1
|
McCarney ER, Kristoffersen KA, Anderssen KE. Quantitative at-line monitoring of enzymatic hydrolysis using benchtop diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:452-462. [PMID: 38237933 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Benchtop diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to perform quantitative monitoring of enzymatic hydrolysis. The study aimed to test the feasibility of the technology to characterize enzymatic hydrolysis processes in real time. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) was used to measure the signal intensity and apparent self-diffusion constant of solubilized protein in hydrolysate. The NMR technique was tested on an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of red cod, a lean white fish, by the endopeptidase alcalase at 50°C. Hydrolysate samples were manually transferred from the reaction vessel to the NMR equipment. Measurement time was approximately 3 min per time point. The signal intensity from the DOSY experiment was used to measure protein concentration and the apparent self-diffusion constant was converted into an average molecular weight and an estimated degree of hydrolysis. These values were plotted as a function of time and both the rate of solubilization and the rate of protein breakdown could be calculated. In addition to being rapid and noninvasive, DOSY using benchtop NMR spectroscopy has an advantage compared with other enzymatic hydrolysis characterization methods as it gives a direct measure of average protein size; many functional properties of proteins are strongly influenced by protein size. Therefore, a method to give protein concentration and average size in real time will allow operators to more tightly control production from enzymatic hydrolysis. Although only one type of material was tested, it is anticipated that the method should be applicable to a broad variety of enzymatic hydrolysis feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth A Kristoffersen
- Nofima AS-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kathryn E Anderssen
- Nofima AS-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
- Department of seafood industry, Nofima AS, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Måge I, Wubshet SG, Wold JP, Solberg LE, Böcker U, Dankel K, Lintvedt TA, Kafle B, Cattaldo M, Matić J, Sorokina L, Afseth NK. The role of biospectroscopy and chemometrics as enabling technologies for upcycling of raw materials from the food industry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1284:342005. [PMID: 37996160 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
It is important to utilize the entire animal in meat and fish production to ensure sustainability. Rest raw materials, such as bones, heads, trimmings, and skin, contain essential nutrients that can be transformed into high-value products. Enzymatic protein hydrolysis (EPH) is a bioprocess that can upcycle these materials to create valuable proteins and fats. This paper focuses on the role of spectroscopy and chemometrics in characterizing the quality of the resulting protein product and understanding how raw material quality and processing affect it. The article presents recent developments in chemical characterisation and process modelling, with a focus on rest raw materials from poultry and salmon production. Even if some of the technology is relatively mature and implemented in many laboratories and industries, there are still open challenges and research questions. The main challenges are related to the transition of technology and insights from laboratory to industrial scale, and the link between peptide composition and critical product quality attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Måge
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Sileshi Gizachew Wubshet
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jens Petter Wold
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Erik Solberg
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ulrike Böcker
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katinka Dankel
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tiril Aurora Lintvedt
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bijay Kafle
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Marco Cattaldo
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and Quality, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josipa Matić
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Liudmila Sorokina
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Kristian Afseth
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bøgwald I, Østbye TKK, Pedersen AM, Rønning SB, Dias J, Eilertsen KE, Wubshet SG. Calanus finmarchicus hydrolysate improves growth performance in feeding trial with European sea bass juveniles and increases skeletal muscle growth in cell studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12295. [PMID: 37516761 PMCID: PMC10387114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The world will be dependent on the development of novel feed ingredients from renewable sources to ensure sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry. Zooplankton like Calanus finmarchicus are viable new raw material candidates, as they have optimal nutrient profiles for aquatic animals and may be sustainably harvested in large volumes. In this study, the aim was to investigate if a protein hydrolysate of C. finmarchicus was able to influence the growth performance of fish. The effect of dietary inclusion of hydrolysates was tested in a feeding trial with European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles, benchmarking calanus hydrolysate (CH) against commercially available hydrolysates. The diet with CH inclusion yielded increased growth, with significantly higher body weight than hydrolysates of sardine and tuna fish at the end of the trial. The observed growth-promoting effects were further examined using an in vitro model with skeletal muscle cells from Atlantic salmon. Through bioactivity experiments with muscle cells grown in media containing CH, low-molecular fractions were found to have the greatest positive effect on proliferation, viability, and expression of muscle-specific genes. Characterization of the most potent fraction revealed an abundance of small peptides, along with amino acids and marine metabolites associated with increased muscle growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isak Bøgwald
