYSTAL-1 phase 1-2 study.

METHODS

In a registrational phase 2 cohort, we evaluated adagrasib (600 mg orally twice daily) in patients with KRAS^G12C -mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and anti-programmed death 1 or programmed death ligand 1 therapy. The primary end point was objective response assessed by blinded independent central review. Secondary end points included the duration of response, progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety.

RESULTS

As of October 15, 2021, a total of 116 patients with KRAS^G12C -mutated NSCLC had been treated (median follow-up, 12.9 months); 98.3% had previously received both chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Of 112 patients with measurable disease at baseline, 48 (42.9%) had a confirmed objective response. The median duration of response was 8.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2 to 13.8), and the median progression-free survival was 6.5 months (95% CI, 4.7 to 8.4). As of January 15, 2022 (median follow-up, 15.6 months), the median overall survival was 12.6 months (95% CI, 9.2 to 19.2). Among 33 patients with previously treated, stable central nervous system metastases, the intracranial confirmed objective response rate was 33.3% (95% CI, 18.0 to 51.8). Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 97.4% of the patients - grade 1 or 2 in 52.6% and grade 3 or higher in 44.8% (including two grade 5 events) - and resulted in drug discontinuation in 6.9% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with previously treated KRAS^G12C -mutated NSCLC, adagrasib showed clinical efficacy without new safety signals. (Funded by Mirati Therapeutics; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03785249.).

Efficacy/safety of entrectinib in patients (pts) with ROS1-positive (ROS1+) advanced/metastatic NSCLC from the Blood First Assay Screening Trial (BFAST)

LBA9023

Background: Tissue-based biomarker testing remains challenging as tumor biopsies are often inadequate for comprehensive biomarker testing and repeat biopsies can be risky in pts with advanced/metastatic NSCLC. These challenges could be overcome by using blood-based testing to identify the most appropriate targeted therapy. BFAST (NCT03178552) is a global open-label, multicohort trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of selected therapies in pts with advanced/metastatic NSCLC harboring actionable genetic alterations, as identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in cell-free DNA (liquid biopsies). We present data from the ROS1+ cohort: this is the first evaluation of entrectinib efficacy in pts identified by prospective blood-based NGS. Methods: In this single-arm analysis, adults (≥18 years) with treatment-naïve measurable stage IIIB/IV NSCLC, identified as ROS1+ by the FoundationOne®Liquid CDx CTA blood-based NGS test, received oral entrectinib 600 mg/day until disease progression (PD), unacceptable toxicity, consent withdrawal or death. Pts with asymptomatic brain metastases at screening were eligible. Tumor scans were performed at baseline and every 8 weeks thereafter for all disease involvement areas (brain imaging not mandated in pts without baseline CNS disease). Primary endpoint: investigator (INV)-assessed objective response rate (ORR; RECIST 1.1). Secondary endpoints: INV-assessed duration of response (DoR) and progression-free survival (PFS); independent review facility (IRF)-assessed ORR, DoR, PFS; overall survival (OS); time to CNS PD; safety. Results: 55 pts with ROS1+ NSCLC identified by blood-based NGS were enrolled and treated with entrectinib. Median age was 56 yrs; 58% of pts were female and 75% had no history of tobacco use. Non-squamous adenocarcinoma was the most common histology (n = 48/55; 87%); 4 pts (7.3%) had baseline CNS disease. Median follow-up: 18.3 months. At data cut-off (26 Nov 2021, n = 54 pts with measurable disease), confirmed ORR was 81.5% (n = 44/54; 95% CI 68.6–90.8) by INV (2 complete responses [CR], 42 partial responses [PR]) and IRF (3 CR, 41 PR). Median DoR was 13.0 months (95% CI 6.3–18.4) by INV and 16.7 months (95% CI 5.6–24.0) by IRF. Median PFS was 12.9 months (95% CI 8.7–18.5) by INV, and 14.8 months (95% CI 7.2–24.0) by IRF. OS data were immature with 20 events (36.4%) recorded. Median time to CNS PD was not reached (INV: 9 events; IRF: 6 events). Most treatment-related adverse events were non-serious with no treatment-related deaths. Conclusion: These data support the clinical value of blood-based NGS as another method to inform clinical decision-making in ROS1+ NSCLC. Pts with ROS1+ NSCLC (by blood-based NGS) treated with entrectinib showed deep and durable responses, consistent with results from entrectinib trials that used tissue-based testing. No new safety signals were observed. Clinical trial information: NCT03178552.

Activity of adagrasib (MRTX849) in patients with KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC and active, untreated CNS metastases in the KRYSTAL-1 trial

LBA9009

Background: CNS metastases (mets) occur in 27–42% of NSCLC harboring KRASG12C mutations and are associated with poor prognosis. Adagrasib (ada), an investigational agent, is a KRASG12C inhibitor that irreversibly and selectively binds KRASG12C, locking it in its inactive state, and is optimized for favorable PK properties, including a long half-life (̃24 h) and dose-dependent PK. Ada has demonstrated dose-dependent CNS penetration and intracranial (IC) tumor regression in preclinical models of CNS mets. Methods: KRYSTAL-1 (NCT03785249) is a multicohort Phase 1/2 study evaluating ada as monotherapy or in combination with selected agents in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors harboring a KRASG12C mutation. In a Phase 1b cohort, pts with KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC and active, untreated CNS mets were treated with ada 600 mg BID. The objectives for this Phase 1b cohort were to evaluate safety and clinical activity, including systemic and IC objective response rate (ORR) by blinded independent central review (BICR), duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Systemic responses were assessed by RECIST 1.1; IC responses were assessed by modified RANO criteria and IC RECIST. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected when feasible and was used to measure ada concentrations for optional evaluation. Results: As of 31 December 2021, 25 pts with NSCLC were enrolled and treated. Median follow-up was 6.6 months at the cutoff date. Median age was 66 years, 52% were female, 28%/72% had ECOG PS 0/1, and median lines of prior systemic therapy was one (range 0–4+). IC ORR per modified RANO criteria by BICR was 31.6% (6/19; 3 CRs, 2 PRs, 1 unconfirmed PR); IC disease control rate (DCR) was 84.2% (16/19, including 10 SDs). Median IC DOR was not reached (95% CI 4.1–NE); median IC PFS was 4.2 months (95% CI 3.8–NE). CSF samples were obtained for two pts for whom regression of CNS mets was observed and ada CSF concentrations exceeded the CNS penetrance partition coefficients observed for other therapies with demonstrated CNS penetration and CNS antitumor activity (Kp,uu 0.47). Systemic ORR by BICR was 35.0% (7/20), DCR was 80.0% (16/20) and median DOR was 9.6 months (95% CI 2.7–9.6); median PFS was 5.6 months (95% CI 3.8–11.0). For all pts enrolled, OS was immature, and the median had not been reached at the time of analysis. Safety was consistent with that previously reported with ada; any grade TRAEs occurred in 96% of pts, grade 3 TRAEs in 36%, and there were no grade 4/5 TRAEs. Further data describing IC activity assessed by IC RECIST will be presented. Conclusions: Ada was well tolerated, and these preliminary data demonstrate CNS penetration and encouraging IC activity in pretreated pts with NSCLC harboring a KRASG12C mutation and active, untreated CNS mets. These are the first clinical data demonstrating CNS-specific activity of a KRASG12C inhibitor in this population. Clinical trial information: NCT03785249.

Beyond Checkpoint Inhibitors: Enhancing Antitumor Immune Response in Lung Cancer

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically changed the treatment landscape and improved survival for many patients with thoracic malignancies. Although some patients may experience prolonged survival benefit with immune checkpoint inhibitors, a majority do not experience disease control or benefit, supporting the need for research and development of improved approaches for facilitating immune recognition. Additionally, many patients will experience toxicity with the current approaches to immunotherapy, supporting the need for developing treatment strategies with less risk of adverse events. An extensive array of different strategies are currently under investigation, including novel combinations of checkpoint inhibitors or immunotherapies; novel agents beyond checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., bispecific antibodies, vaccine strategies, cytokine therapies); and different approaches for use of radiation to augment systemic immunotherapy agents. With each strategy, researchers are evaluating the potential for augmenting antitumor responses and ensuring more sustained antitumor effects. This article highlights areas of active research, reviewing the rationale for different investigative strategies, as well as currently available clinical data.

A phase I/II multisite study of rucaparib and pembrolizumab maintenance therapy in stage IV non-squamous non–small cell lung cancer after initial therapy with carboplatin, pemetrexed, and pembrolizumab

TPS9138

Background: Carboplatin, pemetrexed, and pembrolizumab (CPP) followed by pemetrexed and pembrolizumab maintenance is a standard of care (SOC) for non-squamous metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), based on results of the KEYNOTE-189 study. The progression free survival (PFS) on this study was 8.8 months. There is increasing data to support that certain sporadic tumors harbor somatic mutations in genes of the homologous recombinant repair (HRR) pathway resulting in a “BRCAness” phenotype rendering sensitivity to PARP inhibitors (PARPi). TCGA data suggest up to 38% of NSCLC have mutations in HRR pathway genes. Furthermore, treatment with PARPi is shown to upregulate PD-L1 expression, which is associated with pembrolizumab response in NSCLC. We therefore hypothesized that maintenance therapy with a PARPi and pembrolizumab will improve PFS compared to SOC pemetrexed and pembrolizumab. Methods: This is a single arm, multi-site, investigator-initiated phase I/II study that is enrolling treatment-naïve patients with stage IV nonsquamous metastatic NSCLC without any targetable driver mutations eligible for CPP. Patients without progression after 4 cycles of CPP then proceed to maintenance with rucaparib 600mg PO BID and pembrolizumab 200mg IV every 21 days. The primary objective is efficacy assessed by PFS and second objectives include overall survival, safety, tolerability, and objective response rate (ORR). Correlatives in this study include PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and measurements of HRR deficiency as assessed by homologous repair deficiency (HRD) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using established methods. Key exclusion criteria include untreated brain metastases and prior exposure to a PARPi or PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor. The phase I cohort which consisted of 6 patients treated with the approved full doses of rucaparib and pembrolizumab was completed without dose limiting toxicity (DLT). Using a Bayesian decision-theoretic two-stage design, the first stage will enroll 38 patients. If predefined PFS parameters are met, an additional 17 patients, for a total of 55 patients, will be enrolled. To date, 21 patients have been enrolled. Clinical trial information: NCT03559049.

