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Santos MPF, Junior ECS, Bonomo RCF, Santos LS, Veloso CM. Hydrolysis of Casein by Pepsin Immobilized on Heterofunctional Supports to Produce Antioxidant Peptides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04988-2. [PMID: 38888698 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
A study was carried out on the immobilization of pepsin in activated carbon functionalized by different techniques (glutaraldehyde, genipin, and metallization) aiming at its application in obtaining bioactive peptides through casein hydrolysis. Studies of the immobilized derivatives were carried out in addition to the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of the peptides. Among the pH range studied, pH 3.0 was selected due to the higher activity of the derivatives at this pH. The support modification by metallization was the method with the best results, providing a 121% increase in enzymatic activity compared to other immobilization methods. In addition, this derivative provided activity closer to the soluble enzyme activity (3.30 U) and better storage stability, and allows reuse for more than 8 cycles. In turn, the peptides from casein hydrolysis showed potential as antioxidant agents, with a DPPH radical scavenging activity higher than 70%, maximum protection against β-carotene oxidation close to 70%, and a maximum reducing power of Fe(III) into Fe(II) of 400 uM by the FRAP assay. The results showed that the new techniques for modification of activated carbon can be a promising approach for pepsin immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus P F Santos
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, Km 04, S/N, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory - Agroindustry, Santa Cruz State University, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16, S/N, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Evaldo C S Junior
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, Km 04, S/N, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil
| | - Renata C F Bonomo
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, Km 04, S/N, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Soares Santos
- Laboratory of Packaging and Agro-Industrial Projects, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, Km 04, S/N, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Veloso
- Process Engineering Laboratory, State University of Southwest Bahia, BR 415, Km 04, S/N, Itapetinga, BA, 45700-000, Brazil.
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Cui P, Liang J, Cheng T, Zhang J. Preparation of Calcium-Binding Peptides Derived from Mackerel ( Scomber japonicus) Protein and Structural Characterization and Stability Analysis of Its Calcium Complexes. Foods 2024; 13:1652. [PMID: 38890881 PMCID: PMC11171527 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare mackerel peptides (MPs) with calcium-binding capacity through an enzyme method and to investigate the potential role they play in improving the bioavailability of calcium in vitro. The calcium-binding capacity, degree of hydrolysis (DH), molecular weight (MW), and charge distribution changes with the enzymolysis time of MPs were measured. The structural characterization of mackerel peptide-calcium (MP-calcium) complexes was performed using spectroscopy and morphology analysis. The results showed that the maximum calcium-binding capacity of the obtained MPs was 120.95 mg/g when alcalase was used for 3 h, with a DH of 15.45%. Moreover, with an increase in hydrolysis time, the MW of the MPs decreased, and the negative charge increased. The carboxyl and amino groups in aspartic (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) of the MPs may act as calcium-binding sites, which are further assembled into compact nanoscale spherical complexes with calcium ions through intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, even under the influence of oxalic acid, MP-calcium complexes maintained a certain solubility. This study provides a basis for developing new calcium supplements and efficiently utilizing the mackerel protein resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Cui
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-Carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (J.L.); (T.C.); (J.Z.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jianqin Liang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-Carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (J.L.); (T.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Tianyu Cheng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-Carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (J.L.); (T.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianyou Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-Carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (J.L.); (T.C.); (J.Z.)