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. box 6050, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Calanus AS, P.O. box 808, 9258, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Tone-Kari K Østbye
- Nofima AS-The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Sissel Beate Rønning
- Nofima AS-The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorge Dias
- SPAROS Lda, Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Karl-Erik Eilertsen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. box 6050, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sileshi Gizachew Wubshet
- Nofima AS-The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nikoo M, Benjakul S, Ahmadi Gavlighi H. Protein hydrolysates derived from aquaculture and marine byproducts through autolytic hydrolysis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4872-4899. [PMID: 36321667 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autolysis technology has shown potential for protein hydrolysates production from marine and aquaculture byproducts. Viscera are a source of cheap proteolytic enzymes for producing protein hydrolysates from the whole fish or processing byproducts of the most valuable commercial species by applying autolysis technology. The use of autolysis allows economical production of protein hydrolysate and provides an opportunity to valorize downstream fish and shellfish processing byproducts at a lower cost. As a result, production and application of marine byproduct autolysates is increasing in the global protein hydrolysates market. Nevertheless, several restrictions occur with autolysis, including lipid and protein oxidation mediated by the heterogeneous composition of byproducts. The generally poor storage and handling of byproducts may increase the formation of undesirable metabolites during autolysis, which can be harmful. The formation of nitrogenous compounds (i.e., biogenic amines), loss of freshness, and process of autolysis in the byproducts could increase the rate of quality and safety loss and lead to more significant concern about the use of autolysates for human food applications. The current review focuses on the autolysis process, which is applied for the hydrolysis of aquaculture and marine discards to obtain peptides as functional or nutritive ingredients. It further addresses the latest findings on the mechanisms and factors contributing the deterioration of byproducts and possible ways to control oxidation and other food quality and safety issues in raw materials and protein hydrolysates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikoo
- Department of Pathobiology and Quality Control, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Hassan Ahmadi Gavlighi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Remme JF, Tveit GM, Bondø M, Slizyte R, Ólafsdóttir A, Jónsdóttir R, Geirsdóttir M, Carvajal AK. Valorisation of Frozen Cod ( Gadus morhua) Heads, Captured by Trawl and Longline by the Oceanic Fleet, by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2022.2060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guro Møen Tveit
- Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Bondø
- Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rasa Slizyte
- Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu M, Petrick L. Untargeted high-resolution paired mass distance data mining for retrieving general chemical relationships. Commun Chem 2020; 3:157. [PMID: 34337162 PMCID: PMC8320691 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics analysis captures chemical reactions among small molecules. Common mass spectrometry-based metabolomics workflows first identify the small molecules significantly associated with the outcome of interest, then begin exploring their biochemical relationships to understand biological fate or impact. We suggest an alternative by which general chemical relationships including abiotic reactions can be directly retrieved through untargeted high-resolution paired mass distance (PMD) analysis without a priori knowledge of the identities of participating compounds. PMDs calculated from the mass spectrometry data are linked to chemical reactions obtained via data mining of small molecule and reaction databases, i.e. 'PMD-based reactomics'. We demonstrate applications of PMD-based reactomics including PMD network analysis, source appointment of unknown compounds, and biomarker reaction discovery as complements to compound discovery analyses used in traditional untargeted workflows. An R implementation of reactomics analysis and the reaction/PMD databases is available as the pmd package.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Lauren Petrick
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