CRESTONE: Initial efficacy and safety of seribantumab in solid tumors harboring NRG1 fusions

3006

Background: NRG1 fusions are rare oncogenic drivers found in ̃0.2% of all solid tumors. These fusions elicit ERBB3/HER3 overactivation to drive tumor growth and cancer cell survival. Currently there are no approved targeted therapies for NRG1 fusion-positive tumors. Furthermore, patients (pts) with tumors harboring NRG1 fusions have poor outcomes with standard therapies. Seribantumab is a fully human anti-HER3 IgG2 monoclonal antibody that suppressed tumor growth in NRG1 fusion-driven preclinical models. Here, we present initial clinical data from the CRESTONE study (NCT04383210). Methods: CRESTONE is a Phase 2, global, multicenter, open-label study of seribantumab in adult pts with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors harboring NRG1 fusions. A dose ranging phase established the RP2D as a 3g once weekly (QW) intravenous dose administered until treatment discontinuation criteria are met. In the expansion phase, cohort 1 will enroll at least 55 pts who had received at least one prior therapy and are naïve to ERBB-targeted therapy. Exploratory cohorts 2 or 3 will enroll pts previously treated with ERBB-targeted therapies and/or tumors harboring additional molecular alterations. The primary endpoint is objective response rate (ORR) by independent central review per RECIST v1.1. Initial data from cohort 1 pts who received seribantumab 3g QW with investigator (INV)-assessed response per RECIST v1.1 are reported. Results: By JAN-13-2022, 12 pts have received seribantumab 3g QW in cohort 1. Median age was 65 years (range 44–76), 67% were female, and median number of prior therapies was 1 (range 1–5). 92% (11/12) of pts had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); 5 different NRG1 fusion partners ( ATP1B1, CD74, ITG B1, SDC4, SLC3 A2) were reported by local next-generation sequencing tests. Among 10 pts evaluable for INV-assessed response, the confirmed ORR was 30%, and the disease control rate was 90% (1 complete response, 2 partial responses, 6 stable disease, 1 progressive disease). 58% (7/12) of pts remain on study treatment, including 2 pts with NSCLC who achieved objective responses with an ongoing duration of response of 6 and 8.5 months. Seribantumab 3g QW was well tolerated with no drug discontinuations or dose reductions. Across all cohorts (n = 29), the most frequently (≥20%) reported treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were diarrhea (38%), fatigue (34%), and rash (24%), all were grade 1 or 2. One grade 3 TRAE of vomiting occurred; there were no Grade 4 or 5 TRAEs. Efficacy analysis is ongoing and updated efficacy data from evaluable pts in cohort 1 will be presented. Conclusions: Initial data indicate seribantumab induced durable responses in advanced solid tumors harboring NRG1 fusions and has a favorable safety profile. These data support the continued evaluation of seribantumab in NRG1 fusion-positive solid tumors in the ongoing CRESTONE study. Clinical trial information: NCT04383210.

Race-specific genomic determinants of therapeutic response in African American NSCLC patients

e21015

Background: African American (AA) individuals are disproportionately affected by lung cancer in terms of incidence and mortality, despite lower tobacco exposure compared to Caucasian Americans (CA). Since molecular profiling is critically important to guide therapy selection in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we compared treatment-relevant molecular data in a cohort of AA and CA patients with EGFR or KRAS-driven NSCLC. Methods: This is a retrospective study using a clinicogenomic electronic medical record database from health systems in the United States designed to evaluate outcomes in advanced stage NSCLC. Eligibility criteria for analysis included a diagnosis of NSCLC between 2010 and 2020, stage III or IV, available race/ethnicity data, and identification of common KRAS or EGFR activating variant within 60 days of diagnosis. The primary objective was to define the type of EGFR or KRAS activating variant and determine the frequency of co-occurring alterations in NSCLC-associated genes by cohort (AA and CA). Secondary objectives included examining the timing of genetic testing and use of targeted therapy in these cohorts. Results: A total of 642 NSCLC patients with KRAS (15.0% AA; 81.6% CA) and 348 patients with EGFR oncogenic mutations (13.8% AA; 70.1% CA) met inclusion criteria. Mean time from diagnosis to first molecular test result was 20.9 days for AA vs. 19.9 days for CA (p = 0.5). The EGFR G719S variant was more prevalent in the AA cohort (6.3% AA v 0.4%) with no significant differences observed in the most common KRAS or EGFR variants tested (Table). A total of 100 KRAS-mutant patients (16 AA, 86 CA) had a reported result in at least one co-mutation of interest. The most frequent co-mutations were TP53 (81.3% AA v 65% CA, p = 0.92); KEAP1 (18.8% AA v 8.3% CA, p = 0.52); ATM (18.8% AA v 9.5% CA, p = 0.54); and PTEN (0% AA v 8.3% CA, p = 0.5). A total of 35 EGFR-mutant patients (4 AA, 31 CA) had a co-mutation reported in TP53 (75% AA v 65% CA, p = 0.77). EGFR targeted therapy was reported in 47.9% of AA and 52.9% of CA (p = 0.639). In the KRAS-mutant cohort, delivery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) was reported in 29.2% of AA and 39.3% of CA (p = 0.08); chemotherapy was reported in 36.5% AA and 45.2% of CA (p = 0.14). Delivery of both ICI and chemotherapy was reported in 13.5% of AA and 21.9% of CA (p = 0.08). Conclusions: In a real-world cohort of NSCLC patients, we found similar frequencies of common KRAS and EGFR variants in AA and CA, but higher rates of EGFR G719S variant in AA patients. A more comprehensive analysis is needed to further evaluate the trends in co-mutations observed in our analysis, to determine the race-specific impact of these alterations in EGFR and KRAS-driven NSCLC.[Table: see text]

A phase 1/2 study of REGN5093-M114, a METxMET antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (MET)-overexpressing NSCLC

TPS8593

Background: MET, also called hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), is a high-affinity transmembrane protein receptor for HGF. MET is overexpressed in various malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MET overexpression can accompany MET exon 14 alteration or de novo/acquired MET amplification. REGN5093-M114 is an antibody drug conjugate composed of a novel linker-payload (M114, carrying the maytansine derivative M24, a potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly) covalently bound to lysine residues on a MET-targeting human IgG4p bispecific antibody, REGN5093. In preclinical models of MET overexpressing cancers, REGN5093-M114 demonstrated significant dose-dependent antitumor activity. Methods: This is an open label, phase 1/2, first-in-human, multicenter dose-escalation study with cohort expansion evaluating REGN5093-M114 in patients with MET-overexpressing NSCLC (NCT04982224). Patients must have advanced stage NSCLC for which there are no approved therapies available expected to confer clinical benefit, with tumor overexpressing MET (≥75% tumor cell staining at 2+) as centrally confirmed by immunohistochemistry. For the expansion phase, patients must have at least one lesion that is measurable by RECIST 1.1. REGN5093-M114 will be administered intravenously once every 3 weeks over 30 minutes until disease progression, intolerable adverse events, withdrawal of consent, or study withdrawal. The primary objectives in dose escalation are to evaluate safety, tolerability, PK, and maximum tolerated dose and/or recommended phase 2 dosing regimen of REGN5093-M114. PKs will include the assessment of REGN5093-M114, total antibody, and payload M24 concentrations. The primary objective in dose expansion is to assess preliminary anti-tumor activity of REGN5093-M114 in MET-overexpressing NSCLC as measured by the objective response rate. The secondary objectives of both phases of the study include an evaluation of treatment durability, and the immunogenicity of REGN5093-M114. This study is currently open to enrollment. Clinical trial information: NCT04982224.