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Jeong S, Jung JH, Jung KW, Ryu S, Lim S. From microbes to molecules: a review of microbial-driven antioxidant peptide generation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:29. [PMID: 38057638 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, arising from excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) or insufficient antioxidant defenses, can damage cellular components, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, resulting in cellular dysfunction. The relationship between oxidative stress and various health disorders has prompted investigations into potent antioxidants that counteract ROS's detrimental impacts. In this context, antioxidant peptides, composed of two to twenty amino acids, have emerged as a unique group of antioxidants and have found applications in food, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Antioxidant peptides are sourced from natural ingredients, mainly proteins derived from foods like milk, eggs, meat, fish, and plants. These peptides can be freed from their precursor proteins through enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, or gastrointestinal digestion. Previously published studies focused on the origin and production methods of antioxidant peptides, describing their structure-activity relationship and the mechanisms of food-derived antioxidant peptides. Yet, the role of microorganisms hasn't been sufficiently explored, even though the production of antioxidant peptides frequently employs a variety of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, which are recognized for producing specific proteases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of microorganisms and their proteases participating in enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation to produce antioxidant peptides. This review also covers endogenous peptides originating from microorganisms. The information obtained from this review might guide the discovery of novel organisms adept at generating antioxidant peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Jeong
- Radiation Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Woo Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Radiation Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Mao Y, Chen L, Zhang L, Bian Y, Meng C. Synergistic Hydrolysis of Soy Proteins Using Immobilized Proteases: Assessing Peptide Profiles. Foods 2023; 12:4115. [PMID: 38002173 PMCID: PMC10670625 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the health benefits and economic opportunities, extracting bioactive peptides from plant proteins, often food processing by-products, garners significant interest. However, the high enzyme costs and the emergence of bitter peptides have posed significant challenges in production. This study achieved the immobilization of Alcalase and Flavorzyme using cost-effective SiO2 microparticles. Mussel-inspired chemistry and biocompatible polymers were employed, with genipin replacing glutaraldehyde for safer crosslinking. This approach yielded an enzyme loading capacity of approximately 25 mg/g support, with specific activity levels reaching around 180 U/mg for immobilized Alcalase (IA) and 35 U/mg for immobilized Flavorzyme (IF). These immobilized proteases exhibited improved activity and stability across a broader pH and temperature range. During the hydrolysis of soy proteins, the use of immobilized proteases avoided the thermal inactivation step, resulting in fewer peptide aggregates. Moreover, this study applied peptidomics and bioinformatics to profile peptides in each hydrolysate and identify bioactive ones. Cascade hydrolysis with IA and IF reduced the presence of bitter peptides by approximately 20%. Additionally, 50% of the identified peptides were predicted to have bioactive properties after in silico digestion simulation. This work offers a cost-effective way of generating bioactive peptides from soy proteins with reducing potential bitterness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (L.C.); (L.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Lan Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (L.C.); (L.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Luyan Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (L.C.); (L.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Yangyang Bian
- The College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Chun Meng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (L.C.); (L.Z.); (C.M.)
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Zhu H, Chen J, Zhang Y, Goh KL, Wan C, Zheng D, Zheng M. Preparation and investigation of novel endopeptidase-exopeptidase co-immobilized nanoflowers with improved cascade hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125622. [PMID: 37392925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a promising approach for protein and food processing. However, the efficiency of this approach is constrained by the self-hydrolysis, self-agglomeration of free enzymes and the limited applicability resulted from enzymes' selectivityt. Here, novel organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (AY-10@AXH-HNFs) were prepared by coordinating Cu2+ with both endopeptidase of PROTIN SD-AY10 and exopeptidase of Prote AXH. The results indicate that the AY-10@AXH-HNFs exhibited 4.1 and 9.6 times higher catalytic activity than free Prote AXH and PROTIN SD-AY10, respectively, for the enzymatic hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). The kinetic parameters of Km, Vmax and Kcat/Km by AY-10@AXH-HNFs were determined to be 0.6 mg/mL, 6.8 mL·min/mg and 6.1 mL/(min·mg), respectively, surpassing the values obtained from free endopeptidase and exopeptidase. Furthermore, the ability of AY-10@AXH-HNFs to retain 41 % of their initial catalytic activity after undergoing 5 cycles of repeated use confirmed their stability and reusability. This study introduces a novel approach of co-immobilizing endopeptidase and exopeptidase on nanoflowers, resulting in significantly enhanced stability and reusability of the protease in catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhang Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Kheng-Lim Goh