This review outlines the current use of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques to study digestion and highlights their potential for providing markers of digestive processes such as texture changes and nutrient breakdown. In vivo digestion research can be challenging due to practical constraints and biological complexity. Therefore, digestion is primarily studied using in vitro models. These would benefit from further in vivo validation. NMR is widely used to characterise food systems. MRI is a related technique that can be used to study both in vitro model systems and in vivo gastro-intestinal processes. MRI allows visualisation and quantification of gastric processes such as gastric emptying and coagulation. Both MRI and NMR scan sequences can be configured to be sensitive to different aspects of gastric or intestinal contents. For example, magnetisation transfer and chemical exchange saturation transfer can detect proton (1H) exchange between water and proteins. MRI techniques have the potential to provide molecular-level and quantitative information on in vivo gastric (protein) digestion. This requires careful validation in order to understand what these MR markers of digestion mean in a specific digestion context. Combined with other measures they can be used to validate and inform in vitro digestion models. This may bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo digestion research and can aid the optimisation of food properties for different applications in health and disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Anderssen KE, McCarney ER. Online monitoring of enzymatic hydrolysis of marine by-products using benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
9
|
Steinsholm S, Oterhals Å, Underhaug J, Måge I, Malmendal A, Aspevik T. Sensory Assessment of Fish and Chicken Protein Hydrolysates. Evaluation of NMR Metabolomics Profiling as a New Prediction Tool. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3881-3890. [PMID: 32119538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics profiling was evaluated as a new tool in sensory assessment of protein hydrolysates. Hydrolysates were produced on the basis of different raw materials (cod, salmon, and chicken), enzymes (Food Pro PNL and Bromelain), and hydrolysis time (10 and 50 min). The influence of raw material and hydrolysis parameters on sensory attributes was determined by traditional descriptive sensory analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The raw material had a major influence on the attribute intensity and metabolite variation, followed by enzyme and hydrolysis time. However, the formation of bitter taste was not affected by the raw material. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) on 1H NMR and sensory data provided good models (Q2 = 0.55-0.89) for 11 of the 17 evaluated attributes, including bitterness. Significant metabolite-attribute associations were identified. The study confirms the potential prediction of the sensory properties of protein hydrolysates from cod, salmon, and chicken based on 1H NMR metabolomics profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Åge Oterhals
- Nofima, P.O. Box 1425 Oasen, N-5844 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jarl Underhaug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Anders Malmendal
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tone Aspevik
- Nofima, P.O. Box 1425 Oasen, N-5844 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yan X, Li W, Zhang X, Liu S, Qu H. Development of an on-line Raman spectral analytical method for monitoring and endpoint determination of the Cornu Caprae Hircus hydrolysis process. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 72:132-148. [PMID: 31713245 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cornu Caprae Hircus (goat horn, GH), a medicinal animal horn, is frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine, and hydrolysis is one of the most important processes for GH pretreatment in pharmaceutical manufacturing. In this study, on-line Raman spectroscopy was applied to monitor the GH hydrolysis process by the development of partial least squares (PLS) calibration models for different groups of amino acids. METHODS Three steps were considered in model development. In the first step, design of experiments (DOE)-based preprocessing method selection was conducted. In the second step, the optimal spectral co-addition number was determined. In the third step, sample selection or reconstruction methods based on hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to extract or reconstruct representative calibration sets from the pool of hydrolysis process samples and investigated for their ability to improve model performance. KEY FINDINGS This study has shown the feasibility of using on-line Raman spectral analysis for monitoring the GH hydrolysis process based on the designed measurement system and appropriate model development steps. CONCLUSIONS The proposed Raman-based calibration models are expected to be used in GH hydrolysis process monitoring, leading to more rapid material information acquisition, deeper process understanding, more accurate endpoint determination and thus better product quality consistency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Shanghai Kaibao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyong Liu
- Shanghai Kaibao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is one of the major analytical techniques used in the metabolomics studies of food. There are many applications of metabolomics on food-related topics and on the food itself. Here, we describe protocols for performing NMR-based metabolomics of foods ranging from simple beverages to solid foods and semisolid foods. Beverages can be analyzed either directly or after sample preprocessing to remove interfering macromolecules, muscle-based foods can be analyzed after extraction, and semisolid foods can be analyzed directly using high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR. Finally, we discuss metabolomic data analysis as well as different procedures and strategies for targeted and untargeted approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Eggers
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Årslev, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|