A phase 1/2 study of VS-6766 (RAF/MEK clamp) in combination with sotorasib (G12C inhibitor) in patients with KRAS G12C mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (RAMP 203)

TPS9148

Background: KRAS is mutated (mt) in 25% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma, with KRAS G12C mt occurring in ̃13% of patients. The G12C inhibitor (G12Ci) sotorasib has recently received FDA approval for patients with KRAS G12C NSCLC. Several studies have shown that simultaneous targeting of multiple nodes in the RAS pathway may be optimal for durable pathway inhibition and response. Furthermore, acquired mutations and amplifications in the RAS pathway occur clinically upon progression on sotorasib or adagrasib. Accordingly, combination of G12Ci with a downstream blocker of the RAS pathway may be needed for more durable response. VS-6766 is a unique small molecule RAF/MEK clamp that inhibits BRAF, CRAF and MEK, enabling VS-6766 to block MEK signaling more consistently without the compensatory activation of MEK that reduces the efficacy of MEK-only inhibitors. In vitro 3D proliferation and in vivo tumor models were used to assess anti-tumor efficacy of VS-6766 ± G12Ci. In KRAS G12C mt NSCLC cell lines, VS-6766 was synergistic with both sotorasib and adagrasib in reducing tumor cell viability which correlated with deeper inhibition of RAS pathway signaling. In vivo, combination of VS-6766 with sotorasib induced strong tumor regressions in contrast to sotorasib monotherapy or sotorasib plus trametinib. Initial clinical activity of VS-6766 in KRAS G12C mt NSCLC is supported by the FRAME study [NCT03875820] results, in which 4/6 patients with KRAS G12C mt NSCLC showed tumor reduction including 1 PR. These results support the clinical evaluation of VS-6766 in combination with a G12Ci for treatment of KRAS G12C mt NSCLC. Methods: This is a Phase 1/2, multicenter, open label, dose evaluation/dose expansion study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VS-6766 in combination with sotorasib in patients with KRAS G12C mt NSCLC who have not previously been treated with a KRAS G12Ci or have experienced disease progression while undergoing therapy with a KRAS G12Ci [NCT05074810]. The study will be conducted in two parts: Part A (dose evaluation) and Part B (dose expansion). Up to 3 dose levels will be evaluated in Part A to determine the Recommended Phase 2 Dose (RP2D) for Part B. Part B will assess the efficacy of the RP2D and will be conducted in 2 cohorts: patients who are G12Ci treatment naïve (cohort 1) and patients who have experienced disease progress during G12Ci therapy (Cohort 2). Patients enrolled must have histologic or cytologic evidence of NSCLC, measurable disease according to RECIST V1.1 and known KRAS G12C mutation. The study will enroll up to 121 patients with a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 12 patients in Part A and an additional 109 patients in Part B (minimum of 41 patients at RP2D stage 1 for cohort 1 and 2 or RP2D stages 1 and 2 in both cohorts). Clinical trial information: NCT05074810.

A phase 1/2 study of the highly selective EGFR inhibitor, BLU-701, in patients with EGFR-mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

TPS9142

Background: Although 3rd-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as osimertinib, are highly effective in front-line metastatic EGFR-mutated ( EGFRm) NSCLC, treatment resistance ultimately occurs, including the emergence of the on-target C797X mutation for which there are no approved TKIs. BLU-701 is an investigational, reversible, brain-penetrant, wildtype-sparing oral TKI with nanomolar potency on common activating (exon 19 deletion and L858R) and C797X resistance mutations (Tavera L et al. AACR 2022). BLU-701 has shown promising preclinical data, including antitumor central nervous system (CNS) activity that may improve patient outcomes. Additionally, combining BLU-701 with standard of care therapies may provide enhanced disease control across multiple lines of treatment, including against heterogenous tumors, in patients with EGFRm NSCLC. Methods: HARMONY (NCT05153408) is an ongoing, global phase 1/2, open-label, first-in-human study designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and antitumor activity of BLU-701 as a monotherapy or in combination with osimertinib or platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with EGFRm NSCLC. Key inclusion criteria include patients ≥18 years of age with metastatic EGFRm NSCLC; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0–1; and previous treatment with ≥1 EGFR-targeted TKI. Patients in the phase 2 monotherapy part must harbor an EGFR C797X resistance mutation (locally assessed). Key exclusion criteria are tumors harboring EGFR T790M mutations, EGFR exon 20 insertions, or other known driver alterations, including KRAS, BRAF V600E, NTRK1/2/3, HER2, ALK, ROS1, MET, or RET. Phase 1 primary endpoints are maximum tolerated dose, recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), and safety. The phase 2 primary endpoint is overall response rate (ORR) by RECIST 1.1. Secondary endpoints include ORR (phase 1), duration of response, and PK/PD (phase 1 and phase 2); disease control rate, progression-free survival, overall survival, antitumor CNS activity, and safety (phase 2). The phase 1 dose escalation will adopt a Bayesian optimal interval design. Patients will be enrolled into 3 treatment cohorts: part 1A (n≈40–80; BLU-701), part 1B (n≈35; BLU-701 + osimertinib), and part 1C (n≈18; BLU-701 + carboplatin and pemetrexed). Patients in the phase 2 dose expansion (n≈24) will be treated at the RP2D of BLU-701 as monotherapy. Patients may receive treatment until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or other discontinuation criteria are met. Enrollment in this study has started, and sites will be open across North America, Europe, and Asia. Clinical trial information: NCT05153408.

KRYSTAL-1: Activity and safety of adagrasib (MRTX849) in patients with advanced/metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring a KRASG12C mutation

9002

Background: KRAS is a key mediator of the RAS/MAPK signaling cascade that promotes cellular growth and proliferation. KRASG12C mutation occurs in ̃14% of NSCLC. Adagrasib, an investigational agent, is a KRASG12C inhibitor that irreversibly and selectively binds KRASG12C, locking it in its inactive state. Adagrasib is optimized for favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, including long half-life (̃24 h), dose-dependent PK, and central nervous system penetration; it has demonstrated objective response and favorable tolerability in the Phase 1/1b setting. Methods: KRYSTAL-1 (NCT03785249) is a multicohort Phase 1/2 study evaluating adagrasib as monotherapy or in combination regimens in patients with advanced solid tumors harboring a KRASG12C mutation. Here we report the first disclosure from all patients enrolled in Cohort A, a Phase 2 cohort with registrational intent, evaluating adagrasib given 600 mg orally BID in patients with NSCLC previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and anti-PD-1/L1 therapy. Study objectives include evaluating efficacy (objective response rate [ORR], duration of response [DOR], progression-free survival [PFS], overall survival [OS]), safety, PK, and exploratory correlative analyses. Objective tumor response was assessed per RECIST v1.1 by blinded independent central review (BICR). Results: As of the 15 October 2021 data cutoff, 116 patients with NSCLC harboring a KRASG12C mutation were enrolled and treated, with a median follow-up of 12.5 months. Baseline characteristics include median age 64 years, 65% female, and 15.5%/83.6% with ECOG PS 0/1; 98.3% of patients received adagrasib following prior treatment with immunotherapy and chemotherapy, with a median of 2 prior systemic therapies. The ORR (by BICR) was 42.9% (48/112) and the disease control rate was 79.5% (89/112); 31 patients remain on treatment. Median DOR was 8.5 months (95% CI 6.2–13.8), median PFS was 6.5 months (95% CI 4.7–8.4), median OS was 12.6 months (95% CI 9.2–NE). Treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) of any grade occurred in 97.4% of patients, grade ≥3 TRAEs in 45.7%, 2 grade 5 TRAEs, and 8 (6.9%) TRAEs led to discontinuation. The most commonly reported (≥25%) TRAEs (any grade) were diarrhea (62.9%), nausea (62.1%), vomiting (47.4%), fatigue (40.5%), ALT/AST increased (27.6%/25%), blood creatinine increased (25.9%); the most commonly reported (≥5%) TRAEs (grade 3/4) were lipase increased (6%) and anemia (5.2%). Additional subgroup analyses will be presented, including selected demographics, molecular markers and sites of metastases. Conclusions: Adagrasib is well tolerated and demonstrates promising efficacy in pretreated patients with NSCLC harboring a KRASG12C mutation. A Phase 3 trial evaluating adagrasib monotherapy versus docetaxel in previously treated patients with KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC is ongoing (NCT04685135). Clinical trial information: NCT03785249.

The Selective Personalized Radio-immunotherapy for Locally Advanced NSCLC Trial (SPRINT): Initial results

8510

Background: Standard therapy for unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant durvalumab. We performed a prospective trial testing sequential pembrolizumab and risk-adapted radiotherapy without chemotherapy for biomarker-selected LA-NSCLC patients. Methods: Patients with stage III NSCLC or unresectable stage II NSCLC, ECOG performance status 0-1, and no contraindications to protocol-specified therapy were eligible for this trial. Subjects with PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50% underwent baseline FDG-PET/CT, received three cycles of induction pembrolizumab (200 mg, every 21 days), underwent restaging FDG-PET/CT, received risk-adapted thoracic radiotherapy (55 Gy delivered to tumors or lymph nodes with metabolic tumor volume exceeding 20 cc and 48 Gy delivered to smaller lesions, all in 20 daily fractions), and then received up to 13 cycles of additional pembrolizumab. The primary study endpoint was one-year progression-free survival (PFS). Here we report response rates following induction pembrolizumab, PFS and overall survival (OS) rates, and adverse event rates (CTCAE v. 4.03). Results: Twenty-five subjects with PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50% from three institutions were enrolled between August 2018 and November 2021. Median age was 71 (interquartile range [IQR] 62 to 77). One subject had stage II disease, 13 had stage IIIA disease, nine had stage IIIB disease, and two had stage IIIC disease. Median PD-L1 TPS was 75% (IQR 60 to 80%). Two subjects (8%) developed disease progression during induction pembrolizumab, and two subjects discontinued pembrolizumab after one infusion due to immune-related adverse events. Using RECIST 1.1 criteria, 12 subjects (48%) exhibited a partial (n = 11) or complete (n = 1) response following induction pembrolizumab on CT. Using PERCIST criteria, 12 subjects (48%) exhibited a partial response following induction pembrolizumab on PET. Four subjects had responses on PET but not on CT, and four had responses on CT but not on PET. With a median follow-up duration of 13 months, the actuarial 1-year PFS rate is 74%, and the actuarial 1-year OS rate is 95%. Grade 3 adverse events have been limited to single cases of anemia, arthritis, diarrhea, esophagitis, and pneumonitis, and no grade 4-5 adverse events have occurred. Exploratory analyses suggest that response to induction pembrolizumab on PET predicts efficacy of this treatment approach, with a 1-year PFS rate of 100% for responders, compared to 61% for non-responders (logrank p = 0.007). Conclusions: Treatment with pembrolizumab and risk-adapted radiotherapy is a promising treatment approach for LA-NSCLC patients with PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50%. Response on PET following induction pembrolizumab may be useful for identifying patients who can be treated successfully without chemotherapy. Clinical trial information: NCT03523702.