- Newcastle University in Singapore, 172A Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8 #05-01, 599493, Singapore
| | - Chuyun Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Dongyun Zheng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Advanced enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins for the production of bioactive peptides. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Immobilization of Recombinant Endoglucanase (CelA) from Clostridium thermocellum on Modified Regenerated Cellulose Membrane. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases are being widely employed in lignocellulosic biorefineries for the sustainable production of value-added bioproducts. However, the high production cost, sensitivity, and non-reusability of free cellulase enzymes impede their commercial applications. Enzyme immobilization seems to be a potential approach to address the aforesaid complications. The current study aims at the production of recombinant endoglucanase (CelA) originated from the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum in Escherichia coli (E. coli), followed by immobilization using modified regenerated cellulose (RC) membranes. The surface modification of RC membranes was performed in two different ways: one to generate the immobilized metal ion affinity membranes RC-EPI-IDA-Co2+ (IMAMs) for coordination coupling and another to develop aldehyde functional group membranes RC-EPI-DA-GA (AMs) for covalent bonding. For the preparation of IMAMs, cobalt ions expressed the highest affinity effect compared to other metal ions. Both enzyme-immobilized membranes exhibited better thermal stability and maintained an improved relative activity at higher temperatures (50–90 °C). In the storage analysis, 80% relative activity was retained after 15 days at 4 °C. Furthermore, the IMAM- and AM-immobilized CelA retained 63% and 53% relative activity, respectively, after being reused five times. As to the purification effect during immobilization, IMAMs showed a better purification fold of 3.19 than AMs. The IMAMs also displayed better kinetic parameters, with a higher Vmax of 15.57 U mg−1 and a lower Km of 36.14 mg mL−1, than those of AMs. The IMAMs were regenerated via treatment with stripping buffer and reloaded with enzymes and displayed almost 100% activity, the same as free enzymes, up to 5 cycles of regeneration.
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Sun J, Yan J, Dong H, Gao K, Yu K, He C, Mao X. Astaxanthin with different configurations: sources, activity, post-modification and application in foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zhu S, Cong X, Sun Z, Chen Z, Chen X, Zhu Z, Li S, Cheng S. Production of Cardamine violifolia selenium-enriched peptide using immobilized Alcalase on Fe 3O 4 modified by tannic acid and polyethyleneimine. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22082-22090. [PMID: 36043101 PMCID: PMC9364077 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of selenium (Se)-enriched peptides is vital for their application in supplementing organic Se. However, the poor stability and reusability of the free enzyme impedes the reaction. In this work, a highly stable immobilized Alcalase was synthesized by immobilizing Alcalase on tannic acid (TA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs). The optimal immobilization conditions for immobilized Alcalase were found at a TA/PEI (v/v) ratio of 1 : 1, pH of 10, and temperature of 40 °C, and the results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization confirmed the successful immobilization of Alcalase. The results of an enzyme property test showed that immobilized Alcalase had higher thermal and pH stability than free Alcalase, and retained 61.0% of the initial enzyme activity after 10 repetitions. Furthermore, the organic Se content of Se-enriched peptide prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of Cardamine violifolia (CV) protein with immobilized Alcalase was 2914 mg kg-1, and the molecular weight was mainly concentrated in 924.4 Da with complete amino acid components. Therefore, this study proposes the feasibility of immobilized enzymes for the production of Se-enriched peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhu
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 China
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430205 PR China
| | - Xin Cong
- Enshi Se-Run Material Engineering Technology Co., Ltd Enshi 445000 Hubei China
| | - Zheng Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 China
| | - Zhe Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 China
| | - Xu Chen
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 China
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430205 PR China
| | - Zhenzhou Zhu
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 China
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430205 PR China
| | - Shuyi Li
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 China
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430205 PR China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430023 China
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan 430205 PR China
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