A two-part, phase II, multi-center study of the ERK inhibitor ulixertinib (BVD-523) for patients with advanced malignancies harboring MEK or atypical BRAF alterations (BVD-523-ABC)

TPS3172

Background: Ulixertinib (BVD-523) is a small molecule inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in development as a novel anti-cancer drug. Early clinical data demonstrated anti-tumor activity, especially for patients with tumors harboring atypical BRAF or MEK1/2 alterations (Sullivan et al., Cancer Discov. 2018;8(2):184-195). Atypical BRAF (non-V600) alterations can be categorized according to characteristics of molecular signaling (Class II or III), are seen in approximately 3% of all human cancers, and there are currently no approved therapies for this indication. Similar to atypical BRAF alterations, the incidence of MEK1/2 alterations are rare in human tumors (< 1 %). Preclinical data have demonstrated activity of ulixertinib in MEK mutant models. Ulixertinib has FDA fast-track designation for patients with solid tumors, other than CRC, with specific BRAF mutations (G469A, L485W, or L597Q). Designed with intent to register, the BVD-523-ABC clinical trial will continue evaluation of ulixertinib in patients with tumors harboring any atypical BRAF or MEK1/2 alteration (NCT04488003). Methods: This multi-center, phase II study, will be conducted in two parts and assess the clinical benefit, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ulixertinib in patients with advanced malignancies. Ulixertinib will be administered at the RP2D of 600 mg BID for 28-day treatment cycles. Eligible patients will have locally advanced or metastatic cancer which progressed following standard systemic therapies, or for which the patient is not a candidate or refused systemic therapy. Planned correlative analyses include reverse phase protein array and transcriptomics of tumor tissue. Part A is open-label and tumor agnostic, except for group 4 and 6 (CRC patients only). Patients will enroll into one of six groups based on BRAF (groups 1-4) or MEK1/2 (groups 5-6) tumor alteration (38 patients per group). Overall response rate (ORR) is the primary endpoint for Part A, with secondary endpoints including duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Part B is tumor histology specific. Patients will be randomized to receive either ulixertinib or physician's choice of treatment in a 2:1 ratio. Up to three specified tumor histologies will be defined, guided by available Part A data (n = 80-100 per histology). The primary endpoint of Part B is PFS, and secondary endpoints include OS, ORR, and DOR. This study has enrolled 43 patients of the planned 228 in Part A at the time of abstract submission. Clinical trial information: NCT04488003.

Circulating Cell-free DNA as a Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Advanced ALK+ Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in the Global Phase III ALEX Trial

PURPOSE

We retrospectively assessed prognostic value of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) using data from the phase III ALEX study in treatment-naïve, advanced ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients were randomized to receive twice-daily alectinib 600 mg (n = 152) or crizotinib 250 mg (n = 151). cfDNA was quantified from baseline plasma samples, with patients stratified into ≤median and >median cfDNA biomarker-evaluable populations (BEP). Effect of cfDNA concentration on outcomes was analyzed using a Cox regression model with treatment group as covariate, and in multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

Median cfDNA concentration in the BEP was 11.53 ng/mL (n = 276). A positive correlation was found between cfDNA concentration and number of lesions, organ lesion sites, and tumor size (sum of longest diameter; all P < 0.0001). In both treatment arms, patients in the >median BEP were more likely to experience disease progression than the ≤median BEP [alectinib adjusted HR = 2.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-3.89; P = 0.0305 and crizotinib adjusted HR = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11-3.00, P = 0.0169]. Median progression-free survival was longer with alectinib than crizotinib in both ≤median and >median BEPs (P < 0.0001). Overall survival data remain immature; survival probability was lower in the >median versus ≤median BEP in both treatment arms (alectinib HR = 2.52; 95% CI, 1.08-5.88; P = 0.0333 and crizotinib HR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.27-5.47; P = 0.0096).

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that plasma cfDNA concentration may have prognostic value in advanced ALK+ NSCLC. Prospectively designed studies are warranted to investigate this finding.

Concordance Between Tissue ALK Detection by Immunohistochemistry and Plasma ALK Detection by Next-Generation Sequencing in the Randomized Phase 3 ALEX Study in Patients with Treatment-Naïve Advanced ALK-Positive NSCLC

Introduction

The Blood First Assay Screening Trial revealed the clinical applicability of blood-based next-generation sequencing to identify patients with ALK-positive NSCLC for alectinib treatment. To understand the relationship between tissue-based versus blood-based testing, we retrospectively investigated concordance between VENTANA ALK (D5F3) CDx immunohistochemistry and the FoundationACT (FACT; Foundation Medicine, Inc.) plasma assay, and compared clinical efficacy between phase 3 ALEX study subpopulations.

Methods

Patients with advanced ALK-positive (by immunohistochemistry) NSCLC were randomized 1:1 to alectinib 600 mg or crizotinib 250 mg, twice daily. Assessable baseline plasma samples were analyzed for ALK positivity by FACT; positive percent agreement with immunohistochemistry was evaluated. Progression-free survival (PFS), duration of response, and objective response rate were compared between intention-to-treat (ITT) and biomarker-evaluable populations, and plasma ALK-positive and plasma ALK-negative subpopulations.

Results

In the ITT population (303 patients; alectinib, 152; crizotinib, 151), all patients had ALK-positive tumors by immunohistochemistry. In the biomarker-evaluable population (149 patients; alectinib, 76; crizotinib, 73), 105 had plasma ALK-positive and 44 had plasma ALK-negative tumors. Positive percent agreement between immunohistochemistry and FACT was 70.5% (105 of 149; 95% confidence interval: 62.5–77.7). Baseline characteristics were generally balanced, with some exceptions, notably tumor burden. Median PFS in plasma ALK-positive and ALK-negative patients was 22.4 months and not estimable with alectinib and 7.3 months and 12.9 months with crizotinib, respectively; median duration of response was 25.9 months and not estimable with alectinib and 5.6 months and 11.5 months with crizotinib, respectively.

Conclusions

Reasonable concordance between FACT and immunohistochemistry was observed; both methods are valuable in identifying ALK-positive patients, separately or concurrently. Alectinib was found to have superior PFS in the plasma ALK-positive population, as in the ITT population.

Comparative clinical outcomes for patients with advanced NSCLC harboring EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations and common EGFR mutations

INTRODUCTION

Real-world clinical outcomes in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring EGFR exon 20 insertion (exon20ins) mutations have not been extensively studied. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the clinical outcomes of EGFR exon20ins compared with common EGFR (cEGFR) mutations.

METHODS

Adults with advanced NSCLC harboring any EGFR mutations in the NSCLC Flatiron registry (2011 through May 2020) were included. To compare the relative prognosis (prognostic value) of exon20ins vs cEGFR, real-world overall survival (rwOS) was the primary endpoint. Separately, to compare the relative response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment (predictive value), real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) was the primary endpoint.

RESULTS

For the prognostic value analysis, 3014 patients with EGFR mutant NSCLC (cEGFR, n = 2833; EGFR exon20ins, n = 181) were eligible. The median (95% CI) rwOS was 16.2 (11.04-19.38) months in the EGFR exon20ins cohort vs 25.5 (24.48-27.04) months in the cEGFR cohort (adjusted HR, 1.75 [1.45-2.13]; p < 0.0001); 5-year rwOS was 8% and 19%, respectively. For the predictive value analysis, 2825 patients received TKI treatment and were eligible (cEGFR, n = 2749; EGFR exon20ins, n = 76). The median (95% CI) rwPFS from start of the first TKI was 2.9 (2.14-3.91) months in the EGFR exon20ins cohort vs 10.5 (10.05-10.94) months in the cEGFR cohort (adjusted HR, 2.69 [2.05-3.54]; p < 0001). Among patients with EGFR exon20ins, the most common prescribed first-line therapy was platinum-based chemotherapy (61.3%) followed by EGFR TKIs (21.5%); second-line treatments were varied, with no clear standard of care.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with EGFR exon20ins have poor prognosis and receive little benefit from EGFR TKI treatment. More effective therapies are needed in this difficult-to-treat population.

364 KRAS mutations in patients with nonsquamous non–small-cell lung cancer: prevalence and relationship with PD-L1 expression, tumor mutation burden and smoking status

Background

Pembrolizumab is a standard-of-care first-line treatment for advanced/metastatic NSCLC, either as monotherapy (for patients with PD-L1 tumor proportion score [TPS] ≥1%) or combined with platinum chemotherapy. An improved OS benefit has been demonstrated for both pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with higher tumor PD-L1 expression, and for pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with higher tissue tumor mutation burden (tTMB). Mutations in KRAS occur relatively frequently in patients with nonsquamous NSCLC but infrequently in those with squamous NSCLC; most mutations are in codon 12. Notably, the pembrolizumab OS treatment effect was not diminished in patients with KRAS G12C mutations in phase 3 studies evaluating pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy.1 2 Herein we describe prevalence of KRAS mutations among patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC from two phase 3 clinical studies evaluating first-line pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-042 and KEYNOTE-189) and the relationship of such mutations with select patient characteristics.

Methods

KEYNOTE-042 (NCT02220894) evaluated pembrolizumab versus platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced PD-L1–positive NSCLC (any histology) without EGFR/ALK alterations. KEYNOTE-189 (NCT02578680) evaluated pembrolizumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy versus platinum-based chemotherapy alone for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC without EGFR/ALK alterations irrespective of tumor PD-L1 expression. Whole-exome sequencing of tumor tissue and matched normal DNA (blood) was performed for patients with nonsquamous histology. PD-L1 TPS was evaluated using the PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx assay (Agilent Technologies, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Prevalence of KRAS mutations and their relationships with TMB, PD-L1 TPS, and smoking status were analyzed descriptively.

Results

590 patients with nonsquamous NSCLC were included in these analyses (KEYNOTE-042, n=301; KEYNOTE-189, n=289). Overall, 42.9% of patients had tTMB ≥175 mut/exome, 81.4% were current/former smokers and, 40.3%, 42.7%, and 16.9% had PD-L1 TPS ≥50%, 1–49% and <1% respectively. KRAS G12C, G12D, and G12V mutations occurred in 11.0%, 4.1%, and 5.4% of patients, respectively. Prevalence of KRAS mutations by patient characteristics is summarized in the table (table 1). KRAS G12C mutations occurred almost exclusively in current/former smokers. KRAS G12C was enriched in tumors with tTMB ≥175 mut/exome and tumors with PD-L1 TPS ≥50%. Prevalence was highest in tumors with both tTMB ≥175 mut/exome and PD-L1 TPS ≥50%.

Abstract 364 Table 1

KRAS Mutation Prevalence

Conclusions

KRAS G12C mutations occurred with moderate frequency in patients with nonsquamous NSCLC, with most occurring in current/former smokers. KRAS G12C mutations occurred at higher frequency in patient subgroups defined by higher tTMB and PD-L1 TPS.

Acknowledgements

Medical writing assistance was provided by Christabel Wilson, MSc, of ICON plc (North Wales, PA, USA), funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.

Trial Registration

KEYNOTE-042, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02220894; KEYNOTE-189, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02578680

References

Gadgeel S, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Felip E, et al. KRAS mutational status and efficacy in KEYNOTE-189: pembrolizumab (pembro) plus chemotherapy (chemo) vs placebo plus chemo as first-line therapy for metastatic non-squamous NSCLC. Ann Oncol 2019;30(suppl 11):xi64-xi5.

Herbst RS, Lopes G, Kowalski DM, et al. Association of KRAS mutational status with response to pembrolizumab monotherapy given as first-line therapy for PD-L1-positive advanced non-squamous NSCLC in KEYNOTE-042. Ann Oncol 2019;30(suppl 11):xi63-xi4.

Ethics Approval

For both trials, the protocol and all amendments were approved by the appropriate ethics committee at each center, the study was conducted in accordance with the standards of Good Clinical Practice. Patients provided written informed consent before enrollment.

Blood First Assay Screening Trial (BFAST) in Treatment-Naive Advanced or Metastatic NSCLC: Initial Results of the Phase 2 ALK-Positive Cohort

INTRODUCTION

The Blood First Assay Screening Trial is an ongoing open-label, multicohort study, prospectively evaluating the relationship between blood-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) detection of actionable genetic alterations and activity of targeted therapies or immunotherapy in treatment-naive advanced or metastatic NSCLC. We present data from the ALK-positive cohort.

METHODS

Patients aged more than or equal to 18 years with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC and ALK rearrangements detected by blood-based NGS using hybrid capture technology (FoundationACT) received alectinib 600 mg twice daily. Asymptomatic or treated central nervous system (CNS) metastases were permitted. Primary end point was investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR; Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1). Secondary end points were independent review facility-assessed ORR, duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and safety. Exploratory end points were investigator-assessed ORR in patients with baseline CNS metastases and relationship between circulating biomarkers and response.

RESULTS

In total, 2219 patients were screened and blood-based NGS yielded results in 98.6% of the cases. Of these, 119 patients (5.4%) had ALK-positive disease; 87 were enrolled and received alectinib. Median follow-up was 12.6 months (range: 2.6-18.7). Confirmed ORR was 87.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78.5-93.5) by investigator and 92.0% (95% CI: 84.1-96.7) by independent review facility. Investigator-confirmed 12-month duration of response was 75.9% (95% CI: 63.6-88.2). In 35 patients (40%) with baseline CNS disease, investigator-assessed ORR was 91.4% (95% CI: 76.9-98.2). Median PFS was not reached; 12-month investigator-assessed PFS was 78.4% (95% CI: 69.1-87.7). Safety data were consistent with the known tolerability profile of alectinib.

CONCLUSIONS

These results reveal the clinical application of blood-based NGS as a method to inform clinical decision-making in ALK-positive NSCLC.

Activity and Safety of Mobocertinib (TAK-788) in Previously Treated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Mutations from a Phase I/II Trial

Mobocertinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor targeting EGFR gene mutations, including exon 20 insertions (EGFRex20ins), in non-small cell lung cancer, was evaluated in a phase I/II dose-escalation/expansion trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02716116). Dose escalation identified 160 mg/d as the recommended phase 2 dose and maximum tolerated dose. Among 136 patients treated with 160 mg/d, the most common any-grade treatment-related adverse events (TRAE; >25%) were diarrhea (83%), nausea (43%), rash (33%), and vomiting (26%), with diarrhea (21%) the only grade ≥3 TRAE >5%. Among 28 EGFRex20ins patients treated at 160 mg/d, the investigator-assessed confirmed response rate was 43% (12/28; 95% confidence interval, 24%-63%) with median duration of response of 14 months (5.0-not reached) and median progression-free survival of 7.3 months (4.4-15.6). Mobocertinib demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with diverse EGFRex20ins variants with a safety profile consistent with other EGFR inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE: No oral EGFR-targeted therapies are currently approved for patients with EGFRex20ins NSCLC. Mobocertinib demonstrated antitumor activity with manageable toxicity in patients with advanced EGFRex20ins NSCLC in this study, supporting additional development of mobocertinib in this patient population.See related commentary by Pacheco, p. 1617.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1601.

Pralsetinib for RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (ARROW): a multi-cohort, open-label, phase 1/2 study

BACKGROUND

Oncogenic alterations in RET have been identified in multiple tumour types, including 1-2% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and antitumour activity of pralsetinib, a highly potent, oral, selective RET inhibitor, in patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC.

METHODS

ARROW is a multi-cohort, open-label, phase 1/2 study done at 71 sites (community and academic cancer centres) in 13 countries (Belgium, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, the UK, and the USA). Patients aged 18 years or older with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumours, including RET fusion-positive NSCLC, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2 (later limited to 0-1 in a protocol amendment) were enrolled. In phase 2, patients received 400 mg once-daily oral pralsetinib, and could continue treatment until disease progression, intolerance, withdrawal of consent, or investigator decision. Phase 2 primary endpoints were overall response rate (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours version 1·1 and assessed by blinded independent central review) and safety. Tumour response was assessed in patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC and centrally adjudicated baseline measurable disease who had received platinum-based chemotherapy or were treatment-naive because they were ineligible for standard therapy. This ongoing study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03037385, and enrolment of patients with treatment-naive RET fusion-positive NSCLC was ongoing at the time of this interim analysis.

FINDINGS

Of 233 patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC enrolled between March 17, 2017, and May 22, 2020 (data cutoff), 92 with previous platinum-based chemotherapy and 29 who were treatment-naive received pralsetinib before July 11, 2019 (efficacy enrolment cutoff); 87 previously treated patients and 27 treatment-naive patients had centrally adjudicated baseline measurable disease. Overall responses were recorded in 53 (61%; 95% CI 50-71) of 87 patients with previous platinum-based chemotherapy, including five (6%) patients with a complete response; and 19 (70%; 50-86) of 27 treatment-naive patients, including three (11%) with a complete response. In 233 patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC, common grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events were neutropenia (43 patients [18%]), hypertension (26 [11%]), and anaemia (24 [10%]); there were no treatment-related deaths in this population.

INTERPRETATION

Pralsetinib is a new, well-tolerated, promising, once-daily oral treatment option for patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC.

FUNDING

Blueprint Medicines.

Association of clinical factors and recent anticancer therapy with COVID-19 severity among patients with cancer: a report from the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium

BACKGROUND

Patients with cancer may be at high risk of adverse outcomes from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We analyzed a cohort of patients with cancer and coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) reported to the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) to identify prognostic clinical factors, including laboratory measurements and anticancer therapies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with active or historical cancer and a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis recorded between 17 March and 18 November 2020 were included. The primary outcome was COVID-19 severity measured on an ordinal scale (uncomplicated, hospitalized, admitted to intensive care unit, mechanically ventilated, died within 30 days). Multivariable regression models included demographics, cancer status, anticancer therapy and timing, COVID-19-directed therapies, and laboratory measurements (among hospitalized patients).

RESULTS

A total of 4966 patients were included (median age 66 years, 51% female, 50% non-Hispanic white); 2872 (58%) were hospitalized and 695 (14%) died; 61% had cancer that was present, diagnosed, or treated within the year prior to COVID-19 diagnosis. Older age, male sex, obesity, cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, non-Hispanic black race, Hispanic ethnicity, worse Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, recent cytotoxic chemotherapy, and hematologic malignancy were associated with higher COVID-19 severity. Among hospitalized patients, low or high absolute lymphocyte count; high absolute neutrophil count; low platelet count; abnormal creatinine; troponin; lactate dehydrogenase; and C-reactive protein were associated with higher COVID-19 severity. Patients diagnosed early in the COVID-19 pandemic (January-April 2020) had worse outcomes than those diagnosed later. Specific anticancer therapies (e.g. R-CHOP, platinum combined with etoposide, and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors) were associated with high 30-day all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical factors (e.g. older age, hematological malignancy, recent chemotherapy) and laboratory measurements were associated with poor outcomes among patients with cancer and COVID-19. Although further studies are needed, caution may be required in utilizing particular anticancer therapies.

CLINICAL TRIAL IDENTIFIER

NCT04354701.

The real-word evidence of first-line treatment of pembrolizumab in advanced NSCLC

e18731

Background: For advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), evidence from clinical trials indicates the superiority of pembrolizumab (P) than chemotherapy (C) in PD-L1 positive patients and superiority of P+C than C among PD-L1 unselected patients. Meta-analysis from different clinical trials stated P+C failed to improve overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) compared with P alone. This study used real-world data of PD-L1+ patients with advanced NSCLC to compare treatment effect of P with P+C. Methods: A retrospective analysis of adult patients diagnosed between 2015-2020 with stage IV NSCLC with PD-L1+ and without EGFR/ALK mutation was examined using de-identified Syapse Learning Health Network(LHN). We compared the patients with first-line (1L) treatment of pembrolizumab + carboplatin + chemo (P+C) and patients with 1L treatment of P only (P). Patient characteristics and survival outcomes including real-world OS (rwOS) and real-world time to next treatment (rwTTNT) were collected. Results: 485 patients were included: 231 on P+C and 254 on P. The two groups are similar in race, primary tumor histology and ECOG, and P are older in age and have more female. The median rwOS for P+C is longer than P (13.2 vs 11.0 month), 1 year survival probability is higher (55% vs 49%), but 2 year survival probability is lower (34% vs 39%). Coxph model shows no significant difference between two groups (HR=0.89, 95% CI 0.69-1.14, p=0.34). Subgroup analysis of patients age≥75 shows median rwOS for P+C is shorter than P (8.7 vs 13.2 month), 1 year survival probability is lower (46% vs 51%). Coxph model shows no significant difference between two groups (HR=1.32, 95% CI 0.81-2.16, p=0.27). In each treatment group, the median rwOS for female is longer than male (13.2 vs 7.9 month in P, 15.8 vs 12.2 month in P+C), and 1 year survival probability is higher (52% vs 45% in P, 59% vs 53% in P+C). Coxph model shows no significant difference between female and male (HR=0.81, 95% CI 0.58-1.15, p=0.23 in P; HR=0.90, 95% CI 0.62-1.30, p=0.57 in P+C). Conclusions: Among patients with PD-L1+ advanced NSCLC, there is no significant difference in rwOS for patients with 1L treatment of P+C or P alone.[Table: see text]

Amivantamab compared with real-world therapies in patients with NSCLC with EGFR Exon 20 insertion mutations who have progressed after platinum doublet chemotherapy

9052

Background: Amivantamab is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-MET bispecific antibody with immune cell-directing activity. Amivantamab has demonstrated efficacy and safety in patients (pts) with EGFR exon 20 insertion (Exon20ins) in the ongoing CHRYSALIS phase 1 study in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). Because CHRYSALIS is a non-randomized, single arm study, external controls (EC) can add valuable context in interpreting amivantamab’s efficacy and appreciating the unmet needs given real-world therapies. A protocol-driven treatment comparison was conducted of amivantamab vs real-world therapies in pts with Exon20ins aNSCLC who progressed after platinum chemotherapy. Methods: Custom curated, real-world data abstracting clinically relevant measures that are not typically available from off-the-shelf datasets were obtained from 3 US-based companies: Flatiron, COTA, and ConcertAI. Datasets were de-duplicated via a tokenization procedure, analyzed separately and as a single pooled database. Key eligibility for the EC included: Exon20ins aNSCLC, prior platinum chemotherapy, ≥1 line after platinum therapy, and ECOG PS 0 or 1. Propensity score weighting (average treatment effects on the treated) was used to adjust for differences in age, brain metastases, ECOG PS, and number of prior lines of therapy (LOT). Results: The amivantamab-treated population (N = 81) included post-platinum pts with EGFR Exon20ins aNSCLC treated at the recommended phase 2 dose (Sabari WCLC 2020 Abs #3031). After de-duplication of the custom real-world datasets, 126 unique pts formed the EC. Most frequent treatments after platinum doublet chemotherapy in the EC group were checkpoint inhibitors (CPI; 25%), single-agent, non-platinum chemotherapies (25%), and EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs; 16%). Baseline demographics were generally similar between amivantamab and the EC pts; notable differences included a higher percentage of Asian pts (56% vs 9%) and more prior LOT (median 2 vs 1) among the amivantamab compared to the EC pts. Median overall survival (OS) among amivantamab pts was 22.8 months and EC pts was 13.1 months (HR = 0.53 [95% CI, 0.33, 0.86]). Similarly, amivantamab pts had longer progression-free survival (8.3 vs 2.9 months; HR = 0.46 [95% CI, 0.33, 0.63]) and time to next treatment (14.8 vs 4.8 months; HR = 0.42 [95% CI, 0.29, 0.6]) compared to the EC pts. Confirmed overall response rate was 40% among amivantamab pts and 10% for the EC pts (odds ratio = 4.44 [95% CI 2.42, 8.14]). Conclusions: Amivantamab demonstrated a 10-month higher OS than real-world therapies in the post-platinum setting. The poor performance of the EC, frequently treated with CPI, single chemotherapies, and EGFR TKI, highlights the ineffectiveness of these agents and the urgent need to find more alteration-specific treatments in aNSCLC.

Rapid real-world data analysis of patients with cancer, with and without COVID-19, across distinct health systems

Background

The understanding of the impact of COVID‐19 in patients with cancer is evolving, with need for rapid analysis.

Aims

This study aims to compare the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with cancer (with and without COVID‐19) and characterize the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID‐19 and cancer.

Methods and Results

Real‐world data (RWD) from two health systems were used to identify 146 702 adults diagnosed with cancer between 2015 and 2020; 1267 COVID‐19 cases were identified between February 1 and July 30, 2020. Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic characteristics were extracted. Incidence of all‐cause mortality, hospitalizations, and invasive respiratory support was assessed between February 1 and August 14, 2020. Among patients with cancer, patients with COVID‐19 were more likely to be Non‐Hispanic black (NHB), have active cancer, have comorbidities, and/or live in zip codes with median household income <$30 000. Patients with COVID‐19 living in lower‐income areas and NHB patients were at greatest risk for hospitalization from pneumonia, fluid and electrolyte disorders, cough, respiratory failure, and acute renal failure and were more likely to receive hydroxychloroquine. All‐cause mortality, hospital admission, and invasive respiratory support were more frequent among patients with cancer and COVID‐19. Male sex, increasing age, living in zip codes with median household income <$30 000, history of pulmonary circulation disorders, and recent treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy were associated with greater odds of all‐cause mortality in multivariable logistic regression models.

Conclusion

RWD can be rapidly leveraged to understand urgent healthcare challenges. Patients with cancer are more vulnerable to COVID‐19 effects, especially in the setting of active cancer and comorbidities, with additional risk observed in NHB patients and those living in zip codes with median household income <$30 000.

Bone Metastases, Skeletal-Related Events, and Survival in Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Bone metastases and skeletal-related events (SREs) are a frequent cause of morbidity in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC). Data are limited on bone metastases and SREs in patients with mNSCLC treated using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and on the efficacy of bone-modifying agents (BMAs) in this setting. Here we report the incidence, impact on survival, risk factors for bone metastases and SREs, and impact of BMAs in patients with mNSCLC treated with ICIs in a multi-institutional cohort.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study of patients with mNSCLC treated with ICIs at 2 tertiary care centers from 2014 through 2017. Overall survival (OS) was compared between patients with and without baseline bone metastases using a log-rank test. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate the association between OS and the presence of bone metastases at ICI initiation, controlling for other confounding factors.

RESULTS

We identified a cohort of 330 patients who had received ICIs for metastatic disease. Median patient age was 63 years, most patients were treated in the second line or beyond (n=259; 78%), and nivolumab was the most common ICI (n=211; 64%). Median OS was 10 months (95% CI, 8.4-12.0). In our cohort, 124 patients (38%) had baseline bone metastases, and 43 (13%) developed SREs during or after ICI treatment. Patients with bone metastases had a higher hazard of death after controlling for performance status, histology, line of therapy, and disease burden (hazard ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.19-2.08; P=.001). Use of BMAs was not associated with OS or a decreased risk of SREs.

CONCLUSIONS

Presence of bone metastases at baseline was associated with a worse prognosis for patients with mNSCLC treated with ICI after controlling for multiple clinical characteristics. Use of BMAs was not associated with reduced SREs or a difference in survival.

Safety of pemetrexed plus platinum in combination with pembrolizumab for metastatic nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer: A post hoc analysis of KEYNOTE-189

OBJECTIVES

This post hoc analysis assessed the safety of pemetrexed and platinum in combination with pembrolizumab, including time-to-onset and time-to-resolution of all-cause any-grade and grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) and renal AEs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient-level data from KEYNOTE-189 were analyzed in the all-subjects-as-treated population (pembrolizumab arm, n = 405; placebo arm, n = 202), and among patients who received ≥5 cycles of pemetrexed (pemetrexed/pembrolizumab/platinum arm, n = 310; pemetrexed/placebo/platinum arm, n = 135). All-cause AEs were selected based on ≥2 % incidence from previously reported KEYNOTE-189 data and included neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, asthenia, fatigue, dyspnea, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, pneumonitis, and renal events. Descriptive statistics summarized all-cause AEs. Medians and interquartile ranges were used to examine time-to-onset and time-to-resolution. The data cutoff was November 8, 2017.

RESULTS

In both treatment arms, most non-hematologic (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and asthenia), and hematologic (febrile neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia) grade ≥3 AEs with ≥2 % incidence had a median time-to-onset within the first 4 cycles, and a median time-to-resolution of within 2 weeks from onset. A small number of AEs had longer median time-to-onset (pneumonitis and fatigue) and median time-to-resolution (pneumonitis, fatigue, acute kidney injury, and anemia). Among patients who received ≥5 cycles of pemetrexed, the incidence of any-grade renal toxicity in the pemetrexed/pembrolizumab/platinum arm was 2.3 % in Cycles 1-4, 4.8 % in Cycles 5-8, 2.6 % in Cycles 9-12, and 2.5 % in Cycles ≥13; and, in the pemetrexed/placebo/platinum arm, 0.7 % in Cycles 1-4, 1.5 % in Cycles 5-8, 1.3 % in Cycles 9-12, and 2.0 % in Cycles ≥13.

CONCLUSION

Pemetrexed/pembrolizumab/platinum has manageable toxicity with longer duration of treatment. While the incidence of renal toxicity was slightly higher in the pembrolizumab combination as compared to pemetrexed, the incidence did not increase in later treatment cycles. These results support the safe use of the KEYNOTE-189 regimen in clinical practice.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02578680 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Abstract OT-03-02: Phase 1/2 study of a novel HER2 targeting TLR7/8 immune-stimulating antibody conjugate (ISAC), BDC-1001, as a single agent and in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor in patients with advanced HER2-expressing solid tumors

Background: To date, no immune-based therapies beyond anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies are approved for treating patients (pts) with HER2-driven or -expressing cancers. However, pts still develop progressive disease, and new treatment options that could achieve durable antitumor efficacy are needed. Recent studies indicate that intratumoral delivery of immunostimulatory adjuvants such as toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonists can activate tumor resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs), driving uptake, processing, and presentation of tumor neoantigens to T cells that mediate antitumor immunity. To overcome limitations associated with intratumoral delivery while leveraging superior preclinical biology, BDC-1001, a novel, systemically delivered ISAC was developed. BDC-1001 consists of an investigational biosimilar of the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab that is chemically conjugated to a TLR 7/8 agonist (payload) with an intervening non-cleavable linker. BDC-1001 activates human myeloid APCs while retaining antibody-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity/phagocytosis (ADCC/ADCP). Xenograft and syngeneic tumor resistant models indicate that trastuzumab ISACs elicit potent and durable immune-mediated antitumor efficacy including complete tumor regression in a TLR- and Fc receptor-dependent manner (Ackerman et al. Cancer Res. 2019:79 [13 Suppl]; Ackerman et al. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7:283). Importantly, BDC-1001 did not induce interstitial lung disease, cytokine release syndrome, or thrombocytopenia in non-human primate studies. A four-part phase 1/2, first-in-human study has been initiated that evaluates BDC-1001 with or without (+/-) an immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting PD-1 in pts with HER2-expressing or HER2-amplified advanced/metastatic solid tumors.

Study Description: This phase 1/2 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study is enrolling up to 390 pts with advanced solid tumors that are HER2-expressing (IHC2+ or 3+ protein irrespective of gene amplification) or HER2-amplified (by in situ hybridization or next-generation sequencing) and ineligible for approved anti-HER2 treatments. The primary objectives of the dose-escalation phase are to define safety and tolerability and to determine the recommended phase 2 dose of BDC-1001 as monotherapy (Part 1) and in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (Part 2). Primary endpoints of Parts 1 and 2 include incidence of 1) adverse events and severe adverse events graded according to NCI CTCAE v5.0; 2) dose-limiting toxicities within a 3+3 design; and 3) potential immune-related toxicities. BDC-1001 is administered IV over 60 min q3w at increasing doses. Once safety data are available for BDC-1001, initiation of the immune checkpoint inhibitor combination is planned. The dose-expansion phase 2 portion of the trial will evaluate preliminary antitumor activity of BDC-1001 alone (Part 3) and in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (Part 4) using RECIST v1.1 and iRECIST. The primary endpoint of this dose-expansion phase is overall response rate, with secondary endpoints of duration of response, disease control rate, and progression-free survival. Exploratory objectives will evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic biomarkers associated with drug exposure. These exploratory studies will help elucidate the mechanism of action and seek to identify biomarkers to improve selection of pts most likely to benefit from treatment with BDC-1001 +/- immune checkpoint inhibitor. This global study is currently recruiting pts. For further information, visit ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04278144).

Citation Format: Ecaterina Ileana Dumbrava, Manish R. Sharma, Richard D. Carvajal, Daniel Catenacci, Leisha A. Emens, Shirish M. Gadgeel, Glenn J. Hanna, Dejan Juric, Yoon-Koo Kang, Jeeyun Lee, Keun-Wook Lee, Bob T. Li, Kathleen Moore, Mark D. Pegram, Paula R. Pohlmann, Drew Rasco, Alexander Spira, Antoinette R. Tan, Shelley E. Ackerman, Heidi LeBlanc, David Dornan, Marcin Kowanetz, Michael N. Alonso, Edith A. Perez. Phase 1/2 study of a novel HER2 targeting TLR7/8 immune-stimulating antibody conjugate (ISAC), BDC-1001, as a single agent and in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor in patients with advanced HER2-expressing solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT-03-02.

CRESTONE: Clinical study of response to seribantumab in tumors with neuregulin-1 (NRG1) fusions—A phase II study of the anti-HER3 mAb for advanced or metastatic solid tumors (NCT04383210)

TPS449

Background: NRG1 (Neuregulin-1) gene fusions are rare oncogenic drivers found in 0.2% of solid tumors, including lung, pancreatic, gallbladder, breast, ovarian, colorectal, neuroendocrine, and sarcomas. NRG1 is the predominant ligand of HER3 and to a lesser extent HER4. NRG1 fusion proteins retaining an active EGF-like domain drive tumorigenesis and proliferation through aberrant HER3 activation. Importantly, NRG1 fusions are often mutually exclusive with other known driver alterations. NRG1 fusions have been correlated with worse overall and disease-free survival and poor response to treatment with standard therapies including chemotherapy, PD-(L)1 checkpoint inhibitors and combinations of these agents. Inhibition of HER3 and its dimerization partners represents a rational and novel therapeutic approach for tumors harboring an NRG1 fusion supported by case studies of clinical responses to anti-HER3 antibodies or pan-ERBB (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) TKIs like afatinib. Seribantumab is a fully human IgG2 mAb against HER3 uniquely able to inhibit NRG1-dependent activation of HER3, HER3-HER2 dimerization, and downstream signaling through the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. The clinical safety profile of seribantumab has been well characterized through prior monotherapy and combination studies in over 800 patients. Methods: CRESTONE is an open label, multicenter phase 2 basket trial of seribantumab in adult patients with NRG1 fusion-positive locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors who have progressed on or are nonresponsive to available therapies. The trial will enroll at least 75 previously treated patients across three cohorts. Cohort 1 (N=55) will include patients who have not received prior treatment with any ERBB targeted therapy. Cohort 2 (up to N=10) will include patients who have progressed after prior treatment which includes ERBB targeted therapy. Cohort 3 (up to N=10) will include patients harboring NRG1 fusions without an EGF-like binding domain. NRG1 fusion status for enrollment will be determined through a local CLIA or similarly accredited molecular assay. NRG1 fusion status for patients in Cohort 1 will be centrally confirmed using an RNA-based NGS assay. This study will evaluate a novel dosing regimen of weekly induction, biweekly consolidation, and Q3W maintenance designed to rapidly achieve steady state levels, optimize exposure, and deliver maximal NRG1 inhibition. The primary endpoint is ORR per RECIST v1.1 by independent radiologic review. Secondary endpoints include duration of response (DoR), safety, PFS, OS, and overall clinical benefit rate. An interim analysis is planned following enrollment of 20 patients in Cohort 1. CRESTONE is open and accruing patients in the United States. Clinical trial information: NCT04383210.

Abstract S10-02: Using real-world data (RWD) from an integrated platform for rapid analysis of patients with cancer with and without COVID-19 across distinct health systems

Introduction: Reports suggest worsened outcomes in patients with cancer (pts) and COVID-19 (Cov), varying by geography and local peak dynamics. We describe characteristics and clinical outcomes of pts with and without Cov.

Methods: RWD at 2 Midwestern health systems from the Syapse Learning Health Network were used to identify adults with active cancer (AC) or past history of cancer (PHC). AC pts were identified by encounters with ICD-10 code for malignant neoplasm or receipt of an anticancer agent within 12 months prior to February 15, 2020; PHC pts were identified by encounters with an active cancer code from May 15, 2015 to February 15, 2019 and no receipt of anticancer therapy within the prior 12 months. Cov was defined by diagnostic codes and laboratory results from February 15 to May 13, 2020. Comorbidities were assessed prior to February 15, 2020; hospitalizations (hosp), invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and all-cause mortality (M) were assessed from February 15 to May 27, 2020.

Results: We identified 800 pts with Cov (0.5%) out of a total of 154,585 pts with AC or PHC. Compared to AC pts without Cov (AC WO, 39,402), AC pts with Cov (AC Cov, 388) were more likely to be non-Hispanic Black (NHB, 39% vs. 9%), have renal failure (RF, 24% vs. 12%), cardiac arrhythmias (33% vs. 19%), congestive heart failure (CHF, 16% vs. 8%), obesity (19% vs. 14%), pulmonary circulation disorder (PCD, 9% vs. 4%), and a zip code with median annual household income (ZMI) &lt;$30k (18% vs. 5%). Comorbidity and income were similarly distributed for PHC pts with Cov (PHC Cov, 412). Compared to PHC pts without Cov (PHC WO, 114,383), coagulopathy (coag) was more common in PHC Cov pts (10% vs. 5%). Hosp for AC Cov pts was higher than for AC WO pts (81% vs. 15%). Hosp for PHC Cov pts was also higher than for PHC WO pts (68% vs. 6%). Hosp was highest for NHB pts in both AC Cov and PHC Cov groups (88% and 72%) and for AC Cov pts in low ZMI (94% in &lt;$30K). Pts &lt;50 years old had hosp rates of 79% (AC Cov) and 49% (PHC Cov). IMV rate for AC Cov pts was higher than for PHC Cov pts (21% vs. 14%). Rates of IMV for AC Cov pts were highest in low ZMI (27%) and in pts with coag (36%). M by group was: AC Cov 16%; AC WO 1%; PHC Cov 11%; PHC WO 1%. Among AC Cov pts, M was higher for men (19% vs. 13%) and pts with PCD (31%), RF (25%), or diabetes (DM, 24%); among PHC Cov pts, M was also higher for men (14% vs. 8%) and pts with coag (30%), valvular disease (27%), or PCD (24%). Increasing age, DM, RF, and PCD were associated with increased risk of M for AC Cov pts in age, race/ethnicity, and comorbidity-adjusted logistic regression; increasing age and coag were associated with M in PHC Cov pts.

Conclusion: In this rapid characterization from RWD, pts with Cov have higher rates of pre-existing cardiopulmonary/vascular and renal conditions and increased risk of hospitalization, IMV, and mortality than pts without Cov. Higher Cov risk and worse outcomes in NHB and lower-income pts suggest health care disparities. Whether these outcomes are due to comorbidities or acute sequelae merits further study, as does investigation of alternative definitions for real-world populations and outcomes.

Citation Format: Shirish M. Gadgeel, Michael A. Thompson, Monika A. Izano, Clara Hwang, Tom Mikkelsen, James L. Weese, Frank M. Wolf, Andrew Schrag, Sheetal Walters, Harpreet Singh, Jonathan Hirsch, Thomas D. Brown, Paul G. Kluetz. Using real-world data (RWD) from an integrated platform for rapid analysis of patients with cancer with and without COVID-19 across distinct health systems [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2020 Jul 20-22. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(18_Suppl):Abstract nr S10-02.

Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer without tumor PD-L1 expression: A pooled analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials

Background

Pembrolizumab plus platinum‐based chemotherapy has demonstrated improved clinical outcomes over chemotherapy alone in patients with previously untreated advanced/metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), regardless of tumor programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression. This study pooled data from 3 randomized controlled trials to evaluate outcomes with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC negative for PD‐L1 (ie, a tumor proportion score < 1%).

Methods

Individual patient data were pooled from KEYNOTE‐021 cohort G (nonsquamous; NCT02039674), KEYNOTE‐189 (nonsquamous; NCT02578680 and NCT03950674), and KEYNOTE‐407 (squamous; NCT02775435). Treatment comprised pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (pemetrexed and platinum for nonsquamous histology and carboplatin and paclitaxel/nab‐paclitaxel for squamous histology) or chemotherapy alone. Responses were assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 by blinded, independent, central review. No α was assigned to this descriptive, exploratory analysis.

Results

Four hundred forty‐four of the 1328 patients (33.4%) who were enrolled across the 3 trials had PD‐L1‒negative tumors (256 on pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy [nonsquamous, n = 155; squamous, n = 94; other, n = 7] and 188 on chemotherapy alone [nonsquamous, n = 83; squamous, n = 99; other, n = 6]). The median time from randomization to the data cutoff was 28.0 months (range, 14.7‐55.4 months). Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy improved overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR], 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50‐0.79) and progression‐free survival (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56‐0.83) over chemotherapy. Sixteen patients in the pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy arm completed 2 years of treatment; the objective response rate was 87.5% (95% CI, 61.7%‐98.4%), and the 3‐year OS rate was 100%. Adverse events (AEs) were experienced by 99.2% of the patients who received pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy and by 98.9% of the patients who received chemotherapy alone, with grade 3 or higher AEs occurring in 71.4% and 72.0%, respectively; immune‐mediated AEs and infusion reactions were experienced by 29.0% and 12.4%, respectively.

Conclusions

Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy demonstrated response and survival improvements with manageable safety in comparison with chemotherapy alone in PD‐L1‒negative advanced/metastatic NSCLC, and it is a standard‐of‐care first‐line therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC, regardless of PD‐L1 expression.

Lay Summary

Some tumors produce a protein called programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), which interacts with the body's immune system and prevents an immune response against cancer.

Antibody therapies such as pembrolizumab block interactions between tumor PD‐L1 and the immune system and enable an immune response. Used alone, pembrolizumab provides benefit for patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors that produce PD‐L1. However, when it is combined with chemotherapy, which can stimulate anticancer immune responses, pembrolizumab provides a benefit, regardless of tumor PD‐L1 production.

This article shows that among patients with NSCLC whose tumors produce no PD‐L1, outcomes are better with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in comparison with chemotherapy alone.

This pooled analysis of individual patient data from 3 randomized controlled trials showed a clinically meaningful benefit and a manageable safety profile with pembrolizumab plus platinum‐based chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in previously untreated advanced/metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) negative for programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1). Pembrolizumab plus platinum‐based chemotherapy is a standard‐of‐care first‐line therapy for patients with advanced squamous or nonsquamous NSCLC, including patients with PD‐L1–negative tumors.

Abstract LB-397: Pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum vs placebo plus pemetrexed and platinum as first-line therapy for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC: analysis of KEYNOTE-189 by STK11 and KEAP1 status

Background: Mutations in the tumor suppressor genes STK11 (also known as LKB1) and KEAP1 have been associated with poorer clinical outcomes in patients (pts) with NSCLC. In an exploratory analysis, we assessed the prevalence of STK11 and KEAP1 mutations and their association with efficacy in KEYNOTE-189 (NCT02578680). Methods: STK11 and KEAP1 status and tumor mutational burden (TMB) were assessed by whole-exome sequencing (WES) in pts who had available tumor and matched-normal tissue. PD-L1 was assessed by the PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx assay. The association of STK11 and KEAP1 status with efficacy and their correlation with TMB and PD-L1 expression distributions were evaluated descriptively. Results: WES data from both tumor and normal DNA were evaluable for 289 (47%) of 616 pts, of whom 54 (19%) had an STK11 mutation and 68 (24%) had a KEAP1 mutation; 29 (10%) had both STK11 and KEAP1 mutations. PD-L1 TPS tended to be lower in pts with vs without STK11 mutation (median [IQR] 0% [0-16] vs 15% [0-75]), whereas TMB score tended to be higher in pts with mutation (209 [132-265] vs 146 [89-264]). Similar patterns were seen for pts with vs without KEAP1 mutation (PD-L1 TPS: 1% [0-13] vs 20% [0-75]; TMB: 173 [124-267] vs 147 [89-263]). Although ORR of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy was lower and PFS and OS shorter in pts with vs without STK11 and KEAP1 mutation, pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy was associated with numerically better outcomes than placebo plus chemotherapy regardless of mutation status (Table). 95% CIs were wide given the modest mutation frequency and the 2:1 randomization in favor of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy. Conclusions: Data from this exploratory analysis support use of pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum as standard first-line therapy for pts with metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC regardless of STK11 or KEAP1 status.

STK11KEAP1With MutationWithout MutationWith MutationWithout MutationPembro + ChemoPlacebo + ChemoPembro + ChemoPlacebo + ChemoPembro + ChemoPlacebo + ChemoPembro + ChemoPlacebo + Chemo(n = 36)(n = 18)(n = 168)(n = 67)(n = 45)(n = 23)(n = 159)(n = 62)ORR, % (95% CI)31 (16-48)17 (4-41)49 (41-57)16 (8-27)36 (22-51)17 (5-39)48 (40-56)16 (8-28)PFS, median, mo (95% CI)6 (4-9)5 (5-9)10 (8-14)5 (5-5)5 (4-11)5 (5-9)10 (8-14)5 (5-5)PFS, HR (95% CI)0.81 (0.44-1.47)0.38 (0.27-0.52)0.65 (0.38-1.12)0.38 (0.28-0.53)OS, median, mo (95% CI)17 (5-NR)8 (7-NR)23 (20-NR)12 (8-25)13 (7-NR)9 (7-NR)24 (20-NR)12 (8-NR)OS, HR (95% CI)0.75 (0.37-1.50)0.59 (0.41-0.85)0.81 (0.44-1.49)0.57 (0.39-0.84)

Citation Format: Shirish M. Gadgeel, Delvys Rodriguez-Abreu, Enriqueta Felip, Emilio Esteban, Giovanna Speranza, Martin Reck, Rina Hui, Michael Boyer, Edward B. Garon, Hidehito Horinouchi, Razvan Cristescu, Deepti Aurora-Garg, Andrey Loboda, Jared Lunceford, Julie Kobie, Mark Ayers, Bilal Piperdi, M. Catherine Pietanza, Marina C. Garassino. Pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum vs placebo plus pemetrexed and platinum as first-line therapy for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC: analysis of KEYNOTE-189 by STK11 and KEAP1 status [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-397.